additional documentation

Table of Contents— CJRP Attachments
Attachment A— Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (34 U.S.C. 10121-10122) ..................... 2
Attachment B— Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (34 U.S.C. 11161) ........................... 7
Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (H.R.6964 / P.L. 115-385) ................................ 12
Attachment C— Death in Custody Reporting Act (H.R. 1447) ................................................................. 50
Attachment D— CJRP web reporting form screenshots.......................................................................... 54
Attachment E— CJRP paper form............................................................................................................ 100
Attachment F – CJRP mailout letter ....................................................................................................... 120
Attachment G— Confidentiality of information (34 U.S.C. 10231) ....................................................... 122
Attachment H— Privacy certification requirements (28 C.F.R. 22) ....................................................... 124
Attachment I— List of advisors ................................................................................................................ 131
Attachment J— 2015 CJRP Bulletin ........................................................................................................ 133
Attachment K— 2015 CJRP Data Snapshot........................................................................................... 149
Attachment L— 2016 JRFC Data Snapshot ........................................................................................... 150
Attachment M— CJRP Non-response Call Instructions .......................................................................... 151
Attachment N— Documentation of the Imputation Methodology ......................................................... 159

1

Title 34, United States Code, Section 10121
SUBCHAPTER II—NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE
§10121. Statement of purpose

It is the purpose of this subchapter to establish a National Institute of Justice, which shall
provide for and encourage research and demonstration efforts for the purpose of—
(1) improving Federal, State, and local criminal justice systems and related aspects of the
civil justice system;
(2) preventing and reducing crimes;
(3) insuring citizen access to appropriate dispute-resolution forums; and
(4) identifying programs of proven effectiveness, programs having a record of proven
success, or programs which offer a high probability of improving the functioning of the
criminal justice system.
The Institute shall have authority to engage in and encourage research and development to
improve and strengthen the criminal justice system and related aspects of the civil justice
system and to disseminate the results of such efforts to Federal, State, and local governments,
to evaluate the effectiveness of programs funded under this chapter, to develop and
demonstrate new or improved approaches and techniques, to improve and strengthen the
administration of justice, and to identify programs or projects carried out under this chapter
which have demonstrated success in improving the quality of justice systems and which offer
the likelihood of success if continued or repeated. In carrying out the provisions of this
subchapter, the Institute shall give primary emphasis to the problems of State and local justice
systems and shall insure that there is a balance between basic and applied research.
(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §201, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1172;
amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §604(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2078.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 90–
351, as added by Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1167, which is classified
principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Tables.

CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 3721 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 201 of Pub. L. 90–351, title I, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 198; Pub. L. 93–83, §2,
Aug. 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 197; Pub. L. 94–503, title I, §104, Oct. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 2408, set out
Congressional statement of purpose in providing for a program of planning grants, prior to the
general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–157.
AMENDMENTS
1984—Pub. L. 98–473 redesignated par. (5) as (4), struck out former par. (4) relating to
improvement of efforts to detect, investigate, prosecute, and otherwise combat and prevent
white-collar crime and public corruption, and in closing provisions struck out "to develop

2

alternatives to judicial resolution of disputes," after "local governments,", and inserted "and
demonstrate" after "to develop".
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of Pub. L. 98–
473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.
NATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM FOR STATE AND LOCAL PROSECUTORS
Pub. L. 110–424, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4819, provided that:
"SECTION 1. TRAINING FOR STATE AND LOCAL PROSECUTORS.

"The Attorney General is authorized to award a grant to a national nonprofit organization
(such as the National District Attorneys Association) to conduct a national training program for
State and local prosecutors for the purpose of improving the professional skills of State and
local prosecutors and enhancing the ability of Federal, State, and local prosecutors to work
together.
"SEC. 2. COMPREHENSIVE CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION.

"The Attorney General may provide assistance to the grantee under section 1 to carry out the
training program described in such section, including comprehensive continuing legal education
in the areas of trial practice, substantive legal updates, support staff training, and any other
assistance the Attorney General determines to be appropriate.
"SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

"There are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General to carry out this Act
$4,750,000 for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2012, to remain available until expended."

§10122. National Institute of Justice
(a) Establishment; general authority of Attorney General over Institute
There is established within the Department of Justice, under the general authority of the
Attorney General, a National Institute of Justice (hereinafter referred to in this subchapter as the
"Institute").
(b) Director of Institute; appointment by President; authority; restrictions
The Institute shall be headed by a Director appointed by the President. The Director shall
have had experience in justice research. The Director shall report to the Attorney General
through the Assistant Attorney General. The Director shall have final authority over all grants,
cooperative agreements, and contracts awarded by the Institute. The Director shall not engage
in any other employment than that of serving as Director; nor shall the Director hold any office
in, or act in any capacity for, any organization, agency, or institution with which the Institute
makes any contract or other arrangement under this chapter.
(c) Duties and functions
The Institute is authorized to—
(1) make grants to, or enter into cooperative agreements or contracts with, public agencies,
institutions of higher education, private organizations, or individuals to conduct research,
demonstrations, or special projects pertaining to the purposes described in this subchapter,
and provide technical assistance and training in support of tests, demonstrations, and special
projects;
(2) conduct or authorize multiyear and short-term research and development concerning
the criminal and civil justice systems in an effort—
(A) to identify alternative programs for achieving system goals;

3

(B) to provide more accurate information on the causes and correlates of crime;
(C) to analyze the correlates of crime and juvenile delinquency and provide more
accurate information on the causes and correlates of crime and juvenile delinquency;
(D) to improve the functioning of the criminal justice system;
(E) to develop new methods for the prevention and reduction of crime, including the
development of programs to facilitate cooperation among the States and units of local
government, the detection and apprehension of criminals, the expeditious, efficient, and fair
disposition of criminal and juvenile delinquency cases, the improvement of police and
minority relations, the conduct of research into the problems of victims and witnesses of
crime, the feasibility and consequences of allowing victims to participate in criminal justice
decisionmaking, the feasibility and desirability of adopting procedures and programs which
increase the victim's participation in the criminal justice process, the reduction in the need
to seek court resolution of civil disputes, and the development of adequate corrections
facilities and effective programs of correction; and
(F) to develop programs and projects to improve and expand the capacity of States and
units of local government and combinations of such units, to detect, investigate, prosecute,
and otherwise combat and prevent white-collar crime and public corruption, to improve and
expand cooperation among the Federal Government, States, and units of local government
in order to enhance the overall criminal justice system response to white-collar crime and
public corruption, and to foster the creation and implementation of a comprehensive
national strategy to prevent and combat white-collar crime and public corruption.
In carrying out the provisions of this subsection, the Institute may request the assistance of both
public and private research agencies;
(3) evaluate the effectiveness, including cost effectiveness where practical, of projects or
programs carried out under this chapter;
(4) make recommendations for action which can be taken by Federal, State, and local
governments and by private persons and organizations to improve and strengthen criminal
and civil justice systems;
(5) provide research fellowships and clinical internships and carry out programs of training
and special workshops for the presentation and dissemination of information resulting from
research, demonstrations, and special projects including those authorized by this subchapter;
(6) collect and disseminate information obtained by the Institute or other Federal agencies,
public agencies, institutions of higher education, and private organizations relating to the
purposes of this subchapter;
(7) serve as a national and international clearinghouse for the exchange of information with
respect to the purposes of this subchapter;
(8) after consultation with appropriate agencies and officials of States and units of local
government, make recommendations for the designation of programs or projects which will
be effective in improving the functioning of the criminal justice system, for funding as
discretionary grants under subchapter V;
(9) encourage, assist, and serve in a consulting capacity to Federal, State, and local justice
system agencies in the development, maintenance, and coordination of criminal and civil
justice programs and services; and
(10) research and development of tools and technologies relating to prevention, detection,
investigation, and prosecution of crime; and
(11) support research, development, testing, training, and evaluation of tools and
technology for Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies.
(d) Criminal and civil justice research

4

To insure that all criminal and civil justice research is carried out in a coordinated manner, the
Director is authorized to—
(1) utilize, with their consent, the services, equipment, personnel, information, and facilities
of other Federal, State, local, and private agencies and instrumentalities with or without
reimbursement therefor;
(2) confer with and avail itself of the cooperation, services, records, and facilities of State or
of municipal or other local agencies;
(3) request such information, data, and reports from any Federal agency as may be
required to carry out the purposes of this section, and the agencies shall provide such
information to the Institute as required to carry out the purposes of this subchapter;
(4) seek the cooperation of the judicial branches of Federal and State Government in
coordinating civil and criminal justice research and development; and
(5) exercise the powers and functions set out in subchapter VII.
(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §202, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1172;
amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §604(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2078; Pub. L. 103–322, title
XXXIII, §330001(h)(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2139; Pub. L. 107–296, title II, §237, Nov. 25,
2002, 116 Stat. 2162; Pub. L. 112–166, §2(h)(3), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1285.)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 3722 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or
references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references
prior to editorial reclassification.
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 202 of Pub. L. 90–351, title I, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 198; Pub. L. 93–83, §2,
Aug. 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 198, provided for making of grants to State planning agencies, prior to the
general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–157.
AMENDMENTS
2012—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–166 struck out ", by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate" before period at end of first sentence.
2002—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–296, §237(1), inserted ", including cost effectiveness
where practical," after "evaluate the effectiveness".
Subsec. (c)(10), (11). Pub. L. 107–296, §237(2), added pars. (10) and (11).
1994—Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "crime," for "crime,,".
1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(1), required Director to report to Attorney
General through Assistant Attorney General.
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(A)(i), struck out ", including programs
authorized by section 3713 of this title" after "system goals".
Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(A)(ii), struck out "the prevention and reduction
of parental kidnaping" after "reduction of crime,".
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(B), substituted "chapter" for "subchapter".
Subsec. (c)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(C), (F), redesignated pars. (5) to (8) as (4)
to (7), respectively, and struck out former par. (4) relating to evaluation of programs and projects
under other subchapters of this chapter to determine their impact upon criminal and civil justice

5

systems and achievement of purposes and policies of this chapter and for dissemination of
information.
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(D)(i), (ii), (F), redesignated par. (10) as (8) and, in
par. (8) as so designated, struck out "nationality priority grants under subchapter V of this
chapter and" after "for funding as" and substituted "subchapter V" for "subchapter VI". Former
par. (8) redesignated (7).
Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(E), (F), redesignated par. (11) as (9), and struck
out former par. (9) relating to a biennial report to President and Congress on state of justice
research.
Subsec. (c)(10), (11). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(F), redesignated pars. (10) and (11) as (8)
and (9), respectively.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2012 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to
appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the
Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of
Title 6, Domestic Security.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub.
L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of Pub. L. 98–
473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.

6

Title 34, United States Code, Section 11161
Part D—Research; Evaluation; Technical Assistance; Training
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior part D of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 related to gang-free schools and communities and
gang intervention, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2,
2002, 116 Stat. 1880.

§11161. Research and evaluation; statistical analyses; information
dissemination
(a) Research and evaluation
(1) The Administrator may—
(A) plan and identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds
provided under this subsection; and
(B) conduct research or evaluation in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing
research and evaluation relating to—
(i) the prevention, reduction, and control of juvenile delinquency and serious crime
committed by juveniles;
(ii) the link between juvenile delinquency and the incarceration of members of the
families of juveniles;
(iii) successful efforts to prevent first-time minor offenders from committing subsequent
involvement in serious crime;
(iv) successful efforts to prevent recidivism;
(v) the juvenile justice system;
(vi) juvenile violence;
(vii) appropriate mental health services for juveniles and youth at risk of participating in
delinquent activities;
(viii) reducing the proportion of juveniles detained or confined in secure detention
facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who are members of minority
groups;
(ix) evaluating services, treatment, and aftercare placement of juveniles who were under
the care of the State child protection system before their placement in the juvenile justice
system;
(x) determining—
(I) the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of drug use by youth in schools and
communities in the States using, if appropriate, data submitted by the States pursuant to
this subparagraph and subsection (b); and
(II) the frequency, degree of harm, and morbidity of violent incidents, particularly
firearm-related injuries and fatalities, by youth in schools and communities in the States,
including information with respect to—
(aa) the relationship between victims and perpetrators;
(bb) demographic characteristics of victims and perpetrators; and
(cc) the type of weapons used in incidents, as classified in the Uniform Crime
Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and

7

(xi) other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter I.
(2) The Administrator shall ensure that an equitable amount of funds available to carry out
paragraph (1)(B) is used for research and evaluation relating to the prevention of juvenile
delinquency.
(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to permit the development of a national
database of personally identifiable information on individuals involved in studies, or in datacollection efforts, carried out under paragraph (1)(B)(x).
(4) Not later than 1 year after November 2, 2002, the Administrator shall conduct a study with
respect to juveniles who, prior to placement in the juvenile justice system, were under the care
or custody of the State child welfare system, and to juveniles who are unable to return to their
family after completing their disposition in the juvenile justice system and who remain wards of
the State. Such study shall include—
(A) the number of juveniles in each category;
(B) the extent to which State juvenile justice systems and child welfare systems are
coordinating services and treatment for such juveniles;
(C) the Federal and local sources of funds used for placements and post-placement
services;
(D) barriers faced by State in providing services to these juveniles;
(E) the types of post-placement services used;
(F) the frequency of case plans and case plan reviews; and
(G) the extent to which case plans identify and address permanency and placement
barriers and treatment plans.
(b) Statistical analyses
The Administrator may—
(1) plan and identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds
provided under this subsection; and
(2) undertake statistical work in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing for the
collection, analysis, and dissemination of statistical data and information relating to juvenile
delinquency and serious crimes committed by juveniles, to the juvenile justice system, to
juvenile violence, and to other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and
subchapter I.
(c) Grant authority and competitive selection process
The Administrator may make grants and enter into contracts with public or private agencies,
organizations, or individuals and shall use a competitive process, established by rule by the
Administrator, to carry out subsections (a) and (b).
(d) Implementation of agreements
A Federal agency that makes an agreement under subsections (a)(1)(B) and (b)(2) with the
Administrator may carry out such agreement directly or by making grants to or contracts with
public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations.
(e) Information dissemination
The Administrator may—
(1) review reports and data relating to the juvenile justice system in the United States and
in foreign nations (as appropriate), collect data and information from studies and research
into all aspects of juvenile delinquency (including the causes, prevention, and treatment of
juvenile delinquency) and serious crimes committed by juveniles;

8

(2) establish and operate, directly or by contract, a clearinghouse and information center
for the preparation, publication, and dissemination of information relating to juvenile
delinquency, including State and local prevention and treatment programs, plans, resources,
and training and technical assistance programs; and
(3) make grants and contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and
organizations, for the purpose of disseminating information to representatives and personnel
of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, the
courts, corrections, schools, and related services, in the establishment, implementation, and
operation of projects and activities for which financial assistance is provided under this
subchapter.
(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §251, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12211, Nov. 2,
2002, 116 Stat. 1888.)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 5661 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Part effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and
applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal
year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an
Effective Date of 2002 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.

Title 34, United States Code, Section 11117
§11117. Annual report

Not later than 180 days after the end of a fiscal year, the Administrator shall submit to the
President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President pro tempore of the
Senate a report that contains the following with respect to such fiscal year:
(1) A detailed summary and analysis of the most recent data available regarding the
number of juveniles taken into custody, the rate at which juveniles are taken into custody, and
the trends demonstrated by the data required by subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C). Such
summary and analysis shall set out the information required by subparagraphs (A), (B), (C),
and (D) separately for juvenile nonoffenders, juvenile status offenders, and other juvenile
offenders. Such summary and analysis shall separately address with respect to each
category of juveniles specified in the preceding sentence—
(A) the types of offenses with which the juveniles are charged;
(B) the race and gender of the juveniles;
(C) the ages of the juveniles;
(D) the types of facilities used to hold the juveniles (including juveniles treated as adults
for purposes of prosecution) in custody, including secure detention facilities, secure
correctional facilities, jails, and lockups;
(E) the number of juveniles who died while in custody and the circumstances under
which they died; and
(F) the educational status of juveniles, including information relating to learning
disabilities, failing performance, grade retention, and dropping out of school.

9

(2) A description of the activities for which funds are expended under this part, including
the objectives, priorities, accomplishments, and recommendations of the Council.
(3) A description, based on the most recent data available, of the extent to which each
State complies with section 11133 of this title and with the plan submitted under such section
by the State for such fiscal year.
(4) An evaluation of the programs funded under this subchapter and their effectiveness in
reducing the incidence of juvenile delinquency, particularly violent crime, committed by
juveniles.
(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §207, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7255, Nov. 18, 1988, 102
Stat. 4437; amended Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4986; Pub. L. 107–
273, div. C, title II, §12207, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1872.)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 5617 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, as added Pub. L. 96–509, §9, Dec. 8,
1980, 94 Stat. 2753, related to establishment and functions of National Advisory Committee for
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, prior to repeal eff. Oct. 12, 1984, by Pub. L. 98–
473, title II, §624, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111.
Another prior section 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1117; Pub. L.
95–115, §3(e), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1050, related to National Advisory Committee for Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention, its membership, terms of office, etc., prior to repeal
by Pub. L. 96–509, §9, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2753.
AMENDMENTS
2002—Pars. (4), (5). Pub. L. 107–273 added par. (4) and struck out former pars. (4) and (5)
which read as follows:
"(4) A summary of each program or activity for which assistance is provided under part C or D
of this subchapter, an evaluation of the results of such program or activity, and a determination
of the feasibility and advisability of replicating such program or activity in other locations.
"(5) A description of selected exemplary delinquency prevention programs for which
assistance is provided under this subchapter, with particular attention to community-based
juvenile delinquency prevention programs that involve and assist families of juveniles."
1992—Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e)(1)(A), inserted "(including juveniles treated as
adults for purposes of prosecution)".
Par. (1)(F). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e)(1)(B), (2), (3), added subpar. (F).
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins
after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first
day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–
273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

10

EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective Oct. 1, 1988, with the report required by this section with respect to fiscal
year 1988 to be submitted not later than Aug. 1, 1989, notwithstanding the 180-day period
provided in this section, see section 7296(a), (b)(3) of Pub. L. 100–690, as amended, set out as
an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.
TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in this section relating to submittal to
the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate of an
annual report, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section
1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and item 10 on page 177 of House Document No. 103–7.

11

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PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014

DEATH IN CUSTODY REPORTING ACT OF 2013

50

128 STAT. 2860

PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014

Public Law 113–242
113th Congress
Dec. 18, 2014
[H.R. 1447]
Death in Custody
Reporting Act
of 2013.
42 USC 13701
note.
42 USC 13727.

Waiver authority.

An Act

To encourage States to report to the Attorney General certain information regarding
the deaths of individuals in the custody of law enforcement agencies, and for
other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Death in Custody Reporting
Act of 2013’’.
SEC. 2. STATE INFORMATION REGARDING INDIVIDUALS WHO DIE IN
THE CUSTODY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT.

(a) IN GENERAL.—For each fiscal year after the expiration of
the period specified in subsection (c)(1) in which a State receives
funds for a program referred to in subsection (c)(2), the State
shall report to the Attorney General, on a quarterly basis and
pursuant to guidelines established by the Attorney General,
information regarding the death of any person who is detained,
under arrest, or is in the process of being arrested, is en route
to be incarcerated, or is incarcerated at a municipal or county
jail, State prison, State-run boot camp prison, boot camp prison
that is contracted out by the State, any State or local contract
facility, or other local or State correctional facility (including any
juvenile facility).
(b) INFORMATION REQUIRED.—The report required by this section shall contain information that, at a minimum, includes—
(1) the name, gender, race, ethnicity, and age of the
deceased;
(2) the date, time, and location of death;
(3) the law enforcement agency that detained, arrested,
or was in the process of arresting the deceased; and
(4) a brief description of the circumstances surrounding
the death.
(c) COMPLIANCE AND INELIGIBILITY.—
(1) COMPLIANCE DATE.—Each State shall have not more
than 120 days from the date of enactment of this Act to comply
with subsection (a), except that—
(A) the Attorney General may grant an additional 120
days to a State that is making good faith efforts to comply
with such subsection; and
(B) the Attorney General shall waive the requirements
of subsection (a) if compliance with such subsection by
a State would be unconstitutional under the constitution
of such State.

51

PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014

128 STAT. 2861

(2) INELIGIBILITY FOR FUNDS.—For any fiscal year after
the expiration of the period specified in paragraph (1), a State
that fails to comply with subsection (a), shall, at the discretion
of the Attorney General, be subject to not more than a 10percent reduction of the funds that would otherwise be allocated
for that fiscal year to the State under subpart 1 of part E
of title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3750 et seq.), whether characterized as
the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement
Assistance Programs, the Local Government Law Enforcement
Block Grants Program, the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice
Assistance Grant Program, or otherwise.
(d) REALLOCATION.—Amounts not allocated under a program
referred to in subsection (c)(2) to a State for failure to fully comply
with subsection (a) shall be reallocated under that program to
States that have not failed to comply with such subsection.
(e) DEFINITIONS.—In this section the terms ‘‘boot camp prison’’
and ‘‘State’’ have the meaning given those terms, respectively, in
section 901(a) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets
Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3791(a)).
(f) STUDY AND REPORT OF INFORMATION RELATING TO DEATHS
IN CUSTODY.—
(1) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Attorney General shall carry
out a study of the information reported under subsection (b)
and section 3(a) to—
(A) determine means by which such information can
be used to reduce the number of such deaths; and
(B) examine the relationship, if any, between the
number of such deaths and the actions of management
of such jails, prisons, and other specified facilities relating
to such deaths.
(2) REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall prepare and
submit to Congress a report that contains the findings of the
study required by paragraph (1).
SEC. 3. FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT DEATH IN CUSTODY REPORTING
REQUIREMENT.

(a) IN GENERAL.—For each fiscal year (beginning after the
date that is 120 days after the date of the enactment of this
Act), the head of each Federal law enforcement agency shall submit
to the Attorney General a report (in such form and manner specified
by the Attorney General) that contains information regarding the
death of any person who is—
(1) detained, under arrest, or is in the process of being
arrested by any officer of such Federal law enforcement agency
(or by any State or local law enforcement officer while participating in and for purposes of a Federal law enforcement operation, task force, or any other Federal law enforcement capacity
carried out by such Federal law enforcement agency); or
(2) en route to be incarcerated or detained, or is incarcerated or detained at—
(A) any facility (including any immigration or juvenile
facility) pursuant to a contract with such Federal law
enforcement agency;
(B) any State or local government facility used by
such Federal law enforcement agency; or

42 USC 13727a.
Effective date.

52

128 STAT. 2862

PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014

(C) any Federal correctional facility or Federal pretrial detention facility located within the United States.
(b) INFORMATION REQUIRED.—Each report required by this section shall include, at a minimum, the information required by
section 2(b).
(c) STUDY AND REPORT.—Information reported under subsection
(a) shall be analyzed and included in the study and report required
by section 2(f).
Approved December 18, 2014.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—H.R. 1447:
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 113–285 (Comm. on the Judiciary).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
Vol. 159 (2013): Dec. 12, considered and passed House.
Vol. 160 (2014): Dec. 10, considered and passed Senate.

Æ

53

Log In Screen

54

1

Facility Verification

55

2

Dashboard

56

3

Verification of Facility Name

57

4

Verification of Mailing Address

58

5

Verification of Physical Address

59

6

Contact Information

60

7

Dashboard after Status is Updated

61

8

Question 1a

62

9

Question 1b

63

10

Question 2a

64

11

Question 2b

65

12

Question 3

66

13

Question 4a

67

14

Question 4b

68

15

Question 5

69

16

Question 6

70

17

General Section 1 Instructions

71

18

Questions 7a & 7b

72

19

Question 7c

73

20

Question 8

74

21

Questions 9a & 9b

75

22

Questions 9a & 9b

76

23

Question 9c

77

24

Questions 10a & 10b

78

25

Questions 11a & 11b

79

26

Question 12a

80

27

Question 12b

81

28

Question 13

82

29

Question 14

83

30

Question 15

84

31

Question 16a

85

32

Question 16b

86

33

Questions 17 & 18a

87

34

Questions 18b & 18c

88

35

Question 19

89

36

Question 20

90

37

Issue Preview Page

91

38

Section 2 General Instructions

92

39

Section 2 Data

93

40

Section 2 File Upload

94

41

Section 2 Data Entry

95

42

Section 2 Data Entry Continued

96

43

Data Submission Page

97

44

Thank You Screen

98

45

Survey Closed Screen

99

46

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Economics and Statistics Administration
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
ACTING AS A COLLECTING AGENT FOR

2017 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND
DELINQUENCY PREVENTION

Password:

User ID:

(Please correct any error in name, mailing address, and ZIP Code above)

This questionnaire asks about persons who had assigned
beds in this facility on Wednesday, October 25, 2017.

PLEASE COMPLETE ONLINE AT:
https://harvester.census.gov/cjrp
(see enclosed flyer for details)

RETURN THE
COMPLETED
FORM TO

OR

COMPLETE AND MAIL THIS FORM
IN THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE BY
NOVEMBER 29, 2017.

US Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
Fax: 1–888–262–3974
EMAIL: [email protected]
If you have any questions, call Krystal Jimerson
U.S. Census Bureau, 1–800–352–7229.
PERSON COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

Name

E-mail address

Title
Telephone

Business address – Number and street/or P.O. Box/Route number
Area code

Number

Extension

Fax Number
City
FORM

State

CJ-14

(6-8-2017)

ZIP Code

Area code

Number

OMB No. 1121-0218: Approval Expires 05/31/2019

100

Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
Complete this questionnaire for just the one
facility listed on the cover. If additional
questionnaires are needed for other
facilities for which you report, call
1–800–352–7229 to request more forms.

NOTE
B

Questions 4 and 5 ask who
OPERATES this facility.

4a. Is this facility OPERATED by one or more
of the following –
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03

a private non-profit agency
a for profit agency
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 5

1a. Is this facility part of a larger agency?
01
02

Yes
No ➔

4b. What is the name of the private non-profit
or for-profit agency that OPERATES this
facility?

Go to Note A

1b. What is the name of this agency?

➔

5.
NOTE
A

Questions 2 and 3 ask who OWNS this
facility. Later you will be asked who
OPERATES this facility.

2a. Is this facility OWNED by one or more of
the following –
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03

What is the level of the government agency
that OPERATES this facility (either directly
or under a contract with)?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

a private non-profit agency
a for profit agency
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 3

Go to
Question
6

05
06

A Native American Tribal Government
Federal
State
County
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
Other – Specify

2b. What is the name of the private non-profit
or for-profit agency that OWNS this facility?

➔
3.

Go to
NOTE B

What is the level of the government agency
that OWNS this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06

Page 2

A Native American Tribal Government
Federal
State
County
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
Other – Specify

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

101

Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION
6.

What type of residential facility is the one
listed on the front cover? Mark (X) those
that apply.
01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS

Detention center: A short-term facility that
provides temporary care in a physically restricting
environment for juveniles in custody pending court
disposition and, often, for juveniles who are
adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or
placement elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to
another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold juveniles committed for short
periods of time as part of their disposition (e.g.,
weekend detention).
Training school/Long-term secure facility:
A specialized type of facility that provides strict
confinement and long-term treatment generally for
post-adjudication committed juvenile offenders.
Includes training schools, juvenile correctional
facilities, youth development centers.

The following items ask you to use your
records to provide counts of persons who
had assigned beds in this facility at the end
of the day on Wednesday, October 25,
2017. This date has been chosen carefully
to give a standardized count of persons in
facilities like yours across the country. You
will be asked to classify your facility
population into two age groups:
1. those persons under age 21; and
2. those persons age 21 and older.
You will then be asked to classify each
person UNDER THE AGE OF 21 into one of
the two following categories:

Reception or diagnostic center: A short-term
facility that screens juvenile offenders committed by
the courts and assigns them to appropriate
correctional facilities.

1. those here because they have been
charged with or court-adjudicated for an
offense. An offense is any behavior that
is illegal in your state for underage
persons alone or for both underage
persons and adults.

Group home/Halfway house: A long-term
facility that is generally non-secure and intended for
post-adjudication commitments in which young
persons are allowed extensive contact with the
community, such as attending school or holding a
job.

2. those here for reasons other than
offenses.

Residential treatment center: A facility that
focuses on providing some type of individually
planned treatment program for youth (substance
abuse, sex offender, mental health, etc.) in
conjunction with residential care. Such facilities
generally require specific licensing by the state that
may require that treatment provided is
Medicaid-reimbursable.
Boot camp: A secure facility that operates like
military basic training. It is designed to combine
elements of basic military training programs,
correctional components and treatment programs.
The emphasis is on strict discipline, drills, and work.
Ranch, forestry camp, wilderness or
marine program or farm: These are long-term
generally non-secure residential facilities often
located in a relatively remote area. The juveniles
participate in a structured program that emphasizes
outdoor work, including conservation and related
activities.
Runaway and homeless shelter: A short-term
facility that provides temporary care in a physically
unrestricted environment. It can also provide
longer-term care under a juvenile court disposition
order.
Other type of shelter: This includes emergency
non-secure shelters where juveniles are housed
short-term until another placement can be found.
Other: This includes independent living programs and
anything that cannot be classified above. Specify

Please classify each person under age 21
into just one of these categories. Detailed
descriptions of the above categories are
provided in the questions themselves and
on the Offense Codes on Pages 19 and 20
of the CJRP form.
Please use your records to answer the
following questions.

7a.

According to your records, at the end of
the day on October 25, 2017, did ANY
persons have assigned beds in this
facility? Include persons who were temporarily
away, but had assigned beds on October 25, 2017.
Do NOT include staff.
01
02

7b.

Yes
No ➔ STOP HERE and mail this form ONLY
if there were NO PERSONS IN
YOUR FACILITY OR THE
FACILITY WAS CLOSED
(permanently or temporarily) on this
date. Indicate the reason in the
COMMENTS Section on Page 18.

According to your records, at the end of
the day on October 25, 2017, how many
persons had assigned beds in this facility?
Persons

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

Page 3
102

Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION – Continued
8.

How many of the persons who had
assigned beds at the end of the day on
Wednesday, October 25, 2017, were AGE
21 or older? Include persons who were
temporarily away, but had assigned beds on
October 25, 2017.
Do NOT include staff. Please write "0" if there are
NO persons age 21 or older.
Persons 21 or older

9a.

At the end of the day on Wednesday,
October 25, 2017, did ANY persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this
facility? INCLUDE juveniles being tried as adults
in criminal court. Do NOT include staff.
01
Yes
02

9b.

No ➔ STOP HERE and mail this form ONLY
if there were NO persons under 21 in
your facility on this date. Indicate the
reason in the COMMENTS Section on
Page 18.

According to your records at the end of the
day on Wednesday, October 25, 2017, how
many persons UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility? Include
persons who were temporarily away but had
assigned beds on October 25, 2017. Do NOT
include staff.
Persons under the age of 21

As a check, the sum of question 8 (persons 21 and
NOTE older) and 9b (persons under age 21) should equal
the sum reported in question 7b (number of
C
persons assigned beds in the facility).

• ANY offense that is ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE
for underage persons but not for adults.
Examples are running away, truancy,
incorrigibility, curfew violation, and underage
liquor violations. Count persons with these
behaviors here ONLY IF THE BEHAVIORS ARE
ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE. This includes those
CHINS (Children in Need of Services) and PINS
(Persons in Need of Services) who are here
BECAUSE of an offense.
• ANY offense being adjudicated in juvenile or
criminal court, including a probation or parole
violation.
DO NOT INCLUDE here:
• Persons under age 21 who have committed one
or more offenses in the past, BUT HAVE
ASSIGNED BEDS ON OCTOBER 25, 2017
FOR REASONS OTHER THAN OFFENSES
such as neglect, abuse, dependency,
abandonment, or another NON-OFFENSE
reason.
• Persons under age 21 assigned beds here
because of mental health problems,
substance abuse problems, etc. UNLESS
THE OFFENSE THEY COMMITTED
REQUIRED TREATMENT AS PART OF THE
COURT ORDER.
• Persons under age 21 who have run away,
been truant or incorrigible, or violated curfew,
IF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE NOT
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE.
These persons will be counted in questions
11a and 11b.
• Those persons who are PINS (Persons in
Need of Services) or CHINS (Children in
Need of Services) who have assigned
beds because of REASONS OTHER
THAN OFFENSES.

01
Yes
10a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
02
No ➔ Go to Question 11a
October 25, 2017, did ANY of the persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this
facility SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they were
10b. According to your records at the end of the
CHARGED WITH OR COURT-ADJUDICATED
day on Wednesday, October 25, 2017, HOW
FOR AN OFFENSE? An offense is any behavior
MANY PERSONS UNDER AGE 21 had
that is illegal in your state for underage persons
assigned beds in the facility SPECIFICALLY
alone or for both underage persons and adults. See
BECAUSE they were CHARGED WITH OR
the Offense Codes on Page 19 and 20.
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE,
as defined in question 10a?
INCLUDE in your count persons UNDER
AGE 21 here BECAUSE THEY WERE
Later you will be asked to provide information
CHARGED WITH OR ADJUDICATED FOR:
about each of these persons. Include persons who
were temporarily away but had assigned beds on
• ANY offense that is illegal for both adults
October 25, 2017. Do NOT include staff.
and underage persons.

Persons under age 21 here because
they were charged with or
court-adjudicated for an offense.

Page 4

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

103

Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION – Continued
11a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
October 25, 2017, did ANY of the persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this
facility FOR REASONS OTHER THAN
OFFENSES? Do NOT include staff.
INCLUDE here:
• Persons under age 21 assigned beds here for
NON-OFFENSE REASONS such as neglect,
abuse, dependency, abandonment, or another
NON-OFFENSE reason.

12b. What kind of treatment is provided INSIDE
this facility? Mark (X) those that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06

Mental health treatment
Substance abuse treatment
Sex offender treatment
Treatment for arsonists
Treatment specifically for violent offenders
Other – Specify

• Persons under age 21 assigned beds here
because of mental health problems UNLESS THE
13. Does this facility provide foster care?
OFFENSE THEY COMMITTED REQUIRED
TREATMENT AS PART OF THE COURT ORDER.
01
Yes, for all young persons
• Persons under age 21 who have run away, been
02
Yes, for some but not all young persons
truant or incorrigible, or violated curfew, IF
No
03
THESE BEHAVIORS ARE NOT CONSIDERED
ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE.
14. Does this facility provide independent living
arrangements for any young persons?
• Persons assigned beds here due to voluntary or
non-offense related admissions.
01
Yes
02
No
DO NOT INCLUDE here:
15. On Wednesday, October 25, 2017, did this
• Persons assigned beds here BECAUSE THEY
facility house any overflow detention
WERE CHARGED WITH OR
population? "Overflow detention population"
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE.
refers to those young persons who, because of the
These persons are counted in questions 10a
unavailability of beds in a detention center, are
and 10b.
placed temporarily in a non-detention facility.
Yes
No ➔

01
02

If this facility is a detention center, answer NO.
Go to Note D
01

11b. According to your records at the end of
the day on Wednesday, October 25, 2017,
HOW MANY PERSONS UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility FOR
REASONS OTHER THAN OFFENSES, as
defined in question 11a?
Include persons who were temporarily away but
had assigned beds on October 25, 2017. Do NOT
include staff.
Persons under age 21 here
because of non-offense reasons.

02

16a. Are ANY young persons in this facility
locked into their sleeping rooms by staff
at ANY time to confine them?
01
Yes
02
No ➔ Go to Question 17
16b. When are young persons in this facility
locked into their sleeping rooms by staff?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02

As a check, the sum of questions 10b (persons
NOTE under 21 with offenses) and 11b (persons under
21 with reasons other than offenses) should
D
equal 9b (the number of persons under age 21)

03
04
05
06

12a. Does this facility provide ON-SITE
RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT?
01
02

Yes
No ➔

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

07
08
09

Go to Question 13

Yes
No

10

When they are out of control
When they are suicidal
Rarely, no set schedule
During shift changes
Whenever they are in their sleeping rooms
At night
Part of each day
Most of each day
All of each day
Other – Specify

Page 5
104

Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION – Continued
17.

Does this facility have any of the
following features intended to confine
young persons within specific areas?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

02

19.

Doors for secure day rooms that are
locked by staff to confine young persons
within specific areas
Wing, floor, corridor, or other internal
security doors that are locked by staff to
confine young persons within specific
areas

03

Outside doors that are locked by staff to
confine young persons within specific
buildings

04

External gates in fences or walls
WITHOUT razor wire that are locked by
staff to confine young persons

05

External gates in fences or walls WITH
razor wire that are locked to confine
young persons

06

Other – Specify

07

The facility has NONE of the above
features

20.

During the YEAR between October 1, 2016
and September 30, 2017, did ANY young
persons die while assigned a bed at this
facility at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE of this facility?
01

Yes

02

No

➔

Go to Section II on page 7

How many young persons died while
assigned beds at this facility during the
year between October 1, 2016 and
September 30, 2017?

Person(s)

18a. Are outside doors to any buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility ever
locked?
01

Yes

02

No

➔

Go to Question 19

18b. Why are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility
locked?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02

To keep intruders out
To keep young persons inside this facility

18c. WHEN are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility
locked?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

Page 6

Rarely, no set schedule
At night
Part of each day
Most of each day
All of each day
When the facility is unoccupied
Other – Specify

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

105

Section II – PERSON LEVEL DATA

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
FOR SECTION II
1. Record individual-level information in
Section II on the persons under age 21 you
included in Section I, question 10b.
2. You may choose one of the following ways to
record this information:
■ Manual data entry
Continue to write information directly on
this form.
■ Upload a data file
Go to our website at
https://harvester.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a prefix) and
enter your Section I data. You can then
upload a data file with Section II-Person Level
data. The acceptable formats are
spreadsheet, text file, or data base file.

■ Complete all data entry on the web
Go to our website at
https://harvester.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a prefix) and
enter Section I and Section II data.
3. BE SURE TO KEEP COPIES OF THE
DATA YOU SUBMIT.

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

Page 7
106

NOTE: IF MORE THAN 66 PERSONS MEET REQUIREMENTS A THROUGH D AS DESCRIBED BELOW

Section II – PERSON LEVEL DATA

☞

START HERE

Please COMPLETE a LINE on the table below for EACH
person who on October 25, 2017, was

List below ONLY THOSE PERSONS WHO FULFILL ALL 4 REQUIREMENTS BELOW (A, B, C, AND D).

1.

2.

Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.

3.

4.

What is
this
person’s
date of
birth?

What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race

1 – Male
2 – Female

4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify

7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code

EX

Line number

Line number

6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin

2071

1

Mo. Day

Yr.

Code

02 14 1998 3

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

1

EX

01

01

02

02

03

03

04

04

05

05

06

06

07

07

08

08

09

09

10

10

11

11

12

12

Page 8

IF MORE PERSONS MEET REQUIREMENTS A THROUGH D ABOVE

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

107

PHOTOCOPY PAGES 16 AND 17 TO MAKE MORE BLANK FORMS.

Section II – PERSON LEVEL DATA
A.
B.
C.
D.

UNDER age 21; AND
assigned a bed in this facility at the end of the day on Wednesday, October 25, 2017; AND
charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE.

Do NOT list persons assigned beds here for reasons other than offenses, as described in Section I, 11a.

Line number

See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.

Code

Specify Other only

4

In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.

9.
On October 25, 2017, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify

Code

State

Code

25

Vt.

04

Specify Other only

10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.

Line number

7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 25, 2017?
Enter the code for
the most serious
offense resulting in
this placement.

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

EX

8.

6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

Mo. Day

Yr.

09 15 2013

EX

01

01

02

02

03

03

04

04

05

05

06

06

07

07

08

08

09

09

10

10

11

11

12

12

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE

Page 9
108

1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

2.

3.

What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.

What is this
person’s
date of
birth?

4.
What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race

1 – Male
2 – Female

4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify

Line number

Line number

6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code

Mo. Day

Yr.

Code

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

27

27

28

28

29

29

30

30

Page 10

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

109

7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 25, 2017?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.

Line number

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

Code

Specify Other only

Code

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.

State

9.
On October 25, 2017, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code

Specify Other only

10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.

Line number

6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

Mo. Day

Yr.

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

27

27

28

28

29

29

30

30

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

Page 11
110

1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

2.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.

3.

4.

What is this
person’s
date of
birth?

What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race

1 – Male
2 – Female

4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify

Line number

Line number

6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code

Mo. Day

Yr.

Code

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

Page 12

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

111

7.

8.

9.

10.

What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 25, 2017?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.

In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.

On October 25, 2017, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.

On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.

See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.

Line number

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

Code

Specify Other only

Code

If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.

State

01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code

Specify Other only

Line number

6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

Mo. Day

Yr.

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

Page 13
112

1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

2.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.

3.

4.

What is this
person’s
date of
birth?

What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race

1 – Male
2 – Female

4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify

Line number

Line number

6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code

Mo. Day

Yr.

Code

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

52

53

53

54

54

55

55

56

56

57

57

58

58

59

59

60

60

61

61

62

62

63

63

64

64

65

65

66

66

Page 14

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

113

7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 25, 2017?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.

Line number

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

Code

Specify Other only

Code

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.

State

9.
On October 25, 2017, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code

Specify Other only

10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.

Line number

6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

Mo. Day

Yr.

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

52

53

53

54

54

55

55

56

56

57

57

58

58

59

59

60

60

61

61

62

62

63

63

64

64

65

65

66

66

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

Page 15
114

1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

2.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.

3.

4.

What is this
person’s
date of
birth?

What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race

1 – Male
2 – Female

4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify

7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code

Page 16

Line number

Line number

6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin

Mo. Day

Yr.

Code

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

115

7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 25, 2017?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.

If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.

Line number

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

Code

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.

Code

State

9.
On October 25, 2017, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code

Specify Other only

10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.

Line number

6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

Mo. Day

Yr.

Page 17
116

The Federal Government uses the following definitions for the various racial categories.
White – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North
Africa.
Black or African American – A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
Hispanic or Latino – A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or
other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
American Indian or Alaska Native – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of
North America and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliations or
community attachment.
Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or
the Indian subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia,
Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander – A person having origins in any of the original
peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa or other Pacific Islands.
Two or More Races, not of Hispanic origin – Refers to combinations of two or more of the
following race categories: White, Black or African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian,
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. In cases of Hispanic origin, regardless of race(s), mark
"Hispanic or Latino".

Thank you for completing this questionnaire. If you would like to give us any comments on this
form, please write them below.
Please make copies for your own records of this completed questionnaire, so that if we need to
call you about an answer, you will be able to refer to your copies.
Please mail the completed form in the enclosed envelope to:
U.S. Census Bureau
P.O. Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
Comments

Page 18

FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

117

OFFENSE CODES
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
These Offense Codes are divided into two main categories: (1) offenses for both underage persons and for adults,
and (2) possible offenses for underage persons only. Information on these codes may make it easier for you to
classify persons placed in the facility because of an offense.
In Section II, question 7, you are again referred to these offense codes. There, you are asked to match each young
person’s offense to the category and type of offense listed below. Note the two-digit code number, and write that
number in Section II, question 7, on the line for that person. Please record the most serious offense for which this
person had an assigned bed here on October 25, 2017.
Attempted offenses should be coded as if they were actual offenses, except for attempted murder which should be
coded as 20 (assault, aggravated).
Definitions of the offenses are provided on Page 20.

OFFENSES FOR BOTH UNDERAGE PERSONS AND ADULTS
OFFENSES AGAINST PROPERTY

DRUG-RELATED OFFENSES

10 Arson
11 Auto theft, unauthorized use of auto, joyriding
12 Burglary, breaking and entering, household
larceny
13 Theft, non-household larceny
14 Property damage, vandalism
19 Other property offense

30 Drugs or narcotics, trafficking
31 Drugs or narcotics, possession
39 Other drug-related offense

OFFENSES AGAINST THE PUBLIC ORDER
40 Alcohol or drugs, driving under the
influence of
41 Obstruction of justice
42 Non-violent sex offense, statutory rape
43 Weapons-related offenses
49 Other public order offense

OFFENSES AGAINST PERSONS
20 Assault, aggravated
(include attempted murder)
21 Assault, simple
22 Kidnapping
23 Murder, manslaughter, negligent homicide
24 Violent sexual assault including forcible
rape
25 Robbery
29 Other person offense

PROBATION OR PAROLE VIOLATION
50 Probation or parole violation,
violation of a valid court order

POSSIBLE OFFENSES FOR UNDERAGE PERSONS ONLY
The behaviors identified below are considered offenses in this census ONLY IF THEY ARE ILLEGAL in your state
for underage persons:
60 Curfew violation
61 Incorrigible, ungovernable
62 Running away

63 Truancy
64 Alcohol: underage use, possession or consumption of
69 Other offense that is illegal for underage persons only

UNKNOWN OFFENSES
97 Unknown offense for both underage persons and adults
98 Unknown offense for underage persons only
99 Unknown offense
FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

Page 19
118

DEFINITIONS OF OFFENSES
Alcohol or drugs, driving under the influence of –
Driving or operating a motor vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol, a drug or controlled substance.
Code 40.
Alcohol: underage use, possession, or
consumption of – Possession, use, or consumption of
alcohol by a minor. Code 64.
Arson – Actual or attempted intentional damaging or
destroying of property by fire or explosion, without the
owner’s consent. Code 10.
Assault, aggravated – An actual, attempted, or
threatened physical attack on a person that 1) involves the
use of a weapon or 2) causes serious physical harm.
Include attempted murder. Code 20. For assaults with less
than serious harm and without use of a weapon – See
Assault, simple.
Assault, simple – An actual, attempted, or threatened
physical attack on a person that causes less than serious
physical harm and without a weapon. Include non-physical
attacks causing the fear of an attack.
Code 21.
Auto theft, unauthorized use of auto, joyriding –
Actual or attempted unauthorized taking or use of a motor
vehicle, intending to deprive the owner of it temporarily or
permanently. Include joyriding and grand theft auto.
Code 11.
Burglary, breaking and entering, household
larceny – Actual or attempted unlawful entry of a building,
structure, or vehicle with intent to commit larceny or
another crime. Code 12.
Curfew violation – Violation of an ordinance forbidding
persons below a certain age from being in public places
during set hours. Code 60.
Drugs or narcotics, possession – Actual or attempted
purchase, possession or use of any illegal drug or
substance, excluding alcohol. Code 31.
Drugs or narcotics, trafficking – Actual or attempted
making, selling, or distributing of a controlled or illegal drug
or substance. Code 30.
Incorrigible, ungovernable – Being beyond the control
of parents, guardians, or custodians. Code only if this is
considered an offense in your state. Code 61.
Kidnapping – Actual or attempted unlawful
transportation or confinement of a person without his/her
consent (or, if a minor, consent of a guardian).
Code 22.
Murder/manslaughter/negligent homicide –
Causing the death of a person without legal justification.
Code 23. For attempted murder/manslaughter – See
Assault, aggravated.
Non-violent sex offense, statutory rape – Actual
or attempted offenses with a sexual element, without
violence. Include consensual sex with an underage
person, prostitution, solicitation, indecent exposure,
pornography, and obscenity. Code 42. For sexual abuse
by a minor against another minor – See Violent sexual
assault.
Obstruction of justice – Any act that intentionally
impedes the enforcement of a law or court order.
Examples: Escape from confinement, contempt of court,
perjury, failing to report a crime, nonviolently resisting
arrest, and bribery. Code 41. See Probation/parole
violation.
Page 20

Other drug-related offense – Use this code if the drug
offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: possession of drug
paraphernalia, visiting a place where drugs are found, etc.
Code 39.
Other offense that is illegal for underage persons
only – Use this code if the drug offense is not illegal for
adults and is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: underage smoking,
unruliness in school, etc. Code 69.
Other person offense – Use this code if the person
offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: harassment, coercion,
reckless endangerment, etc. Code 29.
Other property offense – Use this code if the property
offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: trespassing, selling stolen
property, possession of burglar’s tools, fraud, etc. Code 19.
Other public order offense – Use this code if the public
order offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes
or definitions. Examples include: cruelty to animals,
disorderly conduct, traffic offenses, etc. Code 49.
Probation or parole violation, violation of valid
court order – Acts that disobey or go against the
conditions of probation or parole. Examples: failure to
participate in a specific program, failure to appear for
drug tests or meetings, and failure to pay restitution.
Code 50.
Property damage, vandalism – Actual or attempted
damaging or destroying of property of a person or public
property. Code 14. For destroying or damaging by fire or
explosion – See Arson.
Robbery – Actual or attempted unlawful taking of property
in the direct possession of a person by force or threat of
force. Include purse snatching with force and carjacking.
Code 25. For purse snatching without force – See
Theft/non-household larceny.
Running away – Leaving the custody and home of
parents or guardians without permission and failing to return
within a reasonable length of time. Code only if this is
considered an offense in the state in which it occurred.
Code 62. For running away from a facility – See Obstruction
of justice.
Theft, non-household larceny – Actual or attempted
taking of property (other than an auto) from a person without
force or deceit. Include shoplifting, pickpocketing, and purse
snatching without force. Code 13.
• For purse snatching with force – See Robbery.
• For theft using deceit – See Other property offense.
• For household larceny – See Burglary, breaking and
entering, household larceny.
Truancy – Violation of a compulsory school attendance
law. Code only if this is considered an offense in your state.
Code 63.
Violent sexual assault including forcible rape –
Actual or attempted sexual intercourse or sexual assaults
against a person against her/his will by force or threat of
force. Includes incest, sodomy, and sexual abuse by a minor
against another minor. Code 24. See also Non-violent sex
offense, statutory rape.
Weapons-related offenses – Actual or attempted illegal
sale, distribution, manufacture, alteration, transportation,
possession, or use of a deadly or dangerous weapon or
accessory. Code 43.
FORM CJ-14 (6-8-2017)

119

 ,
Dear Facility Administrator:
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in coordination with the Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), is pleased to announce the 2019 Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP). The CJRP provides the Nation with the only
detailed picture of juveniles in custody. The U.S. Census Bureau is the data collection
agent, and we request your assistance in completing and returning your information to the
Census as soon as possible.
We rely on your cooperation in providing complete data to present a detailed picture of the
state of juvenile justice placement in this country. Enclosed you will find a sample of the
types of publications NIJ and OJJDP produce with this information to educate
policymakers, practitioners, and the public about the youth held in our country’s juvenile
facilities. Since CJRP was first conducted in 1997, we have achieved close to a 100
percent response rate, despite participation being voluntary. Your full response by is important to the continued success of this effort. The confidentiality of the
information you provide is protected by federal law (Title 34, Section 10231 of the United
States Code) and will only be revealed or used for research purposes (see reverse side for
more details).
Enclosed you will find instructions for completing the CJRP. In order to make data
reporting easier and more convenient, we also have an online reporting option. To access
the online reporting method, go to https://respond.census.gov/cjrp. Or if you prefer, you
may report your census data by filling out the enclosed paper copy of the CJRP
questionnaire.
I trust that we can count on your support as we have in the past. If you have any
questions, please call of the U.S. Census Bureau at the toll free number:
1-800-352-7229 or .
Thank you for your time and efforts in this important data collection effort.
Sincerely,

David B. Muhlhausen, Ph.D.
Director, National Institute of Justice
Attachments
120

FEDERAL ASSURANCES OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND OTHER NOTICES
The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (see, 34 U.S.C. § 10121-10122)
and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2002 (see, 34 U.S.C. § 11161),
provide the authority for conducting this data collection. We rely on your cooperation to
present a clear picture of the state of juvenile justice placement in this country. The
confidentiality of the information you provide on this questionnaire is guaranteed by Title
34, Section 10231 of the United States code. This law requires both the U.S. Department of
Justice and the U.S. Census Bureau to hold strictly confidential any information that could
identify individual youth, employees, or private facilities. The penalty for anyone violating
this confidentiality is $10,000. While public facilities are not subject to this statutory
protection, OJJDP’s policy is that the information collected for the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP) will only be used or revealed for research or statistical
purposes, and it will take appropriate measures to protect the confidentiality of public
facilities. The identities of all youth residing in facilities are protected. Further, per the
Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015 (6 U.S.C. § 151), your data are protected
from cybersecurity risks through screening of the systems that transmit your data. Your
compliance with the request for information is entirely voluntary. If you would like more
information concerning this authorization or the confidentiality guarantee, please write to
Benjamin Adams at the address below.
Under the Federal Paperwork Reduction Act, a person is not required to respond to a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. We try to
create forms and instructions that are accurate, can be easily understood, and which
impose the least possible burden on you to provide us with information. We estimate that it
will take one to three hours to complete this questionnaire with two hours being the
average. This estimate includes time for reviewing the instructions, searching for and
gathering the data, completing the form, and reviewing answers. If you have comments
regarding the accuracy of this estimate, or suggestions for making this form simpler, you
can write to:
Benjamin Adams
Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
810 7th Street, NW
U.S. Department of Justice
Washington, DC 20531

121

Title 34, United States Code, Section 10231
§10231. Confidentiality of information
(a) Research or statistical information; immunity from process; prohibition against
admission as evidence or use in any proceedings
No officer or employee of the Federal Government, and no recipient of assistance under the provisions
of this chapter shall use or reveal any research or statistical information furnished under this chapter by
any person and identifiable to any specific private person for any purpose other than the purpose for
which it was obtained in accordance with this chapter. Such information and copies thereof shall be
immune from legal process, and shall not, without the consent of the person furnishing such information,
be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative, or
administrative proceedings.

(b) Criminal history information; disposition and arrest data; procedures for collection,
storage, dissemination, and current status; security and privacy; availability for law
enforcement, criminal justice, and other lawful purposes; automated systems: review,
challenge, and correction of information
All criminal history information collected, stored, or disseminated through support under this chapter
shall contain, to the maximum extent feasible, disposition as well as arrest data where arrest data is
included therein. The collection, storage, and dissemination of such information shall take place under
procedures reasonably designed to insure that all such information is kept current therein; the Office of
Justice Programs shall assure that the security and privacy of all information is adequately provided for
and that information shall only be used for law enforcement and criminal justice and other lawful
purposes. In addition, an individual who believes that criminal history information concerning him
contained in an automated system is inaccurate, incomplete, or maintained in violation of this chapter,
shall, upon satisfactory verification of his identity, be entitled to review such information and to obtain a
copy of it for the purpose of challenge or correction.

(c) Criminal intelligence systems and information; prohibition against violation of privacy
and constitutional rights of individuals
All criminal intelligence systems operating through support under this chapter shall collect, maintain,
and disseminate criminal intelligence information in conformance with policy standards which are
prescribed by the Office of Justice Programs and which are written to assure that the funding and
operation of these systems furthers the purpose of this chapter and to assure that such systems are not
utilized in violation of the privacy and constitutional rights of individuals.

(d) Violations; fine as additional penalty
Any person violating the provisions of this section, or of any rule, regulation, or order issued
thereunder, shall be fined not to exceed $10,000, in addition to any other penalty imposed by law.
(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §812, formerly §818, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat.
1213 ; renumbered §812 and amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §609B(f), (k), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat.
2093 , 2096; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1115(c), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3104 .)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 3789g of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to
editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

122

PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 812 of Pub. L. 90–351 was classified to section 3789a of Title 42, The Public Health
and Welfare, prior to repeal by section 609B(e) of Pub. L. 98–473.
AMENDMENTS
2006-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–162 substituted "No" for "Except as provided by Federal law other than
this chapter, no".
1984-Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 98–473, 609B(k), substituted "Office of Justice Programs" for "Office
of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics".
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by section 609B(k) of Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of
Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.
CONSTRUCTION
Terms "this chapter" and "this section", as such terms appear in this section, deemed to be references to
chapter 501 and section 50105 of this title, respectively, and reference to the Office of Justice Programs in
this section deemed to be a reference to the Attorney General, see section 50105 of this title.

123

28 CFR Part 22
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information
(28 CFR Part 22)
PART 22—CONFIDENTIALITY OF IDENTIFIABLE RESEARCH AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION
Sec.
22.1

Purpose.

22.2

Definitions.

22.20

Applicability.

22.21

Use of identifiable data.

22.22

Revelation of identifiable data.

22.23

Privacy certification.

22.24

Information transfer agreement.

22.25

Final disposition of identifiable materials.

22.26

Requests for transfer of information.

22.27

Notification.

22.28

Use of data identifiable to a private person for judicial, legislative or administrative purposes.

22.29

Sanctions.

AUTHORITY: Secs. 801(a), 812(a), Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 42 U.S.C. 3701,
et seq., as amended (Pub. L. 90–351, as amended by Pub. L. 93–83, Pub. L. 93–415, Pub. L. 94–430, Pub. L.
94–503, Pub. L. 95–115, Pub. L. 96–157, and Pub. L. 98–473); secs. 262(b), 262(d), Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. 5601, et seq., as amended (Pub. L. 93–415, as amended by
Pub. L. 94–503, Pub. L. 95–115, Pub. L. 99–509, and Pub. L. 98–473); and secs. 1407(a) and 1407(d) of the
Victims of Crime Act of 1984, 42 U.S.C. 10601, et seq., Pub. L. 98–473.
SOURCE: 41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, unless otherwise noted.

§ 22.1 Purpose.
The purpose of these regulations is to:
(a) Protect privacy of individuals by requiring that information identifiable to a private person obtained
in a research or statistical program may only be used and/or revealed for the purpose for which obtained;
(b) Insure that copies of such information shall not, without the consent of the person to whom the
information pertains, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any judicial or administrative
proceedings;
(c) Increase the credibility and reliability of federally-supported research and statistical findings by
minimizing subject concern over subsequent uses of identifiable information;
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(d) Provide needed guidance to persons engaged in research and statistical activities by clarifying the
purposes for which identifiable information may be used or revealed; and
(e) Insure appropriate balance between individual privacy and essential needs of the research community
for data to advance the state of knowledge in the area of criminal justice.
(f) Insure the confidentiality of information provided by crime victims to crisis intervention counselors
working for victim services programs receiving funds provided under the Crime Control Act, the Juvenile
Justice Act, and the Victims of Crime Act.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.2 Definitions.
(a) Person means any individual, partnership, corporation, association, public or private organization or
governmental entity, or combination thereof.
(b) Private person means any person defined in § 22.2(a) other than an agency, or department of Federal,
State, or local government, or any component or combination thereof. Included as a private person is an indi­
vidual acting in his or her official capacity.
(c) Research or statistical project means any program, project, or component thereof which is supported
in whole or in part with funds appropriated under the Act and whose purpose is to develop, measure, evaluate,
or otherwise advance the state of knowledge in a particular area. The term does not include “intelligence” or
other information-gathering activities in which information pertaining to specific individuals is obtained for
purposes directly related to enforcement of the criminal laws.
(d) Research or statistical information means any information which is collected during the conduct of a
research or statistical project and which is intended to be utilized for research or statistical purposes. The term
includes information which is collected directly from the individual or obtained from any agency or individual
having possession, knowledge, or control thereof.
(e) Information identifiable to a private person means information which either—
(1) Is labeled by name or other personal identifiers, or
(2) Can, by virtue of sample size or other factors, be reasonably interpreted as referring to a particular
private person.
(f) Recipient of assistance means any recipient of a grant, contract, interagency agreement, subgrant, or
subcontract under the Act and any person, including subcontractors, employed by such recipient in connection
with performances of the grant, contract, or interagency agreement.
(g) Officer or employee of the Federal Government means any person employed as a regular or special
employee of the U.S. (including experts, consultants, and advisory board members) as of July 1, 1973, or at
any time thereafter.
(h) The act means the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended.
(i) Applicant means any person who applies for a grant, contract, or subgrant to be funded pursuant to
the Act.

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(j) The Juvenile Justice Act means the “Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as
amended.”
(k) The Victims of Crime Act means the Victims of Crime Act of 1984.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 43 FR 16974, Apr. 21, 1978; 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.20 Applicability.
(a) These regulations govern use and revelation of research and statistical information obtained, collect­
ed, or produced either directly by BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or under any interagency agreement, grant,
contract, or subgrant awarded under the Crime Control Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, and the Victims of
Crime Act.
(b) The regulations do not apply to any records from which identifiable research or statistical informa­
tion was originally obtained; or to any records which are designated under existing statutes as public; or to
any information extracted from any records designated as public.
(c) The regulations do not apply to information gained regarding future criminal conduct.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 43 FR 16974, Apr. 21, 1978; 51 FR 6400, 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.21 Use of identifiable data.
Research or statistical information identifiable to a private person may be used only for research or
statistical purposes.

§ 22.22 Revelation of identifiable data.
(a) Except as noted in paragraph (b) of this section, research and statistical information relating to a
private person may be revealed in identifiable form on a need-to-know basis only to—
(1) Officers, employees, and subcontractors of the recipient of assistance;
(2) Such individuals as needed to implement sections 202(c)(3), 801, and 811(b) of the Act; and sections
223(a)(12)(A), 223(a)(13), 223(a)(14), and 243 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.
(3) Persons or organizations for research or statistical purposes. Information may only be transferred for
such purposes upon a clear demonstration that the standards of § 22.26 have been met and that, except where
information is transferred under paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, such transfers shall be conditioned
on compliance with a § 22.24 agreement.
(b) Information may be revealed in identifiable form where prior consent is obtained from an individual
or where the individual has agreed to participate in a project with knowledge that the findings cannot, by
virtue of sample size, or uniqueness of subject, be expected to totally conceal subject identity.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.23 Privacy certification.
(a) Each applicant for BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP support either directly or under a State plan shall
submit a Privacy Certificate as a condition of approval of a grant application or contract proposal which has
a research or statistical project component under which information identifiable to a private person will be
collected.
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(b) The Privacy Certificate shall briefly describe the project and shall contain assurance by the applicant
that:
(1) Data identifiable to a private person will not be used or revealed, except as authorized under
§§ 22.21, 22.22.
(2) Access to data will be limited to those employees having a need therefore and that such persons shall
be advised of and agree in writing to comply with these regulations.
(3) All subcontracts which require access to identifiable data will contain conditions meeting the require­
ments of § 22.24.
(4) To the extent required by § 22.27 any private persons from whom identifiable data are collected or
obtained, either orally or by means of written questionnaire, shall be advised that the data will only be used or
revealed for research or statistical purposes and that compliance with requests for information is not mandato­
ry. Where the notification requirement is to be waived, pursuant to § 22.27(c), a justification must be included
in the Privacy Certificate.
(5) Adequate precautions will be taken to insure administrative and physical security of identifiable data.
(6) A log will be maintained indicating that identifiable data have been transmitted to persons other than
BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or grantee/contractor staff or subcontractors, that such data have been returned,
or that alternative arrangements have been agreed upon for future maintenance of such data.
(7) Project plans will be designed to preserve anonymity of private persons to whom information relates,
including, where appropriate, name-stripping, coding of data, or other similar procedures.
(8) Project findings and reports prepared for dissemination will not contain information which can rea­
sonably be expected to be identifiable to a private person except as authorized under § 22.22.
(c) The applicant shall attach to the Privacy Certification a description of physical and/or administrative
procedures to be followed to insure the security of the data to meet the requirements of § 22.25.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.24 Information transfer agreement.
Prior to the transfer of any identifiable information to persons other than BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP
or project staff, an agreement shall be entered into which shall provide, as a minimum, that the recipient of
data agrees that:
(a) Information identifiable to a private person will be used only for research and statistical purposes.
(b) Information identifiable to a private person will not be revealed to any person for any purpose except
where the information has already been included in research findings (and/or data bases) and is revealed on a
need-to-know basis for research or statistical purposes, provided that such transfer is approved by the person
providing information under the agreement, or authorized under § 22.24(e).
(c) Knowingly and willfully using or disseminating information contrary to the provisions of the agree­
ment shall constitute a violation of these regulations, punishable in accordance with the Act.
(d) Adequate administrative and physical precautions will be taken to assure security of information
obtained for such purpose.

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(e) Access to information will be limited to those employees or subcontractors having a need therefore in
connection with performance of the activity for which obtained, and that such persons shall be advised of, and
agree to comply with, these regulations.
(f) Project plans will be designed to preserve anonymity of private persons to whom information relates,
including, where appropriate, required name-stripping and/or coding of data or other similar procedures.
(g) Project findings and reports prepared for dissemination will not contain information which can
reasonably be expected to be identifiable to a private person.
(h) Information identifiable to a private person (obtained in accordance with this agreement) will, unless
otherwise agreed upon, be returned upon completion of the project for which obtained and no copies of that
information retained.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.25 Final disposition of identifiable materials.
Upon completion of a research or statistical project the security of identifiable research or statistical
information shall be protected by:
(a) Complete physical destruction of all copies of the materials or the identifiable portion of such
materials after a three-year required recipient retention period or as soon as authorized by law, or
(b) Removal of identifiers from data and separate maintenance of a name-code index in a secure
location.
The Privacy Certificate shall indicate the procedures to be followed and shall, in the case of paragraph
(b) of this section, describe procedures to secure the name index.

§ 22.26 Requests for transfer of information.
(a) Requests for transfer of information identifiable to an individual shall be submitted to the person
submitting the Privacy Certificate pursuant to § 22.23.
(b) Except where information is requested by BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP, the request shall describe
the general objectives of the project for which information is requested, and specifically justify the need for
such information in identifiable form. The request shall also indicate, and provide justification for the conclu­
sion that conduct of the project will not, either directly or indirectly, cause legal, economic, physical, or social
harm to individuals whose identification is revealed in the transfer of information.
(c) Data may not be transferred pursuant to this section where a clear showing of the criteria set forth
above is not made by the person requesting the data.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.27 Notification.
(a) Any person from whom information identifiable to a private person is to be obtained directly, either
orally, by questionnaire, or other written documents, shall be advised:
(1) That the information will only be used or revealed for research or statistical purposes; and

28 CFR Part 22

5-5

128

(2) That compliance with the request for information is entirely voluntary and may be terminated at
any time.
(b) Except as noted in paragraph (c) of this section, where information is to be obtained through obser­
vation of individual activity or performance, such individuals shall be advised:
(1) Of the particular types of information to be collected;
(2) That the data will only be utilized or revealed for research or statistical purposes; and
(3) That participation in the project in question is voluntary and may be terminated at any time.
(c) Notification, as described in paragraph (b) of this section, may be eliminated where information is
obtained through field observation of individual activity or performance and in the judgment of the researcher
such notification is impractical or may seriously impede the progress of the research.
(d) Where findings in a project cannot, by virtue of sample size, or uniqueness of subject, be expected to
totally conceal subject identity, an individual shall be so advised.

§ 22.28 Use of data identifiable to a private person for judicial, legislative or administrative
purposes.
(a) Research or statistical information identifiable to a private person shall be immune from legal process
and shall only be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative
or administrative proceeding with the written consent of the individual to whom the data pertains.
(b) Where consent is obtained, such consent shall:
(1) Be obtained at the time that information is sought for use in judicial, legislative or administrative
proceedings;
(2) Set out specific purposes in connection with which information will be used;
(3) Limit, where appropriate, the scope of the information subject to such consent.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 62038, Sept. 18, 1980]

§ 22.29 Sanctions.
Where BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP believes that a violation has occurred of section 812(a) of the Act
or section 1407(d) of the Victims of Crime Act, these regulations, or any grant or contract conditions entered
into thereunder, it may initiate administrative actions leading to termination of a grant or contract, commence
appropriate personnel and/or other procedures in cases involving Federal employees, and/or initiate appropri­
ate legal actions leading to imposition of a fine not to exceed $10,000 against any person responsible for such
violations.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 62038, Sept. 18, 1980; 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

28 CFR Part 22

5-6

129

28 CFR Part 22

5-7
130

Individuals Involved in Informing CJRP Collection, Analysis,
and Dissemination Activities:
Benjamin Adams
Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
Brecht Donoghue
Senior Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
Phelan Wyrick, Ph.D.
Director, Crime and Crime Prevention Research Division
National Institute of Justice
Peter M. Brien
Attorney Advisor
Office of the General Counsel
Office of Justice Programs
Nicole Adolph
Chief, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Crecilla Scott
Supervisory Statistician, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Krystal Jimerson
Statistician, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Sabrina Webb
Statistician, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Suzanne Dorinski
Mathematical Statistician
Economic Statistical Methods Division
US Census Bureau
Magdalena Ramos
Assistant Division Chief

131

Methodology Director for Public Sector Statistics
Economic Statistical Methods Division
US Census Bureau
Jessica Stroop
Statistician
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Jennifer Bronson, Ph.D.
Statistician
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Melissa Sickmund, Ph.D.
Director
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Charles Puzzanchera
Senior Research Associate
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Sarah Hockenberry
Research Associate
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Michael P. Dempsey
Executive Director
Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators
Justin Noble
Project Manager for Data Services
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data
Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research

132

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

JUVENILE JUSTICE
STATISTICS
NATIONAL REPORT SERIES BULLETIN
January 2018

Eileen M. Garry, Acting Administrator

Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2015

Sarah Hockenberry

Highlights
The 2015 Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP) shows that the number of youth in
placement continues to decline. Between 2006 and 2015, nearly 9 in 10 states cut their rates by half
or more. The overall number of youth in residential placement decreased 54% to 48,043 in 2015, its
lowest level since the data collection began in 1997 when 105,055 youth were held in out-of-home

placement.

Juvenile placement rates declined in every state from 2006 to 2015—most states
cut their rates by half or more

n Of the offenders held in residential

placement in 2015, 95% were held for a
delinquency offense and 5% were held for a
status offense. Less than 40% were held for
a person offense.
n Females accounted for 15% of the

placement population, and they tended to
be slightly younger than male residents
(peak age of 16 years for girls, compared
with 17 years for boys).
n Minority youth accounted for 69% of youth

in placement in 2015, with black males
forming the largest share.
n The national detention rate for black youth

DC

was six times the rate for white youth, and
their commitment rate was nearly five times
the rate for white youth.
n Although private facilities account for nearly

half of facilities (48%) holding juvenile
offenders in 2015, they held just 31% of
juvenile offenders in placement.
Placement rates, 2006–2015
Declined by 77% or greater (5)
Declined 65% to 76% (22)
Declined 50% to 64% (17)
Declined less than 50% (7)

Access OJJDP publications online at ojjdp.gov

n Two-thirds of youth held in residential

placement in 2015 were committed to the
facility as part of a court-ordered disposition;
the remaining youth were detained pending
adjudication, disposition, or placement
elsewhere, or were in the facility as part
of a diversion agreement.
133

A Message From OJJDP
The Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention sponsors
the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP)
to gather comprehensive and
detailed information about youth
in residential placement because
of law-violating behavior. This
biennial survey details the
characteristics of youth held for
delinquency and status offenses
in public and private residential
facilities in every state. The data
provide a detailed picture of these
youth, including their age, gender,
race, offenses, and adjudication
status.
The most recent CJRP data
confirm that the number of
juvenile offenders detained in and
committed to residential facilities
continues to decline. In 2015, the
number of youth in placement was
at its lowest level since this survey
was established two decades ago.
This is good news because
according to the National Academy
of Sciences report, Reforming
Juvenile Justice: A Developmental
Approach, system involvement and
confinement can have detrimental
effects on the healthy development
of adolescents.
We hope the information that this
bulletin provides will encourage
juvenile justice professionals
and policymakers to continue to
investigate appropriate alternatives
to confinement for young offenders,
improve their conditions of
confinement, and provide the
programs that these youth need
to help them become successful
adults.
Eileen M. Garry
Acting Administrator

2

CJRP provides detailed data on

juveniles in residential facilities

CJRP is administered biennially and collects
information from all secure and nonsecure
residential placement facilities that house
juvenile offenders, defined as persons
younger than age 21 who are held in a
residential setting as a result of some contact
with the justice system (that is, they are
charged with or adjudicated for an offense).
This encompasses both status offenses and
delinquency offenses, and includes youth
who are either temporarily detained by the
court or committed after adjudication for an
offense. The census does not include federal
facilities or those exclusively for drug or
mental health treatment or for abused/
neglected youth. It also does not capture
data from adult prisons or jails. Therefore,
CJRP does not include all juveniles whom
criminal courts sentenced to incarceration
or placement in a residential facility.
The census typically takes place on the fourth
Wednesday in October of the census year.
CJRP asks all juvenile residential facilities in
the United States to describe each person
younger than age 21 who was assigned a
bed in the facility on the census date because
of an offense. Facilities report individual-level
information on gender, date of birth, race,
placement authority, most serious offense
charged, court adjudication status, and
admission date.

One-day count and
admission data give
different views of
residential populations
CJRP provides 1-day population counts of
juveniles in residential placement facilities.
Such counts give a picture of the standing
population in facilities. One-day counts are
substantially different from annual admission
or release data, which provide a measure of
facility population flow.

A court disposition may commit a juvenile to
a facility, or a youth may be detained prior to
or after adjudication while awaiting disposition
or placement elsewhere. In addition, a small
proportion of juveniles may be admitted as
part of a diversion agreement. Because
detention stays tend to be shorter than
commitment placements, detained juveniles
represent a larger share of population flow
data than of 1-day count data.

State variations influence
placement rates
Although state placement rate statistics
control for upper age of original juvenile court
jurisdiction, comparisons among states with
different upper ages are problematic. Youth
ages 16 and 17 constitute 25% of the
general youth population ages 10–17, but
they account for 53% of arrests of youth
younger than age 18, 44% of delinquency
court cases, and 54% of juveniles in
residential placement. If all other factors
were equal, one would expect higher juvenile
placement rates in states where older youth
are under juvenile court jurisdiction.
Differences in age limits of extended
jurisdiction also influence placement rates.
Some states may keep a juvenile in
placement for several years beyond the upper
age of original jurisdiction; others cannot.
Laws that control the transfer of juveniles to
criminal court also affect juvenile placement
rates. If all other factors were equal, states
with broad transfer provisions would be
expected to have lower juvenile placement
rates than other states.
Demographic variations among jurisdictions
should also be considered. The urbanicity and
economy of an area are thought to be related
to crime and placement rates. Available
bedspace also influences placement rates,
particularly in rural areas.

134

National Report Series Bulletin

The number of residents in placement decreased across
census years, but profiles remained similar
Over 8 in 10 residents
were juveniles held for
delinquency offenses
The vast majority of residents in juvenile
residential placement facilities on October 28,
2015, were juvenile offenders (87%). Youth
held for delinquency offenses accounted
for 83% of all residents, and those held
for status offenses accounted for 4%.
Delinquency offenses are behaviors that
would be criminal law violations for adults
and include technical violations (i.e.,
violations of probation, parole, and valid court
order). Status offenses, such as running
away, truancy, and incorrigibility, are
behaviors that are not law violations for
adults. Some residents were held in the
facility but were not charged with or
adjudicated for an offense (e.g., youth
referred for abuse, neglect, or mental health
problems, or those whose parents referred
them). Together, these other residents and
individuals age 21 or older accounted for
13% of all residents.

Half of facilities were
private but held less
than one-third of
juvenile offenders
Private nonprofit or for-profit corporations or
organizations operate private facilities; those
who work in these facilities are employees of
the private corporation or organization. State
or local government agencies operate public
facilities; those who work in these facilities
are state or local government employees.
Private facilities tend to be smaller than
public facilities. Thus, although similar
numbers of private and public facilities report
nationwide, public facilities hold the majority
of juvenile offenders on any given day. In
2015, private facilities accounted for 48% of
facilities holding juvenile offenders; however,
they held just 31% of juvenile offenders in
placement.

January 2018

The profile of juvenile offenders in residential placement changed
little between 1997 and 2015
Number
Placement
population
All residents
Juvenile offenders
Delinquency
Person offense
Violent offense
Status offenders
Other residents

Percent of total

1997

2007

2015

1997

2007

2015

116,701
105,055
98,813
35,138
26,304
6,242
11,646

98,128
86,814
83,404
31,140
21,688
3,410
11,314

55,167
48,043
45,715
18,119
12,827
2,328
7,124

100%
90
85
30
23
5
10

100%
88
85
32
22
3
12

100%
87
83
33
23
4
13

Notes: Other residents include youth age 21 or older and those held in the facility but not charged with or
adjudicated for an offense. Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 2007,
and 2015 [machine-readable data files].

Although the number of public and private facilities was similar in 2015,
public facilities housed more than twice as many offenders
Number
Facility operation
Facilities:
All facilities
Public facilities
Private facilities
Juvenile offenders:
All facilities
Public facilities
Private facilities

1997

Percent change

2007

2015

2,842
1,106
1,736

2,537
1,147
1,390

1,947
991
956

105,055
75,600
29,455

86,814
60,624
26,190

48,043
33,031
15,012

1997–2015 2007–2015
–31%
–10
–45

–23%
–14
–31

–54
–56
–49

–45
–46
–43

n Overall, the

number of juvenile offenders in residential placement decreased 54% between
1997 and 2015.
n The decline in offenders held in public facilities accounted for 75% of the overall drop in the
youth residential placement population between 1997 and 2015.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 2007,
and 2015 [machine-readable data files].

Private facilities hold a different population
of youth than do public facilities. Compared
with public facilities, private facilities have
a greater proportion of juveniles who the
court has committed to the facility following
adjudication as part of their disposition and
a smaller proportion of juveniles who are
detained pending adjudication, disposition,
or placement elsewhere.

Placement status profile, 2015:
Facility operation
Placement
status
Total Public Private
Total
Committed
Detained
Diversion

100%
66
33
1

100%
56
43
1

100%
86
12
2

Note: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.

Of all juveniles who were detained, 89%
were in public facilities. For committed
juveniles, 59% were in public facilities.

135

3

Nationwide, approximately 48,000 juvenile offenders were
in residential placement on October 28, 2015
Public and private facility
populations have fairly
similar offense profiles
In 2015, delinquent youth accounted for the
vast majority of juvenile offenders in both
public and private facilities (98% and 89%,
respectively). Compared with public facilities,
private facilities had larger proportions of
youth among their populations with less
serious offenses (e.g., simple assault, drug
offenses, and status offenses).

The number of youth in residential placement declined for all
offenses between 1997 and 2015
Juvenile offenders in
residential placement, 2015
Type of facility
Most serious offense

100%
95
38
2
7
10
8
8
3
22
9
5
4
1
4
5
1
5
13
5
8
18
5

100%
98
40
2
6
12
9
8
3
22
9
5
4
1
4
5
1
4
12
5
7
19
2

100%

89

33

0

9

6

6

9

2

21

9

5

3

1

3

7

1

6

13

4

9

16

11

Public

Private

All

Public

Private

Total

48,043

33,031

15,012

–54%

–56%

–49%

Delinquency

45,715

32,373

13,342

–54

–56

–46

18,119

13,218

4,901

–48

–51

–39

–60

–61

–39

–38

–46

–19

917

–49

–52

–33

885

–59

–60

–53

–41

–40

–43

Person
Criminal homicide

4

767

705

Sexual assault

3,433

2,127

Robbery

4,717

3,800

Aggravated assault

3,910

3,025

Simple assault

3,910

2,484

Other person

62

1,306

1,426

1,382

1,077

–37

–36

–41

10,412

7,302

3,110

–67

–68

–65

Burglary

4,241

2,962

1,279

–66

–69

–59

Theft

2,346

1,568

778

–68

–70

–63

Auto theft

1,793

1,357

436

–73

–69

–80

Property

Arson
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking

305

325

222

103

–64

–67

–53

1,707

1,193

514

–64

–64

–62

2,607

1,592

1,015

–71

–75

–63

421

279

142

–85

–87

–79

Other drug

2,186

1,313

873

–65

–68

–57

Public order

6,020

4,080

1,940

–41

–44

–35

Weapons

2,360

1,802

558

–43

–45

–36

Other public order

3,660

2,278

1,382

–40

–43

–35

8,557

6,181

2,376

–31

–40

12

2,328

658

1,670

–63

–58

–64

Technical violation
Status offense
n

The number of juvenile offenders held for person offenses decreased 48% between 1997
and 2015, and the number of property and drug offenders was cut by more than half
(67% and 71% decrease, respectively).

n

Overall, the number of juvenile offenders held for both public order and technical violation
offenses declined between 1997 and 2015 (41% and 31%, respectively). However, despite
this downward trend, private facilities reported holding 12% more juvenile offenders who
had committed technical violations.

n

The number of status offenders in residential placement was cut substantially (63%)
between 1997 and 2015.

Note: Detail may not total 100% because of
rounding.

On the census date in 2015, public facilities
held 71% of delinquents in residential
placement and 28% of status offenders.
Public facilities housed 75% of those held for
violent crimes (i.e., criminal homicide, rape,
robbery, and aggravated assault). In contrast,
only 61% of juvenile offenders held for drug
offenses were in public facilities.

Type of facility

All

Offense profile by facility type, 2015:
Facility operation
Most serious
offense
All
Public Private
Total
Delinquency
Person
Crim. homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Agg. assault
Simple assault
Other person
Property
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Arson
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Public order
Weapons
Other public ord.
Technical viol.
Status offense

Percent change
1997–2015

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015
[machine-readable data files].

136

National Report Series Bulletin

The number of youth in placement for an offense in 2015
was at its lowest level since 1997
The largest delinquency
population reported to
CJRP was in 1999

In 2015, juvenile residential facilities held 54% fewer delinquents and 63%
fewer status offenders than in 1997

The number of delinquents held in placement
increased 4% between 1997 and 1999 and
then decreased 55% to its lowest level in
2015. Although the number of delinquents
held in public facilities outnumbered those
held in private facilities, delinquents held in
private facilities accounted for 82% of the
overall increase between 1997 and 1999.
Since 1999, the number of delinquents
held in public facilities decreased 57%
and the number held in private facilities
decreased 53%.
Private facilities reported the largest decrease
in the number of status offenders between
1997 and 2015—down 64% compared with
58% in public facilities.

Offenders in juvenile facilities
120,000
100,000
80,000

Although data from the Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement
cannot explain the continuing decline in
the number of youth held in residential
placement for an offense, they may
reflect a combination of contributing
factors. For example, the number of
juvenile arrests decreased 56% between
2006 and 2015, which in turn means
that fewer youth were processed
through the juvenile justice system.
Additionally, residential placement
reform efforts have resulted in the
movement of many youth from large,
secure public facilities to less secure,
small private facilities. Finally, economic
factors have resulted in a shift from
committing youth to high-cost residential
facilities to providing lower cost options,
such as probation, day treatment, or
other community-based sanctions.

January 2018

Delinquents

60,000
40,000
20,000

Status offenders

0
10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

Offenders in juvenile facilities
120,000
100,000
80,000

Several Factors May

Affect the Placement

Population

Juvenile offenders

Total

60,000
40,000
20,000

Delin
que
nts

T
otal

Offenders in juvenile facilities
7,000

6,000
5,000

Total

4,000

Public fa
cilit
ies

3,000
2,000

P
rivate f
a
ciliti
es

0
10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

1,000

Status offenders

Private facilities
Public facilities

0
10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

n

The total number of juvenile offenders in residential placement facilities rose 2% from 1997 to
1999 and then decreased 55% from 1999 to 2015. The result was an overall decrease of 54%
between 1997 and 2015.

n

The number of delinquents held in public facilities decreased 56% between 1997 and 2015, and
the number held in private facilities decreased 46%.

n

Between 1997 and 1999, the number of status offenders held in juvenile residential facilities
dropped sharply (31%). Between 1999 and 2006, the number of status offenders remained
relatively unchanged, then decreased 50% between 2006 and 2015. The result was an overall
decrease of 63% between 1997 and 2015.

n

The number of status offenders held in public facilities peaked in 2001 and then decreased 61%
by 2015. The number of status offenders held in private facilities increased 18% between the
1999 low and 2006, then decreased 51% between 2006 and 2015.

Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2015 [machine-readable data files].

137

5

Relative declines from 1997 to 2015 were greater for
committed youth than for detained youth
Offense profiles differed
for detained and
committed youth

Between 1997 and 2015, the detained delinquency population decreased 36%
and the committed delinquency population decreased 58%
Offenders in juvenile facilities

Delinquents accounted for 97% of detained
offenders and 95% of committed offenders
in 2015. Compared with the detained
population, the committed population had a
greater proportion of youth held for most
major offense groups and fewer youth held
for technical violations of probation or parole.
The committed population also had a slightly
larger proportion of youth held for status
offenses. Status offenders accounted for
5% of committed youth and 3% of detained
youth.

30,000
25,000
20,000

100%
97
37
3
4
10
9
8
3
19
8
4
4
1
3
5
1
4
13
6
6
23
3

100%
95
38
1
9
10
8
8
3
23
9
5
4
1
4
6
1
5
12
4
8
15
5

Note: Detail may not total 100% because of
rounding.

6

Public facilities

15,000
10,000
5,000

Private facilities

0
10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

Offense profile of juvenile offenders in
placement, 2015:
Most serious
Detained Committed
(31,487)
offense
(15,816)
Total
Delinquency
Person
Criminal homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Agg. assault
Simple assault
Other person
Property
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Arson
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Public order
Weapons
Other public order
Technical violation
Status offense

Detained delinquents

Total

Offenders in juvenile facilities
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000

Committed delinquents

Total
Public facilities

30,000
20,000

Private facilities

10,000
0
10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

n

Despite a slight increase between 1997 and 1999 in the number of detained delinquents (those
held prior to adjudication or disposition who were awaiting a hearing in juvenile or criminal court
or those held after disposition who were awaiting placement elsewhere), the number of these
youth remained relatively stable between 1997 and 2007 and then decreased 37% between
2007 and 2015.

n

The number of youth in residential placement for an offense decreased 54% between 1997 and
2015. A 63% decrease in the number of committed delinquents held in public facilities during this
period accounted for more than half of the overall decline.

n

Between 1997 and 2015, declines were also evident in the number of detained and committed
status offenders (59% each) (not shown).

Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2015 [machine-readable data files].

138

National Report Series Bulletin

CJRP data identify the state of offense and the state
of facility
Nationally, facilities reported that 95% of youth in residential placement on the 2015 census date had
committed their offense in the same state as the facility in which they were held

State of facility
U.S. Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
n

State of offense
(percentage of offenders)
Same as
Different
facility
from facility
Unknown
95%
94
100
95
82
97
95
92
100
75
94
100
100*
92
100
99
74
95
100
100
100*
95
87
93
95
100

2%
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0*
8
0
0
26
0
0
0
0*
2
3
4
3
0

3%
6
0
1
16
3
5
8
0
25
6
0
0*
0
0
1
0
5
0
0
0*
3
10
4
2
0

State of facility
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

State of offense
(percentage of offenders)
Same as
Different
facility
from facility
Unknown
98%
98
92
100
88*
100
91
99
87
100
98
92
94
83
100
92
82
98
99
85
100*
100
99
94
94
78

2%
0
8
0
0*
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
9
0
0
4
2
0
1
0*
0
1
0
2
19

0%
2
0
0
8*
0
9
1
13
0
0
8
0
9
0
8
14
0
1
14
0*
0
0
7
3
4

In 2015, information about the state where a youth committed an offense was unknown or otherwise not reported for 3% of all youth in residential
placement on the CJRP census date, but there is considerable variation across states.

*Percentage is based on a small denominator (fewer than 100 juveniles total) and may be unreliable.
Notes: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015 [machine-readable data files].

How State Data Are Presented in This Bulletin
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
(CJRP) data collection supports two ways of
summarizing state information. The first is
based on the state in which the offense was
committed (state of offense); the second is
based on the state where the facility holding
the youth is located (state of facility). CJRP is
an individual-level data collection of youth in
placement; therefore, the state of offense has

January 2018

become the primary method for presenting
state data. In most cases, the state of offense
and the state of facility are the same, but the
proportion varies by state. There are instances,
however, where the state of offense is
unknown for some youth or not reported for
any youth. CJRP tables organized by state of
offense cannot properly account for these
youth since there is no way to determine

where they committed their offense.
Therefore, these youth are excluded from
the state analyses in such tables, and the
exclusion is noted. In 2015, all youth for
whom state of offense was unknown (1,593)
were held in private facilities, and 89% of
these youth were held as part of a courtordered commitment.

139

7

Person offenses accounted for the largest share of both
detained and committed youth in 32 states
In 8 states in 2015, technical violations accounted for a greater share of detained offenders than did
person offenses
Offense profile of detained youth, 2015
State of
offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi

Person Property Drugs
37%
26
35*
23
36
42
39
16*
40*
70*
24
65
43*
33
31
31
34
39
52
39
–
44
46
34
39
29*

19%
29
15*
12
24
14
31
16*
16*
10*
29
16
29*
18
22
24
29
20
20
27
–
21
26
18
14
39*

5%
7
0*
7
4
3
8
4*
4*
5*
6
6
14*
15
3
8
7
6
5
4
–
16
6
1
4
3*

Offense profile of detained youth, 2015

Public Technical
order violation Status
13%
11
12*
11
14
10
16
8*
24*
10*
14
11
0*
15
33
19
12
9
6
7
–
11
17
9
13
16*

23%
25
35*
44
14
30
5
60*
16*
0*
27
3
0*
18
11
13
12
24
14
13
–
6
4
35
25
10*

3%
1
0*
3
6
1
1
0*
0*
5*
2
0
14*
0
0
6
8
4
2
8
–
2
1
3
5
6*

n

The proportion of juvenile offenders detained for a technical
violation of probation or parole or a violation of a valid court
order was less than 35% in all but nine states.

n

The District of Columbia and Georgia had the highest proportions
of person offenders among detained juveniles (70% and 65%,
respectively). Connecticut and Utah had the lowest proportions
(16% each).

n

The proportion of juvenile offenders detained for drug offenses was
19% or less in all states.

n

In all states but Hawaii, Nebraska, New York, and West Virginia, status
offenders accounted for less than 10% of detained offenders.

State of
offense
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Person Property Drugs
31%
40*
26
35
–
52
28
42
47
–
40
18
47
28
–
35
38*
34
31
16
–
33
51
25
47
50*

34%
20*
14
13
–
10
15
16
27
–
20
27
9
13
–
16
13*
13
21
18
–
23
18
9
19
13*

3%
5*
9
10
–
4
5
4
3
–
3
8
3
4
–
5
19*
8
7
5
–
2
5
3
2
13*

Public Technical
order violation Status
16%
10*
14
17
–
24
5
8
12
–
14
9
5
11
–
12
6*
17
10
11
–
13
12
8
9
13*

12%
30*
16
20
–
10
49
14
8
–
20
37
36
43
–
28
19*
25
30
50
–
25
13
11
19
25*

2%
5*
21
3
–
0
0
17
3
–
2
0
0
2
–
5
6*
2
2
0
–
3
1
45
3
0*

Percent of detained juvenile offenders held for person offenses

DC

*Percentage is based on a small denominator (fewer than 100 but at least
20 juveniles total) and may be unreliable.

16% to 26%
27% to 36%
37% to 53%
54% to 70%
Not calculated

– Too few juveniles (fewer than 20) to calculate a reliable percentage.
Notes: U.S. total includes 174 youth detained in private facilities for whom state
of offense was not reported. Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015 [machine-readable data files].

8

140

National Report Series Bulletin

In 23 states and the District of Columbia in 2015, the percentage of committed youth held for person offenses was
greater than the national average (38%)
Offense profile of committed youth, 2015
State of
offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi

Person Property Drugs
38%
23
35
25
34
37
49
32*
34*
67*
25
66
20*
52
45
29
41
44
52
39
52*
39
46
37
39
16

23%
28
13
25
27
22
27
32*
28*
13*
32
17
40*
26
35
17
31
21
14
41
32*
24
18
22
21
55

6%
10
5
9
9
3
9
5*
7*
7*
3
1
0*
9
5
14
10
10
5
2
4*
4
6
3
4
6

Public Technical
order violation Status
12%
8
15
15
12
13
10
23*
31*
7*
10
11
10*
11
12
18
18
19
11
9
16*
8
26
12
21
6

15%
23
30
25
15
23
4
9*
3*
0*
28
4
20*
1
2
16
1
5
7
5
0*
25
3
15
7
14

5%
8
0
1
4
2
1
5*
0*
7*
1
0
0*
1
0
7
1
1
13
4
0*
1
1
11
8
2

n

Except for New Mexico and North Carolina, the number of juvenile
offenders committed for a technical violation of probation or parole
was less than one-third of the total offenders committed in
each state.

n

The District of Columbia had the highest proportion of person
offenders among committed juveniles (67%). North Dakota had the
lowest proportion (16%).

n

In more than half of all states, status offenders accounted for less
than 5% of committed offenders.

Offense profile of committed youth, 2015
State of
offense
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Person Property Drugs
36%
35
31
22
53*
50
30
38
27
16
47
60
57
34
35
37
25
40
42
19
71*
52
50
31
49
24

26%
24
24
21
16*
11
10
24
28
16
20
16
23
15
32
24
18
18
21
27
14*
25
26
8
22
14

7%
14
5
20
5*
8
7
1
2
26
4
3
8
6
10
4
10
8
3
17
0*
1
3
6
4
12

Public Technical
order violation Status
9%
11
10
11
11*
15
7
18
4
23
11
18
11
11
11
12
18
10
11
20
0*
7
6
10
19
10

10%
8
5
20
5*
14
46
5
39
2
16
1
1
23
10
18
20
14
17
13
0*
12
11
4
2
28

11%
5
25
6
11*
0
0
13
0
14
2
1
0
11
2
5
8
10
6
4
0*
3
2
41
4
12

Percent of committed juvenile offenders held for person offenses

DC

*Percentage is based on a small denominator (fewer than 100 but at least
20 juveniles total) and may be unreliable.
Notes: U.S. total includes 1,411 committed youth in private facilities for
whom state of offense was not reported and 2 youth who committed their
offense in a U.S. territory. Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement for 2015 [machine-readable data files].

January 2018

16% to 26%
27% to 37%
38% to 54%
55% to 71%

141

9

In 2015, 152 juvenile offenders were in placement

for every 100,000 juveniles in the U.S. population

In 2015, the national commitment rate was twice the detention rate, but rates varied by state
State of offense
U.S. total
Upper age 17
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire

Juveniles in
placement

Placement rate per 100,000
Total
Detained Committed

48,043

152

50

100

849
207
717
555
6,726
999
141
162
105
2,853
51
393
1,524
1,563
675
564
510
81
612
426
852
243
171
465
627
69

168
262
98
175
165
177
38
176
251
153
39
200
112
217
207
177
112
67
101
66
149
74
170
225
209
54

57
99
30
66
65
57
20
81
143
38
16
60
56
63
54
77
42
2*
48
32
29
28
60
63
60
9

110
152
66
108
96
117
18
94
107
114
23
139
56
145
149
98
68
62
53
33
117
45
111
160
143
44

State of offense

Placement rate per 100,000
Total
Detained Committed

Juveniles in
placement

Upper age 17 (continued)
New Jersey
636
New Mexico
363
North Dakota
144
Ohio
2,163
Oklahoma
552
Oregon
1,113
Pennsylvania
2,826
Rhode Island
198
South Dakota
228
Tennessee
660
Utah
453
Vermont
27
Virginia
1,227
Washington
921
West Virginia
567
Wyoming
177
Upper age 16

69
164
203
178
131
286
228
200
254
97
114
47
147
130
329
296

30
53
21
81
65
51
31
6*
53
41
29
16*
73
44
113
40

39
111
182
97
65
233
196
191
200
53
85
37
73
85
214
251

Georgia

1,110

111

60

51

Louisiana
Michigan
Missouri
South Carolina
Texas
Wisconsin
Upper age 15
New York
North Carolina

831
1,554
948
693
4,299
762

193
172
173
161
153
147

62
49
32
30
62
37

130
123
140
129
87
107

1,386
468

99
60

23
23

71
36

Commitment rate

Detention rate

DC

DC

0 to 25
26 to 49
50 to 96
97 to 143

0 to 58
59 to 99
100 to 175
176 to 251

*Rate is based on fewer than 10 juveniles.
Notes: Placement rate is the count of juvenile offenders in placement on the census date per 100,000 youth age 10 through the upper age of original juvenile court
jurisdiction in each state. U.S. total includes 1,593 youth in private facilities for whom state of offense was not reported and 2 youth who committed their offense in a
U.S. territory.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015 [machine-readable data files].

10

142

National Report Series Bulletin

Females account for a relatively small proportion of the
residential placement population
Females accounted for
15% of offenders in
residential placement
Male offenders dominate the juvenile
justice system. This is especially true of the
residential placement population. Males
represent half of the juvenile population
and are involved in approximately 70% of
juvenile arrests and delinquency cases that
juvenile courts handle each year, but they
represented 85% of juvenile offenders
in residential placement in 2015. The
proportion of female juveniles in residential
placement was slightly greater for private
facilities (17%) than for public facilities
(14%) and greater for detained juveniles
(17%) than committed juveniles (14%).
Females represented 17% of all juveniles
admitted to placement under a diversion
agreement. Although the number of
females in residential placement has
declined since 1997, their proportion
of the placement population has
remained stable.

One-third of females in
residential placement
were held in private
facilities
In 2015, private facilities held 35% of
females and 31% of males in juvenile
residential placement. The proportion of
females placed in private facilities varied
substantially by offense category: 72% of
all females held for a status offense were
in private facilities, as were 42% of those
held for drug offenses aside from
trafficking, 34% of those held for simple
assault, and 24% of those held for auto
theft. In general for both males and
females, the less serious the offense
category, the greater the likelihood the
youth was in a private facility.

January 2018

Females in residential
placement tended to be
younger than their male
counterparts

Age profile of residents, 2015:
Age
Total Male

In 2015, 37% of females in residential
placement were younger than age 16,
compared with 30% of males. For females in
placement, the peak age was 16, accounting
for 27% of all females in placement facilities.
For males, the peak age was 17. There was a
greater proportion of offenders age 18 and
older among males (15%) than among
females (11%).

Total
12 and younger
13
14
15
16
17
18–20

100%
1
3
9
17
26
28
15

Female

100%
1
3
9
17
26
29
15

100%
1
4
11
20
27
26
11

Note: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.

A greater proportion of females than males were held for technical
violations or status offenses

Most serious offense

Offense profile for juvenile offenders
in residential placement, 2015
All facilities
Public facilities
Private facilities
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female

Total
Delinquency
Person
Violent Crime Index*
Other person
Property
Property Crime Index†
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Public order
Technical violation
Status offense

100%
96
38
29
10
22
19
4
5
1
4
13
17
4

100%
88
34
15
19
17
13
4
6
1
6
8
24
12

100%
99
40
31
9
23
19
4
5
1
4
13
18
1

100%
95
38
18
19
17
14
3
6
1
5
9
26
5

100%
92
34
24
10
22
18
3
7
1
6
14
15
8

100%
75
26
9
17
16
12
4
7
0
7
5
20
25

n

Status offenders were 12% of females in residential placement in 2015—down from 21%
in 1997.

n

Person offenders were 34% of females in residential placement in 2015—up from 25% in
1997.

n

Technical violations and status offenses were more common among females in placement
than among males. Person, property, and public order offenses were more common among
males in placement than among females.

*Violent Crime Index = criminal homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault.
†Property Crime Index = burglary, theft, auto theft, and arson.

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.

Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015

[machine-readable data files].

143

11

Minority youth accounted for 69% of offenders in
residential placement in 2015
Blacks made up the
largest share of youth
offenders in placement
In 2015, the population of youth held in
residential placement for delinquency or
status offenses was 42% black, 31% white,
and 22% Hispanic. Youth of other races,
including those of two or more races,
accounted for 5% of youth in residential
placement.
Between 2006 and 2015, the population
of offenders dropped 48%. The declines,
however, did not affect all race/ethnicity
groups equally. Since 2006, the number of
white youth in residential placement for an
offense dropped 54%, compared with 45%
for minority youth in general and 45% for
Hispanic youth.
Juvenile offenders in placement, 2015:
Percent change
Race/
2006– 1997–
ethnicity
Number 2015
2015
Total
White
Minority
Black
Hispanic
American
Indian
Asian
Two or
more

48,043
15,024
33,019
20,136
10,545
839
402
1,097

–48%
–54
–45
–46
–45
–51

–54%
–62
–50
–52
–45
–48

–65
8

–82
95

In 2015, minority youth made up the
majority of both males and females in
residential placement (68% and 60%,
respectively). Blacks represented the largest
racial proportion among males (42%), and
whites were the largest proportion among
females (37%).

Black youth accounted for 66% of juveniles held for robbery and 60%
of those held for weapons offenses

Most serious offense

Racial/ethnic profile of juvenile offenders in placement, 2015
American
Total
White
Black Hispanic
Indian
Asian

Total
Delinquency
Criminal homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Simple assault
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Weapons
Technical violations
Status offense

100%
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

31%
30
18
55
10
23
34
27
31
27
27
45
14
32
48

42%
42
48
25
66
44
39
50
47
42
44
24
60
38
31

22%
22
29
16
21
28
20
19
16
26
26
26
23
26
14

2%
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
3

1%
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

In 2015, 13% of white youth in residential placement were held for
sexual assault, compared with 8% of American Indian youth, 5% of
Hispanic youth, 4% of black youth, and 3% of Asian youth

Most serious offense

Offense profile of juvenile offenders in placement, 2015
American
Total
White
Black Hispanic
Indian
Asian

Total
Delinquency
Criminal homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Simple assault
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Weapons
Technical violations
Status offense

100%
95
2
7
10
8
8
9
5
4
1
5
5
18
5

100%
93
1
13
3
6
9
7
5
3
1
7
2
18
7

100%
96
2
4
15
9
8
10
5
4
1
3
7
16
4

100%
97
2
5
9
10
8
8
4
4
1
5
5
21
3

100%
91
1
8
4
6
10
9
5
5
0
6
3
18
9

100%
97
2
3
13
12
10
7
5
4
1
6
6
16
3

Notes: Racial categories (i.e., white, black, American Indian, and Asian) do not include youth of Hispanic
ethnicity. The American Indian racial category includes Alaska Natives; the Asian racial category includes
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. Totals include persons of unspecified race. Detail may not
add to totals because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015
[machine-readable data files].

12

144

National Report Series Bulletin

Nationally, placement rates were highest for black youth,
regardless of commitment status
In 2015, the national detained placement rate for black youth was 6 times the rate for white youth; the committed
placement rate for black youth was nearly 5 times the rate for white youth
State of
offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Detained placement rate (per 100,000), 2015
American
White
Black Hispanic Indian
Asian
25
153
50
74
7
29
121
41
0*
0*
48
284
0*
220
0*
29
66
25
40
25*
28
214
43
0*
46*
33
285
68
84
11
37
237
69
139*
14*
8
79
28
0*
0*
18*
247
48*
0*
0*
0*
214
0*
0*
0*
27
115
3
0*
0*
21
130
24
0*
0*
12*
0*
0*
0*
7*
55
204*
72
114*
0*
14
228
40
0*
0*
38
217
38
0*
0*
30
343
51
219*
35*
52
326
71
84*
30*
22
196
27*
0*
0*
17
133
27*
0*
0*
3*
0*
0*
0*
0*
12
113
34
0*
0*
10
119
83
0*
0*
25
140
61
0*
0*
17
124
19*
133
0*
16
46
0*
0*
0*
16
122
18*
0*
0*
40
212*
112*
120
0*
36
229
84
228*
53*
25
226
50
100*
12*
5*
103*
0*
0*
0*
0*
4
153
20
0*
25
177*
64
25*
0*
7
77
21
48*
3*
9
61
11
29*
0*
16*
114*
0*
49*
0*
41
275
43
0*
0*
44
230
33
68
0*
48
184
44
97*
0*
13
93
64
0*
6*
5*
0*
14*
0*
0*
16
44
72
0*
0*
35
114*
0*
145
0*
25
93
37
0*
0*
31
179
59
0*
2*
17
130*
78
70*
22*
17*
0*
0*
0*
0*
27
190
112
0*
5*
28
198
48
136
18
99
177
79*
1,053*
0*
12
228
43
97*
16*
19*
875*
74*
0*
0*

State of
offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

Committed placement rate (per 100,000), 2015
American
White
Black Hispanic Indian
Asian
60
275
89
185
15
68
207
62
0*
0*
115
426
0*
202
0*
45
197
55
96
25*
65
303
43
0*
46*
40
411
107
98
14
68
454
157
139*
42*
7
66
20
0*
0*
24
258
48*
0*
0*
0*
160
0*
0*
0*
69
327
42
54*
5*
21
105
21
0*
7*
24*
0*
16*
0*
22*
125
204*
198
228*
89*
29
198
24
0*
4*
106
390
101
157*
18*
108
687
164
658*
35*
63
384
115
168*
30*
53
164
27*
0*
0*
45
267
14*
175*
0*
54
333
0*
260*
0*
17
124
17
0*
0*
12
98
89
0*
7*
71
339
69
163
9*
57
507
97
766
42
14
84
0*
0*
0*
96
387
82
0*
23*
73
1,061
281
150
0*
87
562
252
685
106*
102
481
105
300*
36*
42
103*
93*
0*
0*
7
182
35
149*
3*
61
295
140
38*
0*
43
216
46
97*
11
12
101
19
57*
0*
119
569
173*
541
0*
56
283
62
206*
11*
39
279
38
51
0*
185
919
282
679
56
79
762
247
255*
26
93
659
279
0*
170*
71
196
253
333*
39*
127
228*
135*
606
183*
35
100
79
0*
21*
59
226
76
66*
7*
57
476
160
417
44*
34
189*
0*
0*
0*
32
218
31
0*
0*
59
275
85
294
9*
201
389
159*
0*
0*
43
600
85
290
33*
225
292*
223
921
0*

*Rate is based on fewer than 10 juveniles.
Notes: The placement rate is the number of juvenile offenders in residential placement on October 28, 2015, per 100,000 youth age 10 through the upper age of
original juvenile court jurisdiction in each state. U.S. total includes 1,593 juvenile offenders in private facilities for whom state of offense was not reported and 5 youth
who committed their offense in a U.S. territory. Racial categories (i.e., white, black, American Indian, and Asian) do not include youth of Hispanic ethnicity. The American
Indian racial category includes Alaska Natives; the Asian racial category includes Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015 [machine-readable data files].

January 2018

145

13

On the 2015 census date, person offenders had been

committed or detained longer than other offenders

CJRP provides individuallevel data on time spent
in placement

In 2015, 32% of committed offenders, but just 6% of detained offenders,
remained in placement 6 months after admission
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%

Information on length of stay is key to
understanding the justice system’s handling
of juveniles in residential placement. Ideally,
length of stay would be calculated for
individual juveniles by totaling the days of
their stay in placement, from their initial
admission to their final release relating to a
particular case. These individual lengths of
placement would then be averaged for
different release cohorts of juveniles (cohorts
would be identified by year of release,
offense, adjudication status, or demographic
characteristics).
CJRP captures information on the number of
days since admission for each juvenile in
residential placement. These data represent
the number of days the juvenile had been in
the facility up to the census date. Because
CJRP data reflect only a juvenile’s placement
at one facility, the complete length of stay—
from initial admission to the justice system
to final release—cannot be determined.
Nevertheless, CJRP provides an overall profile
of the time juveniles had been in the facility
at the time of the census—a 1-day snapshot
of time in the facility.
Because CJRP data are reported for
individuals, averages can be calculated for
different subgroups of the population. In
addition, analysts can use the data to get
a picture of the proportion of residents
remaining after a certain number of days
(e.g., what percentage of youth have been
held longer than a year). This sort of analysis
provides juvenile justice policymakers with a
useful means of comparing the time spent in
placement for different categories of youth.

90%

80%

70%

60%

Committed

50%

40%

30%

Detained

20%

10%

0%

0

30

60

90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission

n

Among detained offenders (those awaiting adjudication, disposition, or placement elsewhere), 78%
had been in the facility for at least a week, 60% for at least 15 days, and 41% for at least 30 days.

n

Among committed juveniles (those held as part of a court-ordered disposition), 82% had been in
the facility for at least 30 days, 69% for at least 60 days, and 58% for at least 90 days. After a full
year, 11% of committed offenders remained in placement.

Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015 [machine­
readable data files].

Youth’s average time in the facility varied by adjudication status, offense,
and facility type
Median days in placement
Most serious offense
All offenses
Delinquency
Person
Property
Drugs
Public order
Technical violation
Status offense

Committed

Detained
(all facilities)

Public

Private

21
21
32
18
15
22
15
21

105
105
141
92
84
105
61
63

121
123
139
118
93
146
99
106

n Half of all youth committed to public facilities for an offense remained in placement after
105 days (121 for private facilities). In contrast, half of those detained for an offense
remained in placement after 21 days.
n With the exception of those adjudicated for person offenses, youth committed to private
facilities had been in the facilities longer than those committed to public facilities.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for
2015 [machine-readable data file].

14

146

National Report Series Bulletin

In 2015, males tended to stay in facilities longer than females
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%

90%

Percentage of offenders remaining in placement

100%

De
tain
ed

80%

90%
70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

0%

0

30

60

Female

20%

Fem
ale

10%

Male

30%

Ma
le

20%

Committed

80%

70%

10%
90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission

0%

0

30

60

90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission

n After 30 days, 43% of detained males and 32% of detained females remained in residential placement.

n After 60 days, 24% of detained males and 16% of detained females remained in residential placement.

n After 180 days (approximately half a year), 33% of committed males and 25% of committed females remained in residential placement.

n After a full year (365 days), 12% of committed males and 7% of committed females remained in residential placement.

Minority youth were detained longer than white youth, but there was virtually no difference in the time in residential
placement between minority and white committed youth
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%

90%

Percentage of offenders remaining in placement

100%

Deta
ined

80%

90%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

M
inori
ty

20%

10%

0%
0

30

60

White
Minority

20%

W
hite

10%

Committed

80%

90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Days since admission

0%

0

30

60

90

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission

n

Among youth detained for an offense, 35% of white youth had been in the facility at least 30 days, compared with 43% of minority youth.

n

Among youth committed for an offense, time in residential placement was virtually the same for white youth and minority youth.

n

After 180 days, approximately one-third of both white and minority youth committed for an offense remained in residential placement.

Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2015 [machine-readable data files].

CJRP Data Include the Number of Deaths in Custody
For the first time in Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP) history, facilities
were asked if any justice-involved youth died
while in the facility’s legal custody between
October 1, 2014 and September 30, 2015.
January 2018

In 2015, facilities reported that 15 youth died
while in their care. While CJRP only collects
the number of youth who died while in
residential placement, the Juvenile Residential
Facility Census (JRFC, the companion data

collection to CJRP) collects information
about the demographics of youth who died
as well as the cause of death. The most
recent JRFC publication is available at
ojjdp.gov/pubs/250123.pdf.
147

15

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
8660 Cherry Lane
Laurel, MD 20707-4651

*NCJ~250951*

PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
DOJ/OJJDP/GPO
PERMIT NO. G – 26

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300

National Report Series Bulletin

Data Sources
National Center for Health Statistics (prepared under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census
Bureau), Vintage 2015 Postcensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States (July 1,
2010–July 1, 2015), by Year, County, Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, . . . , 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race,
Hispanic Origin, and Sex [machine-readable data files available online at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/
bridged_race.htm, released 6/28/16].
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2011,
2012, 2014, and 2016. Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006,
2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2015 [machine-readable data files]. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau
(producer).

Visit OJJDP’s Statistical Briefing Book for More Juvenile

Placement Information

OJJDP’s online Statistical Briefing Book (SBB) offers access to a wealth of information about
juvenile crime and victimization and about youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Visit the
“Juveniles in Corrections” section of the SBB at ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/corrections/faqs.asp for the
latest information about juveniles in corrections. Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement is a data analysis tool that gives users quick access to national data
on the characteristics of youth held in residential placement facilities. Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP) questionnaires are available online by clicking SBB’s National Data
Sets tab and choosing CJRP in the dropdown menu.

NCJ 250951
Acknowledgments
This bulletin was written by Sarah
Hockenberry, Research Associate, with
assistance from Charles Puzzanchera,
Senior Research Associate, at the National
Center for Juvenile Justice, with funds
provided by OJJDP to support the National
Juvenile Justice Data Analysis Program.

This bulletin was prepared under grant number
2013–MU–FX–0005 from the Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP),
U.S. Department of Justice.
Points of view or opinions expressed in this
document are those of the author and do not
necessarily represent the official position or
policies of OJJDP or the U.S. Department of
Justice.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention is a component of
the Office of Justice Programs, which also
includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance;
the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the National
Institute of Justice; the Office for Victims of
Crime; and the Office of Sex Offender
Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending,
Registering, and Tracking.
148

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

The Number of Juveniles in Residential
Placement Reached a New Low in 2015
Placement rates decline for every race group but challenges remain to reduce racial and ethnic disparities
The number of juveniles in residential placement in
2015 was 55% less than the number in 1999

In 2015, the national placement rate was 152 per
100,000 youth; rates in 28 states and DC were greater

Number of youth in residential placement
120,000
107,493
100,000
80,000

DC

60,000

48,043

2015 residential
placement rates

40,000

38 to 94
95 to 151
152 to 240
241 to 329

20,000
0

10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

Since 2011, locally operated facilities have held the
greatest proportion of youth in placement

Minority youth accounted for 69% of youth in
residential placement in 2015
White
Race/
ethnicity

Black

31%

Hispanic Other

42%

22%

5%

}

Proportion of petitioned cases referred69%
Male
Gender

85%

Female
15%

Percent of youth in residential placement
100%
90%
28%

29%

30%

31%

31%

30%

31%

31%

32%

31% Private
facilities

50% 28%

27%

28%

30%

32%

34%

34%

35%

36%

37% Local
facilities

44%

42%

39%

37%

36%

35%

34%

32%

31% State
facilities

80%
70%
60%
40%

Age

Under 15

15

16

17

13%

17%

26%

28%

0%

18-20

30%
20%

15%

20%
40%
60%
80%
Percent of youth in residential placement

44%

10%

100%

Note: Other race includes American Indian/Alaskan Natives, Asian/
Pacific Islanders, and youth of unknown race.

0%

10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

Despite declines in placement rates for every race, the
minority rate was still 2.7 times the white rate in 2015
Youth in placement per 100,000 youth ages
10−upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction

Access more information on juveniles in placement

1,000

n Review FAQs about juveniles in corrections
n Analyze data with Easy Access to the Census of

900
Black

800
700

Minority

Juveniles in Residential Placement

600

n View the glossary of terms, methods, and data

500
400
300
200
100

ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb

Hispanic

American Indian

White

Asian
0
10/97 10/99 10/01 10/03 02/06 10/07 02/10 10/11 10/13 10/15
Census date

collection questionnaires
Notes: This publication was prepared by Charles Puzzanchera and
Sarah Hockenberry, National Center for Juvenile Justice, with funds
provided by OJJDP through grant #2013-MU-FX-0005. July 2017.
Data source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement [machine-readable
data files]. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau (producer).
149

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Service availability increased in juvenile
residential placement facilities
Juvenile residential placement facilities are increasingly likely to screen for needs and provide special services
The percentage of facilities screening all youth for
service needs has increased since 2000
Percent of facilities screening all youth
100%
90%

93%
78%

70%
60%
50%

Percent of facilities screening youth within 1 week of admission
100%

2000
2016

88%

80%

Facilities were more likely to screen youth for service
needs within 1 week of admission in 2016 than in 2000

90%

61%

70%
60%

60%

59%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%
Education
needs

Substance
abuse

Mental health
needs

In general, the proportion of facilities offering onsite
residential treatment services has increased since 2000

0%

50%

Suicide
risk

Education
needs

80%
70%

70%

Substance abuse

60%

Mental health

88% 87%

87%

20%

84%
70%
63%

30%
20%

Violent offender

10%
0%
2000

10%
0%

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

Public

State

Of facilities providing onsite services, long-term secure
facilities were more likely than other types to offer mental
health and substance abuse services
Percent of facilities providing onsite services, 2016
100%
Mental health

92% 92%

88%

Substance abuse
87%

87%
80%

75%

72%

Private

ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb

Access more information on residential
facilities and youth in placement

n Analyze data with the Juvenile Residential Facility
Census Databook

57%

50%

Local

n Review FAQs about residential facility characteristics

80%

60%

Note: This publication was prepared by Charles Puzzanchera and
Sarah Hockenberry, National Center for Juvenile Justice, with funds
provided by OJJDP through grant #2016-JF-FX-K001. May 2018.

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Substance abuse

40%

Sex offender

30%

70%

Mental health
needs

50%

40%

80%

85%

79%

60%

50%

90%

Substance
abuse

Among facilities that provided onsite services, 87% of public
and 84% of private facilities offered mental health services

90%

Mental health

80%

76%

64%

Percent of facilities providing onsite services, 2016
100%

Percent of facilities providing onsite services
100%
90%

69%

40%

30%

Suicide
risk

79%

75%

50%

47%

40%

0%

86%

80%

74%

2000
2016

94%

Detention
center

Long-term
secure

Reception/
diagnostic
center

Group
home

Residential
treatment
center

Data source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention. Juvenile Residential Facility Census [machine-readable
data files]. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau (producer).
150

CENSUS OF JUVENILES IN RESIDENTIAL PLACEMENT (CJRP)
NON RESPONSE CALL INSTRUCTIONS
2/26/2018
Questionnaires NPC will be requesting
CJ-14
Schedule of Operations
Week of 2/26/18 – Begin 1st round of calls
Week of 3/12/18– Begin 2nd round of calls
Material that will be provided to NPC
1) Blank PDF of CJ-14
2) Username and passwords for web submission
3) Section II excel template
4) NPC will use the assigned Non-Response listing (CRM) in GPS
Methods of Return
• Fax to NPC (NPC Fax Number: 1-888-262-3974)
• Web: https://respond.census.gov/cjrp (not possible for section 2 missing data)
• Mail:
US Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
NPC Tasks
• Call each facility and ask the respondent to submit the questionnaire.
• Document the results of that call in the “Actions” option of the CRM screen (ex.
“Left voice mail”, “busy signal”, “faxed/emailed the form”, “provided ID &
password for web” etc.). If additional notes are required please add in the
“Additional Notes” field on the check in screen
• Collect all data on Section 1 of the CJ-14 form for single facilities, if possible.
Call Guidelines
• Acceptable calling times are Monday through Friday 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. EST.
For west coast calls (PST), do not call before 11:00 a.m. EST, which would be
8:00 a.m. PST. For east coast calls, do not call facilities after 5:00 p.m. West coast
calls can be made until 8:00 a.m. EST, which is 5:00 p.m. PST.
• If you get a busy signal or there is no voicemail, call back at a different time, but
do not attempt more than three (3) times in the same day.
• If you reach a non working number send referral to on-site analyst as soon as
possible to facilitate research for another number.

151

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification

Where to access the Non-Response / Sec. 2 Missing Data Listing:
GPS System/CRM Screen – Each workload is State assigned by Jamesbond ID
Methods of accepting data: fax, phone, and mail
Preferred method: For small units (30 offenders or less), get the information over the
phone, if possible.
Example of a Script
FOR SINGLE UNIT NON-RESPONSE
Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is … (your name)… and I’m calling
from the U.S. Census Bureau. I am calling with regards to the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement which was mailed to you in October 2017. We mailed a second
request for data, which was due on February 26, 2018. As of today, our records show
that we have not received the questionnaire from you.”
FOR MULTIUNIT NON-RESPONSE
Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is … (your name)… and I’m calling
from the U.S. Census Bureau. I am calling with regards to the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement which was mailed to you in October 2017. We mailed a second
request for data, which was due on February 26, 2018. As of today, our records show
that we have not received the questionnaire from one or more of your facilities. Can you
assist me with this request?”
Critical Items
We would like to collect ALL Section 1 data. However, if this is not possible, it is
important to collect
Section 1
Q. 6 What type of residential facility is the one listed on the front cover? (CJ-14 page 3)
Q. 7a through 11b (CJ-14 pages 3 through 5)
CALL SPECIFICS
If speaking to the respondent (for SINGLE FACILITIES ONLY): “Can you
or another staff member answer a few questions about your facility? It will only
take a few minutes of your time.”
If the respondent can answer the questions, begin with question 1a and continue to
question 20.
2

152

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification
Read the questions in BOLD. Do not read information not in bold.

Here are a few examples:
Question 6. on CJ-14 Form – Modification to Question
6. What type of residential facility is the one listed on the front cover? Mark
(x) those that apply.
Detention center: A short-term facility that provides temporary care in a physically
restricting environment for juveniles in custody pending court disposition and, often, for
juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or placement
elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold juveniles committed for short periods of time as part of their
disposition (e.g., weekend detention).
Training school/Long-term secure facility: A specialized type of facility that provides
strict confinement and long-term treatment generally for post-adjudication committed
juvenile offenders. Includes training schools, juvenile correctional facilities, youth
development centers.
Reception or diagnostic center: A short-term facility that screens juvenile offenders
committed by the courts and assigns them to appropriate correctional facilities.

NPC Staff would read: “What type of residential facility is [name of facility]?”
Then read the types: Detention center, Training school/Long-term secure
facility, reception or diagnostic center, group home or halfway house, residential
treatment center, etc.
Question 12b. on CJ-14 Form
12b. What kind of treatment is provided INSIDE this facility? Mark (x) those
that apply.
NPC Staff would read: “12b. What kind of treatment is provided inside this
facility?”
Do not read any of the notes out loud. For example, Note C on page 4 says:
As a check, the sum of question 8 (persons 21 and older) and 9b (persons under
age 21) should equal the sum reported in question 7b (number of persons assigned
beds in the facility).
Do not read this note.
If the respondent answers the questions for Section 1: “Thank you for your
time and cooperation. We are also collecting data on juveniles with assigned beds
3

153

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification
in your facility on October 25, 2017. Will you be able to submit Section 2 of this
questionnaire this week?
Ask the respondent if they have their questionnaire. If not, say “We will send one
right over. Is it best to fax you or email you?” [verify the fax number/email
address]. Refer unit to supervisor for email.
[ Prior to sending the questionnaire, place the 21 digit facility ID, Facility
Name, and Username on front cover of blank questionnaire/or pdf.
If being sent via email or fax - DO NOT ENTER PASSWORD!
If the respondent requests a hard copy of the questionnaire, verify the mailing
address and ask for a contact name. Enter all details above including Password.]
•

Use approved fax cover. Do not add additional notes.

If they ask what juveniles do we want/who are we collecting data for, say:
“We are collecting data on persons under age 21 who had assigned beds in this
facility at the end of the day on October 25, 2017 and were in your facility
because they were charged with or court-adjudicated for an offense.”
If speaking to the respondent and they cannot or will not answer questions
over the phone: “Will you be able to submit the questionnaire this week?”
If leaving a message: “Please give us a call on (your number) and let us know
when you’ll be able to submit the questionnaire to us”. If we don’t hear from you
then we’ll call back in a few days. If you’ve already submitted please disregard
this message.”
•

Three day leave voice message policy- call every day.

If the facility has been closed: “OK. What date did (facility name) close?” Also,
if the respondent is forthcoming with a date, ask why the facility closed (i.e., lost
contract, re-opened as a different type of facility, etc.) and note it.
If they provide a date on which they can submit the form: “Ok, I have that
documented and we’ll look for our questionnaire then. Thank you and have a
wonderful day.”
If they cannot provide a date to submit the form: “Ok ma’am/sir this was just a
reminder call. If we have not received your questionnaire in a couple of weeks
we’ll be calling back. Thank you and have a wonderful day.”
If they say they’ve already submitted: “Thank you for your submission and we
apologize for the burden. Do you remember when you submitted? And how did
you submit (fax, web, mail)? Ok, we will verify this information and get back
with you if we have any follow up questions. Thank you and have a wonderful
day.”
4

154

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification
•

Check for submission-if submission is not recorded in one week, start
calling again.

If they need another questionnaire: “Sure, we will send one right over. Is it
best to fax you or email you?” [verify the fax number/email address] “Thank you,
I will be sending it in a few minutes. Please let me know if we can assist with
anything else. Have a wonderful day.” Refer unit to supervisor for email.
[ Prior to sending the questionnaire, place the 21 digit facility ID, Facility
Name, and Username on front cover of blank questionnaire/or pdf.
If being sent via email or fax- DO NOT ENTER PASSWORD!
If the respondent requests a hard copy of the questionnaire, verify the mailing
address and ask for a contact name. EnterAll Details above including Password.]
•

Use approved fax cover. Do no add additional notes.

If they need their User ID and Password to complete the questionnaire via the Web:
Direct the respondent to https://respond.census.gov/cjrp. Provide the user with their
username and password. Instruct the user that passwords are case-sensitive.
Also, remind central reporters that if they are submitting via the web and are
reporting for more than one facility they can only enter their email address on the
change password page when submitting for the first facility. They must skip over
the email address when entering data for the other facilities or they will get an
error message.
If speaking to someone who is not the respondent or cannot forward you to
the respondent (or the respondent’s voicemail): “Is there a good time to call
back (state the respondent’s name)?”
If yes: “Ok, thank you I will call back at that time”
If the respondent is no longer there: “Ok, do you know who has replaced them,
or who may have received the survey package when it was mailed out in mid
October?” [When they give you the name] “May I speak with that person?”
If the respondent is no longer there and the person on the phone can’t give
you any information: “Ok, thank you for your time, someone will be calling
your office later to follow up. Have a wonderful day”. [Refer as soon as possible
for HQ follow up.]
If the respondent says they want to complete the survey over the phone: Get a
date and time that would be convenient to call them back and inform the
respondent that someone will call them back to complete the form over the phone.
[Refer as soon as possible to collect this information.]

5

155

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification
Make sure to document the outcome of each and every call that you make in the CRM
system.
The CRM notes will be reviewed by the Project Manager during NRFU, so provide clear
and concise details.
FOR MISSING SECTION 2 DATA
Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is … (your name)… and I’m calling
from the U.S. Census Bureau in regards to the Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement. We appreciate your response to Section 1 and would like to help you
complete the survey. Your data is critically important to our efforts to calculate national
statistics on juveniles.
We recently emailed/faxed you a copy of the CJPR form. If you received an email, then
you also received an excel template. Do you have those, or the original form mailed to
you?
Your original submission was complete through section 1, but was missing section 2.
Can you or another staff member provide demographic information on juveniles in your
facility? If you cannot easily access your data for the reference data of October 25, 2017,
we are more than happy to use data from today’s population.
If yes, and there are fewer than 20 juveniles, collect the data over the phone, if possible.
Otherwise, ensure that they have the CJRP form and instruct them to fax Sec. 2 to 1-888262-3974.
If the form was not faxed/mailed to the respondent:
Please take a moment to complete your submission using the form pdf or the excel
Template, whichever you prefer. Can you please provide a (fax number/email address)
so that I can send you the form? If you wish, I will be more than happy to take the
information over the phone."
Document the method of submission. If the respondent says they will send the
information, say, “We are asking all respondent to submit their Section 2 juvenile data by
by Monday, March 5th, 2018.
If respondents agree to provide Sec. 2 critical items over the phone, collect data on
these items:

6

156

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification
Critical Data Items
Section 2
Q2. What is this person’s sex?
(Kid_Sex)
If respondent only provides a total number of offenders, ask: How many are male
vs. female?
Q3. What is this person’s date of birth?
(Kid_Birth_Month, Kid_Birth_Day, Kid_Birth_Year)
Q5. Which one of the following placed this person at this facility?
(Kid_placed)
If respondent only provides a total number of offenders, ask: Who places the
majority of the offenders in your facility?
Q6. Is the court, probation or law enforcement agency, or other agency referred to in
question 5 at the federal, tribal, state, county, or municipal level?
(Agency_Type)
Q7. What was the most serious offense for which this person was assigned a bed here on
October 28, 2015?
(Kid_Offense)
Q8. In which state or territory did this person commit the offense?
(Kid_Offense _Location)*
Q9. On October 25, 2017 , what was this
person’s court adjudication status?
(Kid_Adjudication_Status)
*If the facility cannot answer Q8./does not know which state juveniles committed the
offense, ask: In the last year have you had any youth in your facility who are placed
because of a delinquency or status offense (or law violation) committed in a state
OTHER THAN [state name]?
• If no – because all kids committed offenses in that state – then
Kid_Offense_Location_State = 2 All in State.
Thank you!

7

157

2017 CJRP NonResponse Follow-Up Specification
• If yes, then Kid_Offense_Location_State = 1 Multiple States
Do you have any idea what percentage of the kids are placed in your facility
because of offenses committed out of state?
Again, make sure to document the outcome of each and every call that you make in the
CRM system
The CRM notes will be reviewed by the Project Manager during NRFU, so provide clear
and concise details.

8

158

December 12, 2018
MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD
From:

Suzanne M. Dorinski1
Longitudinal Research, Evaluation, and Outreach Branch
Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

Subject:

Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2017 Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement

This memorandum presents a streamlined version of the imputation methodology for the 2017 Census
of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP).
This document uses intentional white space to improve readability. The document is available in PDF
format, because the reader’s computer might not reproduce the original formatting.
This document also serves as a guide to the programmer who works on the 2019 CJRP. Notes to the
programmer are in brackets. The 2017 CJRP system is reusable for the 2019 CJRP. [The programs are in
the \\govs011fs\govs\cjrp\2017\Production subdirectory.]
The imputation methodology for the 2001 CJRP and earlier censuses used the section and question
numbers as variable names. It is very easy to make a typing mistake while using that convention. The
naming convention also makes it more difficult to read the program code and debug it. Starting with the
2013 CJRP, we assigned variable names that are more descriptive. Table 1 shows the naming
conventions used in the programs in the imputation system. The section and question number for each
item are in parentheses. The final record layout for the 2017 CJRP also includes descriptive variable
names, but the variable names do not always match the variable names used in the imputation system.
The variable names as assigned in the final record layout for 2017 are also included in parentheses.
The Economic Directorate of the U.S. Census Bureau regularly conducts quality audits of survey and
census programs. Some of the discussion in this document is based on feedback from the most recent
quality audit. Some parts of the discussion may not be of interest to the sponsor but are required for
the purposes of the quality audit.

1

Suzanne worked for years in the Public Sector Statistical Methods Branch in the Economic Statistical Methods
Division. She is permanently assigned to the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division as of September 30,
2018.

159

Table of Contents
Table 1. Naming conventions in the 2017 CJRP Imputation System ......................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 1. CJRP response method percentages over time .......................................................................... 6
Figure 2. CJRP response method counts over time ................................................................................... 6
Figure 3. CJRP and JRFC unit response rates over time............................................................................. 8
Summary of Changes during the 2017 Data Collection ................................................................................. 9
Table 2. Flag values in the processing system for the 2017 CJRP ............................................................. 9
Table 3. Flag values for OWNERSHIP_CHANGE_FLAG............................................................................. 10
Summary of the File .................................................................................................................................... 10
Table 4. Summary of the facilities on the 2017 final imputed file .......................................................... 10
Table 5. 2017 CJRP counts (nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia) .............. 10
Records Eligible for Imputation ................................................................................................................... 10
Table 6. Values for the 2017 status flag .................................................................................................. 11
Critical Item Facilities .................................................................................................................................. 11
Table 7. Values for the Critical Items Field .............................................................................................. 12
Item Response Rates ................................................................................................................................... 12
Table 8. 2017 CJRP Item Response Rates ................................................................................................ 13
Questionnaire Items Eligible for Imputation ............................................................................................... 14
Table 9. Items Eligible for Imputation ..................................................................................................... 14
Imputation Rates ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Table 10. CJRP Section I Item Imputation Rates by Year for Population Counts .................................... 15
Table 11. CJRP Imputation Rates for Check Box Items in Section I ......................................................... 15
Table 12. CJRP Section II Item Imputation Rates by Year ........................................................................ 16
Total Quantity Response Rates.................................................................................................................... 16
Table 13. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates by Year .......................................................................... 17
Figure 4. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates over Time ....................................................................... 19
Collapsed Facility Type Codes ...................................................................................................................... 19

160

Table 14. Hierarchy Used to Assign Collapsed Facility Type Code .......................................................... 20
Imputation Methodology for Section I Data ................................................................................................ 20
Missing data for check box questions ...................................................................................................... 20
Table 15. Section I Check Box Questions over Time................................................................................ 21
Missing data for population counts ......................................................................................................... 21
Imputation Methodology for Item Nonresponse in Section II Data ............................................................ 22
Changes in methodology over time ......................................................................................................... 22
Table 16. How We Impute Missing Offense Codes ................................................................................. 22
Randomly imputing the day of birth, month of birth, or day of admission ............................................. 23
Age and stay calculations ......................................................................................................................... 23
Hierarchical hot-deck imputation for item nonresponse......................................................................... 24
Imputation Methodology for Section II Data for Critical Item Facilities ...................................................... 24
Changes in methodology over time ......................................................................................................... 24
Background............................................................................................................................................... 25
Hierarchical hot-deck for critical item facilities ....................................................................................... 26
Quality Checks Performed After Imputation ............................................................................................... 26
Other Programming Notes .......................................................................................................................... 27
Caution When Comparing State Data over Time ......................................................................................... 28
Issues to Consider for the Next CJRP Collection .......................................................................................... 29
Future CJRP collections should have a dashboard during data collection ............................................... 29
Better editing needed for file uploads from Centurion ........................................................................... 29
Evaluate the collapsed facility types ........................................................................................................ 30
References................................................................................................................................................... 30

161

Table 1. Naming conventions in the 2017 CJRP Imputation System
Concept
Persons assigned to
beds
Persons assigned to
beds age 21 or older
Persons under age
21 assigned to beds
Persons under age
21 assigned to beds
due to offenses
Persons assigned to
beds for reasons
other than offenses
Juvenile offender’s
sex
Juvenile offender’s
birth date

Juvenile offender’s
race
Agency that placed
the juvenile
offender in the
facility
Juvenile offender’s
most serious
offense
Juvenile offender’s
adjudication status
Juvenile offender’s
date of admission

2017 CJRP
Total_2017
(G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS)
(S1Q7b)
Adults_2017
(G_NUM_21_OLDER)
(S1Q8)
Kids_2017
(G_NUM_21_UNDER)
(S1Q9b)
Kid_offenders_2017
(G_TOTAL_OFFENSE)
(S1Q10b)
Kid_nonoffenders_2017
(G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE)
(S1Q11b)
Kid_sex
(S2Q2)
Kid_birth_month
(S2Q3)
Kid_birth_day
(S2Q3)
Kid_birth_year
(S2Q3)
Kid_race
(S2Q4)
Kid_placed_by
(S2Q5)

2016 JRFC
Total_2016
(G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS)
(S1Q5b)
Adults_2016
(G_NUM_21_OLDER)
(S1Q6)
Kids_2016
(G_NUM_UNDER_21)
(S1Q7b)
Kid_offenders_2016
(G_TOTAL_OFFENSE)
(S1Q8b)
Kid_nonoffenders_2016
(G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE)
(S1Q9b)

2015 CJRP
Total_2015
(G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS)
(S1Q7b)
Adults_2015
(G_NUM_21_OLDER)
(S1Q8)
Kids_2015
(G_NUM_UNDER_21)
(S1Q9b)
Kid_offenders_2015
(G_TOTAL_OFFENSE)
(S1Q10b)
Kid_nonoffenders_2015
(G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE)
(S1Q11b)

Kid_offense
(S2Q7)
Kid_adjudication_status
(S2Q9)
Kid_admitted_month
(S2Q10)
Kid_admitted_day
(S2Q10)
Kid_admitted_year
(S2Q10)

162

Introduction
First conducted in 1997, the CJRP is a mail canvass census. The 2010 CJRP was the first collection to give
facilities the option to respond online. The CJRP asks juvenile residential custody facilities in the U.S. to
describe each youth assigned to a bed in the facility on the last Wednesday of October. Adult facilities,
or facilities exclusively for drug or mental health treatment, or facilities for abused or neglected children
are not included in the census. Normally conducted in odd-numbered years, the CJRP collection
scheduled for 2005 occurred in early 2006, and the collection scheduled for 2009 occurred in early 2010.
The reference date for the 2017 CJRP was Wednesday, October 25, 2017.
In 1997, CJRP replaced the Census of Public and Private Juvenile Detention, Correctional, and Shelter
Facilities, also known as the Children in Custody census, which began in the early 1970s. Previous
censuses collected data on the facilities and the juvenile offenders held in the facilities.
CJRP collects an individual record on each offender less than 21 years of age held in the residential
facility, with information on the juvenile’s sex, date of birth, race, agency or authority placing the
offender there, most serious offense, court adjudication status, and date of admission to the facility.
The Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC) is conducted in alternate years and collects more detailed
information about the facilities that hold juvenile offenders.
The National Center for Juvenile Justice, the research division of the National Council of Juvenile and
Family Court Judges, maintains the CJRP databook online. The databook contains a set of pre-defined
tables detailing the characteristics of juvenile offenders in residential placement facilities. Tables are
currently available for 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2015.
The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data holds the previous data files, where they are part of the
restricted access collection. For more information, see http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/.
The project sponsor is the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)2. The Public
Sector Statistical Methods Branch (PSSMB) of Economic Statistical Methods Division is responsible for
imputation in the CJRP, while the Criminal Justice Branch (CJB) of Economic Reimbursable Surveys
Division is responsible for data collection and editing.

2

As of October 22, 2018, the juvenile justice research function that had been part of OJJDP has moved to the
National Institute of Justice. See https://www.nij.gov/about/director/Pages/muhlhausen-juvenile-justiceresearch-comes-to-nij.aspx for more details.

163

CJRP method of response over time (percentages)
63.1

Percent of Total Frequency

60
49.7

47.8

39.0

40

32.3
28.1

20

1.0

0
Completed mail

0.0

2.4

0.0

Mail other

3.4

3.6

1.0

Fax

8.8

7.7

5.0

4.1

2.9

Phone

Email

Web

Method of return
2013

2015

2017

Figure 1. CJRP response method percentages over time

CJRP method of response over time (counts)
1,250

Frequency

1,000

750

1,156

1,225
1,118

907
755

546

500

250
24

0
Completed mail

0

Mail other

0

57

80

116

70

20

Fax

206

180

Phone

80

67

Email

Web

Method of return
2013

2015

2017

Figure 2. CJRP response method counts over time

164

A facility is temporarily out-of-scope when they do not hold juveniles on the reference date.
A facility is permanently out-of-scope for one of several reasons:






The facility is no longer a residential facility (might have converted to day treatment only).
The facility is a duplicate of a record already on the data file.
The facility has changed from public to private, or private to public. When this happens, the
facility ID changes, and the previous facility ID is out-of-scope.3
The facility no longer holds any juveniles (only handles adults).
The facility no longer holds any offenders (juveniles are all voluntary placements, or in the
facility because of neglect, abuse, dependency, or abandonment).

There were 2,101 in-scope facilities on reference day. 1,696 of the 2,101 facilities responded to the
2017 CJRP, for an 80.7 percent unit response rate. 337 refused to participate in the 2017 CJRP, but we
imputed records for the nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The unit response rate is
Unit response rate = ∑

Completed
(Completed + Refusals + Critical Items + Missing part of Section 2)

based on the value of the CheckInStatus code for each facility.
Figure 3 shows the unit response rates for CJRP and JRFC over time.
The extraordinary number of critical item facilities in the 2007 CJRP (676) explains the 76.1 percent unit
response rate for that year.

3

This is boilerplate language from previous data collection cycles. The analysts report that when a facility changed
from public to private, or private to public, they coded the facility as permanently closed so that the ID was no
longer active in the Justice Agency List and on the next cycle’s universe. No facility IDs were changed during the
2017 CJRP.

165

CJRP and JRFC unit response rates over time
96.0

95

Unit response rate

91.5

90.0

89.6

90
88.5

87.6

87.0

88.3

87.2

87.4

88.0

88.4

86.6

85

80

92.2

80.0

80.7
76.1

75
2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2006 2007 2008 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP

Survey year

Figure 3. CJRP and JRFC unit response rates over time
[The programs 2017_CJRP_unit_response.sas and JRFC_and_CJRP_unit_response_rates_over_time.sas
calculate the unit response rates and generates the graphic display. The program
online_response_rates_over_time.sas calculates the method of return values and generates the graphic
displays.]
The 2017 questionnaire has two sections: Section I, which collects general information about the facility,
and Section II, which collects individual person data for juvenile offenders held at the facility.
This document includes the response rates and describes the imputation methodology that we used to
make complete data sets for analytical purposes. The following section gives a brief description of the
changes during the 2017 data collection cycle. We summarize the numbers of facilities and records on
the 2017 imputed file in the section titled “Summary of the File”.
Next we describe the records eligible for imputation. Then we discuss the critical item facilities, which
were only able to respond to a critical subset of the requested data. The section on item response rates
is followed by the section that covers the items that were eligible for imputation.
The discussion of imputation rates includes comparisons to rates from prior years.
Exercise caution when using State data over time. There was a marked increase in high imputation rates
for 2007. The exact imputation rates by State for 2007 are in Attachment G of the 2007 imputation
documentation. Attachment B of this document shows the exact imputation rates by State for 2017.
Highlighted Items have imputation rates that exceed 30 percent; exercise caution when using these

166

data. Attachment C shows the items within each State with imputation rates of more than 30 percent
for the period from 1997 through 2017.
Several sections describe the imputation methodology, followed by a section that discusses the quality
checks performed after the imputations. The section on other programming notes will be useful when
running the imputations for the next collection. There’s a section of cautions on comparing state data
over time, followed by issues to consider for the next collection. The references are the last section
before the attachments.

Summary of Changes during the 2017 Data Collection
The changes during the 2017 data collection included:





We added a new permanent ID for each facility.
The flags from the GPS processing system make it easier to distinguish between reported 0s and
the default 0 for missing data.
There are some new values for flag values from the GPS processing system.
We added an OWNERSHIP_FLAG_CHANGE field to the file.

We added a new permanent ID for each facility to the imputed file. The new permanent ID is NewID,
the first field in the imputed file. The traditional 21 character ID used for both CJRP and JRFC has
information about the facility embedded in the ID. The third digit of the traditional ID is 8 for private
facilities. When a facility changes from private to public or vice versa, the third digit of the traditional ID
changes, but other parts of the ID may change as well. The facility name may also change, which makes
it difficult to link facilities across years. While we have tried to use fuzzy matching to link facilities across
years based on facility name and address, that approach has limitations. If a central reporter reports for
the facility, the address we have for the facility may be that of the central reporter, which could be in a
different state than the facility. The new permanent ID will make it easier to link facilities across years in
the future.
The flags from the GPS processing system make it easier to distinguish between reported 0s and the
default 0 for missing data. In the 2015 CJRP, the value of C meant that the analyst changed the value.
The processing system now uses A to indicate that a value has been adjusted. See Table 2 for more
details. If the item is imputed, the value of the flag is updated to show the imputation method.

Table 2. Flag values in the processing system for the 2017 CJRP
Flag value
A
I
M
R

Meaning of the flag value
The value has been adjusted in the processing system.
The value has been initialized in the processing system. 0 values with a flag of I are
missing data.
The value has been changed in the processing system by a machine edit.
The value has been reported.

It is important for facilities to maintain a unique ID for several reasons. First, it has become increasingly
difficult to match facilities based on changing IDs. When conducting longitudinal analysis, it is extremely
time-consuming attempting to identify facilities with changing IDs, who may or may not have a facility

167

name change. Second, it is difficult to match facilities for the purpose of imputing data, when some of
the facility IDs do not match past records. For this reason, Census has kept the facility IDs the same for
the 2017 CJRP data collection, but noted facilities where the ownership has changed from public to
private or from private to public. The values of the OWNERSHIP_CHANGE_FLAG are explained below in
Table 3.

Table 3. Flag values for OWNERSHIP_CHANGE_FLAG
Flag value
0
1
2
3

Meaning of the flag value
3rd digit of the ID is consistent with answer to ownership question.
3rd digit of the ID is 8 (private), reported public ownership.
3rd digit of the ID is not 8 (public), reported private ownership.
Ownership question not answered.

Summary of the File
Table 4. Summary of the facilities on the 2017 final imputed file
80
23
49
20
11
2,070
2,253

permanently closed facilities
temporarily closed facilities
out-of-scope facilities
tribal facilities
territorial facilities
nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia
facilities on the 2017 CJRP final imputed file

Table 5. 2017 CJRP counts (nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia)
57,039
649
56,390
43,580
12,810
2,070

people in residential placement
adults
juveniles
juvenile offenders
juvenile nonoffenders
nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia

[The program summarize_imputed_file_counts.sas produces the counts in this section.]

Records Eligible for Imputation
In previous versions of CJRP, we imputed missing data for all facilities and all offender records. Starting
with the 2010 CJRP, OJJDP requested that we not impute missing data for tribal facilities or for offenders
in tribal facilities.
[Tribal facilities face special challenges, which is one reason that we do not impute them. The reader is
directed to “From Broken Homes to a Broken System”, written by Sari Horwitz and published in the

168

Washington Post on November 28, 2014, and accessible online at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/11/28/from-broken-homes-to-a-broken-system/.]
The 2010 CJRP was the first cycle to attempt to collect data from facilities in American Samoa, Guam,
Northern Marianas Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. OJJDP and Census agreed that we would
not impute missing data for territorial facilities or for offenders in territorial facilities.
The 2017 CJRP has a 2017 status flag in column 2126. Table 6 shows the values of the status flag.
Records eligible for imputation in the 2017 CJRP are those that are open and in-scope and have the 2017
status flag set to 1, 2, or 3.
Note that the file contains records for facilities that are permanently closed (CheckInStatus = 4),
temporarily closed (CheckInStatus = 5), or out-of-scope (CheckInStatus = 6).

Table 6. Values for the 2017 status flag
2017 status flag value
1
2
3
4
5

Description
State-operated public facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia
Locally-operated public facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia
Private facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia
Tribal facility (missing data are not imputed)
Territorial facility (missing data are not imputed)

Critical Item Facilities
In follow-up interviewing, CJB attempted to collect as much data as possible to fill in both sections of the
questionnaire. The following data items were critical:
Section I:






Question 6 (type of facility)
Questions 7a and 7b (total persons assigned to beds in the facility)
Question 8 (number of persons age 21 or older assigned to beds in the facility)
Questions 10a and 10b (number of offenders under age 21 assigned to beds in the facility)
Questions 11a and 11b (number of nonoffenders under age 21 assigned to beds in the facility)

Section II:







Question 2 (whether facility is all-male, all-female, or holds both sexes)
Question 5 (placement agency)
Question 6 (placement agency’s government level)
Question 7 (offense code)
Question 8 (state or territory where offense committed)
Question 9 (adjudication status)

Table 7 shows the values for the critical items field.

169

Table 7. Values for the Critical Items Field
Critical Items
field value
blank
0
1
2
3
4

Meaning
Not eligible for imputation.
Facility is neither a critical item facility nor a refusal.
Facility responded only to the critical items.
Facility responded to Section I of the questionnaire, but date of birth, offense, and
date of admission are missing for all records in Section II of the questionnaire.
Facility is a refusal; we imputed all the data on the file for that facility.
Special handling is required to impute juvenile offenders in these facilities.

The critical items field is column 1963 on the data file.
Facilities with the critical items field set to 1 have only one record per facility on the edited file, and the
information in Section II for these facilities is used to generate the juvenile offender roster for each
facility.
In the 2017 CJRP final imputed file, facilities with the critical items field set to 2 provided an offender
roster, but birth date, offense, and admission date was missing for every offender. We fill in the missing
data for the offenders by considering the whole facility, to minimize using the same donor repeatedly.
Refusal facilities are also imputed in the same manner as facilities with the critical items field set to 1, to
minimize the number of records within a facility imputed using the same donor.
There was one facility requiring special handling for the 2017 CJRP. The facility uploaded a PDF in
Centurion for the facility. The PDF contained the age and sex for most of the offenders. An analyst
keyed the data into a template, calculating the year of birth as 2017 – age.

Item Response Rates
We calculated the item response rates for the 2017 CJRP by looking at the flag values after imputation.
2,070 nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia held juveniles on reference day.
The calculations consider skip patterns. If a facility was skipped out of a question on the form, they were
not counted as an item nonrespondent. For example, if the facility answered No to the question asking if
they held juveniles on reference day for reasons other than offenses (question 11a in Section I), they
were not considered an item nonrespondent for question 11b because they were instructed to skip
question 11b.
Flag values of R or A count as a response. Any other flag value is nonresponse. Note that the
denominators for Section I and Section II items are different. For Section I, the denominator of the
response rate is 2,070 facilities. For Section II, the denominator of the response rate is 43,580 juvenile
offenders. Table 8 shows the item response rates for the 2017 CJRP.

170

Table 8. 2017 CJRP Item Response Rates
Variable

Response rate

Variable

Response rate

Larger_Agency

84.5

G_LOCKED_REASON

84.4

G_OWN

84.3

G_SECURITY

83.6

G_OWN_LEVEL

84.3

G_OUTSIDE_DOORS

84.3

G_OPERATOR

84.3

L_DEATHS

84.0

G_OPERATOR_LEVEL

84.3

L_DEATHS_TOTAL

84.0

FACILITY

85.0

Kid_Sex

81.5

G_ASSIGNED_BEDS

84.3

Kid_Birth_Month

81.4

G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS

84.3

Kid_Birth_Day

81.4

G_NUM_21_OLDER

84.3

Kid_Birth_Year

81.7

G_UNDER_21

84.3

Age

81.3

G_NUM_UNDER_21

84.3

Kid_Race

81.0

G_UNDER_21_OFFENSE

84.4

Kid_Placed_By

80.0

G_TOTAL_OFFENSE

84.4

Agency_Type

79.2

G_NONOFFENSE

84.3

Kid_Offense

75.4

G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE

84.3

Kid_Offense_Location

79.4

G_ONSITE_TREATMENT

84.4

Kid_Adjudication_Status

76.0

G_TREATMENT_TYPE

84.4

Kid_Admitted_Month

80.8

G_FOSTER_CARE

84.4

Kid_Admitted_Day

80.8

G_INDEPENDENT_LIVING

84.5

Kid_Admitted_Year

80.8

G_OVERFLOW

84.5

Stay

80.7

G_LOCKED_ROOM

84.4

[The program CJRP_response_rates.sas produces the data in this section.]

171

Questionnaire Items Eligible for Imputation
The following items were eligible for imputation in the 2017 CJRP. See the notes at the end of Table 9
for descriptions of the codes used in the imputation methods column.

Table 9. Items Eligible for Imputation
Question

Questions 1a, 1b
Questions 2a, 2b, and 3
Questions 4a, 4b, and 5
Question 6
Question 7a, 7b
Question 8
Questions 9a, 9b
Questions 10a, 10b
Questions 11a, 11b
Questions 12a, 12b
Question 13
Question 14
Question 15
Questions 16a, 16b
Question 17
Questions 18a, 18b, 18c

Concept
Section I
Facility part of larger agency
Who owns the facility
Who operates the facility
Type of facility
Total persons assigned to beds in the facility
Number of persons age 21 or older assigned to beds
Number of persons under age 21 assigned to beds
Number of offenders under age 21 assigned to beds
Number of nonoffenders under age 21 assigned to beds
On-site residential treatment
Foster care
Independent living
Overflow detention population
Locked sleeping rooms
Secure doors
Locked outside doors
Section II
Juvenile offender’s sex
Juvenile offender’s birth date
Juvenile offender’s race
Placement agency
Juvenile offender’s most serious offense code
Location where juvenile offender committed offense
Juvenile offender’s adjudication status
Juvenile offender’s date of admission to the facility

Imputation
Methods
E
B, E
B, E
B, E
A
C, D, H
A
C, D, H
C, D, H
B, E
B, E
B, E
A, B, E
B, E
B, E
B, E

Question 2
F
Question 3
F, G
Question 4
F
Question 5
F
Question 7
F
Question 8
I
Question 9
F
Question 10
F, G
NOTES:
A – Data derived from response to other variables (flag=2).
B – Data pulled forward from prior year JRFC (flag=20).
C – Data imputed using growth rate applied to prior year CJRP data (flag=21).
D – Data imputed using growth rate applied to prior year JRFC data (flag=22).
E – Data pulled forward from prior year CJRP (flag=25).
F – Data imputed using hot-deck (flag=26).
G – Month or day was randomly assigned (flag=27).
H – Data imputed using mean value (flag=28).
I – Offense location assigned based on facility report that all offenders committed offense in the state
where the facility is located (flag=29).

172

Imputation Rates
Table 10 and Table 11 show the facility imputation rates for Section I. The facility imputation rate is
Number of facilities with imputed data for Section I item
x 100.
Number of facilities eligible for imputation in CJRP data file
The facility imputation rate is not necessarily the same as the nonresponse rate.

Table 10. CJRP Section I Item Imputation Rates by Year for Population Counts
Item
Total persons
Adults
Juveniles
Juvenile offenders
Juvenile nonoffenders

2003
0
0
0
0
0

2006
0
0
0
0
0

Percent Imputed By Year
2007
2010
2011
2013
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6

2015
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4

2017
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.7

Table 11. CJRP Imputation Rates for Check Box Items in Section I
Item
Larger agency
Own
Own level
Operator
Operator level
On-site treatment
Treatment type
Foster care
Independent living
Facility type
Overflow
Locked room
Locked reason
Security
Outside locked
Outside doors

Percent imputed 2013
5.0
8.0
8.0
5.9
5.9
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.5
6.5
8.6
9.1
9.1
5.6
8.9
8.9

Percent imputed 2015
5.8
8.2
8.2
8.6
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.4
9.0
8.4
8.4
8.4
9.2
8.4
8.4

Percent imputed 2017
9.2
14.2
14.2
14.6
14.6
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
15.0
14.5
14.3
14.3
13.8
14.4
14.4

Table 12 shows the item imputation rates for Section II. The item imputation rate is
Number of juvenile offender records with imputed data for item
x 100.
Number of juvenile offender records eligible for imputation in CJRP data file

173

The item imputation rates for Section II are the same as the item nonresponse rates.

Table 12. CJRP Section II Item Imputation Rates by Year
Item
Sex
Birth month
Birth day
Birth year
Race
Placed by
Offense
Adjudication status
Admitted month
Admitted day
Admitted year

2003
2.9
10.2
10.2
10.1
11.0
2.4
12.5
4.9
9.8
9.8
9.6

2006
3.5
10.8
10.8
10.8
11.1
2.5
13.1
5.7
10.8
10.9
10.8

Percent Imputed By Year
2007
2010
2011
2013
7.5
7.1
6.1
13.2
20.3
11.5
11.6
16.6
20.3
11.8
11.7
16.6
20.3
11.4
11.6
16.7
20.6
11.3
11.6
18.5
2.8
8.0
7.0
14.0
23.2
14.0
15.0
21.3
8.5
9.1
8.9
20.6
20.3
11.3
12.4
17.1
20.3
11.6
12.5
17.1
20.3
11.3
12.4
17.9

2015
9.3
10.7
10.7
10.8
9.8
10.4
14.7
15.1
10.1
10.1
10.3

2017
18.5
18.6
18.6
18.3
19.0
20.0
24.6
24.0
19.2
19.2
19.2

There are 43,580 juvenile offender records eligible for imputation (offenders held in nontribal facilities
in the 50 states and the District of Columbia) on the imputed file. 12,895 (29.6%) of those offender
records have at least one Section II item imputed.
Each item has an imputation flag on the imputed file. See the record layout for the explanation of the
imputation flag values.
PSSMB calculates the age of the juvenile offender. The age imputation flag is set to 26 or 27 when any
part of the birth date (month, day, or year) has been imputed.
PSSMB calculates the length of stay of the juvenile offender. The length of stay imputation flag is set to
26 or 27 when any part of the admission date (month, day, or year) has been imputed.

Total Quantity Response Rates
The total quantity response rate (TQRR) shows how much of the quantity estimate was reported. The
total quantity response rate is
Estimate using only data reported by facilities
x 100.
Estimate using both reported and imputed data
Table 13 shows the TQRRs for CJRP from 2003 to 2017. Figure 4 displays the TQRRs graphically. Note
that since we don’t impute for juvenile deaths, the TQRR is 100 percent.

174

Table 13. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates by Year
Reported
Count

Imputed
Count

Quantity
Estimate

Total
Quantity
Response
Rate

Reported
Records

Imputed
Records

Total
Facilities

Item
Response
Rate

total_2017

1,649

421

2,070

79.7

43,573

13,466

57,039

76.4

adults_2017

1,722

348

2,070

83.2

592

57

649

91.2

kids_2017

1,655

415

2,070

80.0

43,246

13,144

56,390

76.7

kid_offenders_2017

1,588

482

2,070

76.7

32,333

11,247

43,580

74.2

kid_nonoffenders_2017

1,665

405

2,070

80.4

8,946

3,864

12,810

69.8

l_deaths_total_2017

1,728

342

2,070

83.5

11

0

11

100.0

total_2015

1,975

206

2,181

90.6

55,756

5,163

60,919

91.5

adults_2015

1,975

206

2,181

90.6

327

3

330

99.1

kids_2015

1,975

206

2,181

90.6

55,429

5,160

60,589

91.5

kid_offenders_2015

1,975

206

2,181

90.6

44,912

3,131

48,043

93.5

kid_nonoffenders_2015

1,975

206

2,181

90.6

10,517

2,029

12,546

83.8

l_deaths_total_2015

1,969

212

2,181

90.3

18

0

18

100.0

total_2013

2,090

173

2,263

92.4

60,151

5,605

65,756

91.5

adults_2013

2,092

171

2,263

92.4

347

20

367

94.6

kids_2013

2,090

173

2,263

92.4

59,804

5,585

65,389

91.5

kid_offenders_2013

2,094

169

2,263

92.5

50,300

3,848

54,148

92.9

kid_nonoffenders_2013

2,090

173

2,263

92.4

9,520

1,721

11,241

84.7

total_2011

2,332

113

2,445

95.4

71,073

3,971

75,044

94.7

adults_2011

2,332

113

2,445

95.4

283

9

292

96.9

kids_2011

2,332

113

2,445

95.4

70,790

3,962

74,752

94.7

kid_offenders_2011

2,332

113

2,445

95.4

58,355

3,068

61,423

95.0

kid_nonoffenders_2011

2,332

113

2,445

95.4

12,435

894

13,329

93.3

total_2010

2,463

187

2,650

92.9

79,490

5,739

85,229

93.3

adults_2010

2,463

187

2,650

92.9

400

0

400

100.0

kids_2010

2,463

187

2,650

92.9

79,090

5,739

84,829

93.2

kid_offenders_2010

2,463

187

2,650

92.9

66,317

4,476

70,793

93.7

kid_nonoffenders_2010

2,463

187

2,650

92.9

12,773

1,263

14,036

91.0

Survey Item

175

Reported
Count

Imputed
Count

Quantity
Estimate

Total
Quantity
Response
Rate

Reported
Records

Imputed
Records

Total
Facilities

Item
Response
Rate

total_2007

2,902

9

2,911

99.7

103,433

467

103,900

99.6

adults_2007

2,902

9

2,911

99.7

696

0

696

100.0

kids_2007

2,902

9

2,911

99.7

102,737

467

103,204

99.5

kid_offenders_2007

2,902

9

2,911

99.7

86,636

291

86,927

99.7

kid_nonoffenders_2007

2,902

9

2,911

99.7

16,101

176

16,277

98.9

total_2006

3,069

0

3,069

100.0

111,373

0

111,373

100.0

adults_2006

3,069

0

3,069

100.0

630

0

630

100.0

kids_2006

3,069

0

3,069

100.0

110,743

0

110,743

100.0

kid_offenders_2006

3,069

0

3,069

100.0

92,854

0

92,854

100.0

kid_nonoffenders_2006

3,069

0

3,069

100.0

17,889

0

17,889

100.0

total_2003

3,478

0

3,478

100.0

121,422

0

121,422

100.0

adults_2003

3,478

0

3,478

100.0

1,489

0

1,489

100.0

kids_2003

3,478

0

3,478

100.0

119,933

0

119,933

100.0

kid_offenders_2003

3,478

0

3,478

100.0

98,277

0

98,277

100.0

kid_nonoffenders_2003

3,478

0

3,478

100.0

21,656

0

21,656

100.0

Survey Item

176

CJRP Total Quantity Reponses Rates over Time
2003
100

2006

100 100 100 100 100

2007

100 100 100 100 100

99.5 100 98.9 99.7 99.6

80
60

Total quantity response rate

40
20
0
100

2010
93.2

100

2011

2013

94.7 96.9 93.3 95 94.7

91 93.7 93.3

91.5 94.6

80

84.7

92.9 91.5

60
40
20
0
100

2015
91.5

99.1
83.8

80

93.5 91.5

2017
100

100

91.2
76.7

76.4
69.8 74.2

60
40
20
0
um

hs s
at ed e
de to b ns e
ile d
ffe ns
en ne r o ffe
uv s ig fo no rs
d
lj
o
y
ta as ne r n 1
To ber s ig fo > 2
d s
s
um a ne d
N ber s ig be
d
s
um a ne 21
N ber s ig <
d
s
um a ne
N er ig
s
b
s
hs s
um a
N er
at ed e
b
de to b ns e
um
ile d
ffe ns
N
en ne r o ffe
uv s ig fo no rs
d
lj
o
y
ta as ne r n 1
To ber s ig fo > 2
d s
s
um a ne d
N ber s ig be
d
s
um a ne 21
N ber s ig <
d
s
um a ne
N er ig
s
b
s
hs s
um a
N er
at ed e
b
de to b ns e
um
ile d
ffe ns
N
en ne r o ffe
uv s ig fo no rs
d
lj
o
y
ta as ne r n 1
To ber s ig fo > 2
d s
s
um a ne d
N ber s ig be
d
s
um a ne 21
N ber s ig <
d
s
um a ne
N ber s ig
s
um r a
be

N

N

Survey item

Figure 4. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates over Time
[The program tabulate_nonresponse_over_time.sas produces the tables for Section I and Section II item
imputation rates. The program CJRP_total_quantity_response_rates.sas produces the table and the
graphic for the total quantity response rates.]

Collapsed Facility Type Codes
For imputation purposes, we need to assign a collapsed facility type code (Cat) to every facility. Cat is
the variable on the 2017 CJRP file that contains the collapsed facility type code (column 2128). We only

177

assign Cat codes to nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the 2017 CJRP file,
because we did not impute the tribal facilities or the territorial facilities.
The following procedure assigned the 2017 Cat code:
Check to see if the facility checked at least one facility type box for the 2017 CJRP. If so, the 2017
answers were used to assign the Cat code.
If none of the 2017 CJRP facility type answers were checked, pull forward the 2016 JRFC
answers, if at least one box was checked.
If none of the 2017 CJRP facility type answers were checked, and none of the 2016 JRFC answers
were checked, pull forward the 2015 CJRP answers, if at least one box was checked.
We assigned the collapsed facility type based on the hierarchy shown in Table 14. If the facility
checked more than one box, the box listed highest in the table determines the collapsed facility
type code. If an agency checks boxes that indicate that it is both a reception center and a
training school, the assigned code is training school, since training school is higher up in the
hierarchy than reception center is.
The CJB analysts provided guidance in assigning the collapsed facility type if only the 10th box,
G_FAC_OTHER, was checked.

Table 14. Hierarchy Used to Assign Collapsed Facility Type Code
Cat

Collapsed Facility Type

3
0
2
5

Training School
Detention Center
Reception / Diagnostic Center
Ranch, Camp, or Farm

1

Shelter

6

Halfway House / Group Home

Check box on 2017 form
[Section I Question 6]
2 (G_FAC_TRAINING)
1 (G_FAC_DETENTION)
3 (G_FAC_RECEPTION)
6 (G_FAC_BOOTCAMP)
7 (G_FAC_RANCH)
8 (G_FAC_RUNAWAY)
9 (G_FAC_OTHER_SHELTER)
4 (G_FAC_HOME)
5 (G_FAC_RESIDENTIAL)

[The program assign_collapsed_facility_type.sas creates the Cat code.]

Imputation Methodology for Section I Data
Section I contains both check box questions and questions about population counts. The methods used
to impute Section I data are described in more detail below.

Missing data for check box questions
If the question was not answered for the 2017 CJRP, but was asked on either the 2016 JRFC or the 2015
CJRP, we pulled forward answers if they were provided on the prior year file. If no prior year data

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Page 21 of 43

existed for that question, we left the answer as refusal or don’t know and set the imputation flag to
show that the value is refusal or don’t know.
Table 15 shows the 2017 CJRP questions imputed, and whether or not the item was on the prior JRFC or
the prior CJRP. Note that we imputed some questions as groups, so that the skip patterns would be
preserved.
The 2017 CJRP processing system had flags for the check box questions. The processing system
defaulted all values to 0. The flag is set to I when the value is initialized in the processing system.
Values of 0 with flags of I should be imputed. Values of 0 with flags of R or A are reported or adjusted,
and do not need to be imputed.
On the “mark all that apply” questions, we assume that if at least one box was checked, the question
was answered completely. If none of the boxes are checked, we attempt to impute an answer.

Table 15. Section I Check Box Questions over Time
2017 CJRP Question
1a, 1b – Facility part of larger agency?
2a, 2b, 3 – Who owns this facility?
4a, 4b, 5 – Who operates this facility?
12a, 12b – On-site residential treatment
13 – Facility provides foster care?
14 – Facility provides independent living arrangements?
15 – Facility house overflow detention population?
16a, 16b – Juveniles locked in sleeping rooms?
17 – Facility have security features to confine juveniles?
18a, 18b, 18c – Outside doors locked?

On 2016 JRFC?
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

On 2015 CJRP?
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

Missing data for population counts
We calculated the average 1-year growth rates by imputation cell for facilities that reported the
population counts (persons age 21 or older assigned to beds, offenders under age 21 assigned to beds,
and nonoffenders under age 21 assigned to beds) in both the 2017 CJRP and the 2016 JRFC.
We calculated the average 2-year growth rates by imputation cell for facilities that reported the
population counts in both the 2017 CJRP and the 2015 CJRP.
The imputation cell is all facilities within a given state and Cat (collapsed facility type) code. If there are
fewer than 15 respondents or less than 70 percent response in the imputation cell, we collapse the
imputation cell to the national level.
If the population count is missing in the 2017 CJRP, but the facility has a value for the item in the 2016
JRFC, we impute the 2017 value by applying the 1-year growth rate to the 2016 value and then rounding
to a whole number.

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If the population count is missing in the 2017 CJRP, and the facility does not have a reported value for
the item in the 2016 JRFC, but does have a reported value for the item in the 2015 CJRP, we impute the
2017 value by applying the 2-year growth rate to the 2015 value and then rounding to a whole number.
If the population count is missing in the 2017 CJRP, and the facility does not have a reported value for
the item in either the 2016 JRFC or the 2015 CJRP, we impute the 2017 value by rounding the mean
value reported in the imputation cell in 2017 to a whole number.
If the number of persons under age 21 assigned to beds is missing, we derive the value by summing the
values of the number of offenders under age 21 assigned to beds and the number of nonoffenders
under age 21 assigned to beds.
If the total persons assigned to beds is missing, we derive the value by summing the values of the
number of persons age 21 or older assigned to beds and the number of persons under age 21 assigned
to beds.
In all cases, the imputation flags are set to show the method used to impute the value.
[The program impute_counts.sas does the Section I population imputations. The program
impute_section_1_check_boxes.sas does the Section I imputations for the check box questions.]

Imputation Methodology for Item Nonresponse in Section II Data
Changes in methodology over time
The basic methodology for dealing with item nonresponse is still the hierarchical hot-deck, used in the
2003, 2006, and 2007 CJRP collections. In 2007, we imputed juvenile offenders in tribal facilities
separately from juvenile offenders in all other facilities. Starting in 2010, we do not impute juvenile
offenders in tribal facilities or territorial facilities. Juvenile offenders in tribal facilities or territorial
facilities are not eligible to be donors for juvenile offenders in nontribal facilities in the 50 states and
District of Columbia.
If the offense code is missing, the imputation system fills in the missing offense based on the code
provided in the juvenile offender record. Code 97 indicates an unknown offense for both underage
persons and adults, code 98 indicates an unknown offense for underage persons only, and code 99
indicates an unknown offense. In previous years of CJRP, we used that missing offense code to guide the
acceptable imputed offense code imputations. See Table 16 to understand how we impute missing
offense codes.

Table 16. How We Impute Missing Offense Codes
Missing
offense
code
97
98
99

Acceptable imputed offense code

Offenses against property, offenses against persons, drug-related offenses, offenses
against the public order, or probation or parole violation (offense codes 10 through 50)
Offenses for underage persons only (offense codes 60 through 69)
Any valid offense code (offense codes 10 through 69)

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Status offenders are juveniles who have committed offenses for underage persons only. The Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act prohibits the placement of status offenders in secure facilities in
most instances. For the purposes of CJRP, we consider a facility that checks either the detention center
or the training school facility type box to be a secure facility. We have imputed some status offenders in
secure facilities in previous CJRP collections, but no longer do so. To prevent this from happening in the
2010 CJRP and future collections, we review the missing offense codes for offenders in facilities that
checked either the detention center or training school facility type boxes, and we force the missing
offense code to be 97, which means that the imputed offense will not be a status offense.
We note that secure facilities have reported juveniles with status offenses. We do not have an edit that
verifies that a secure facility holds status offenders. In discussions with OJJDP and various stakeholders,
we decided that we would accept reported data as is. 103 secure facilities in the 2017 CJRP final
imputed file reported 303 status offenders.

Randomly imputing the day of birth, month of birth, or day of admission
The first missing items that we impute are:




Kid_admitted_day if both kid_admitted_month and kid_admitted_year were reported,
Kid_birth_month if kid_birth_day missing but kid_birth_year is reported, and
Kid_birth_day if both kid_birth_month and kid_birth_year are not missing.

When a facility reports both kid_admitted_month and kid_admitted_year, but kid_admitted_day is
missing, we impute kid_admitted_day randomly by selecting a day based on kid_admitted_month. This
prevents the imputation of days that do not exist, such as February 30th.

Age and stay calculations
The reference date of the questionnaire is October 25, 2017. Some facilities may report based on an
alternative reference date. If an alternative reference date is used, the alternative reference date fields
contains the date (columns 1964 through 1965 for alternative reference month, columns 1968 through
1969 for alternative reference day and columns 1972 through 1975 for alternative reference year).
We calculate an age for all records where it is possible to do so. If the facility is reporting based on an
alternative reference date, we calculate the age of the juvenile offender as of the alternative reference
date; otherwise, we calculate the age of the juvenile offender as of October 25, 2017.
End users calculate a length of stay variable, based on the date that the juvenile offender enters the
facility. If a facility is reporting based on an alternative reference date, we calculate the length of stay as
of the alternative reference date; otherwise, we calculate the stay as of October 25, 2017. We calculate
length of stay for all records where it is possible to do so.
[The imputation of kid_admitted_day when we have reported kid_admitted_month and
kid_admitted_year, the imputation of kid_birth_month and / or kid_birth_day when kid_birth_year is
reported, and the calculation of age and stay when possible is performed in the program
create_preimputation_data_set.sas.]

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Hierarchical hot-deck imputation for item nonresponse
The imputation methodology for item nonresponse in Section II data is hierarchical hot-deck. We match
the record requiring imputation to a pool of records where none of the information is missing, and then
we select a donor record. We replace the missing values in the record requiring imputation with the
values from the donor record. We first try to match on all available information. If we do not find a
match, we make the match less restrictive until we find a donor record.
The definition of records where none of the information is missing includes those records for which we
only imputed kid_birth_month, kid_birth_day, or kid_admitted_day. These records are considered
eligible donors because if kid_birth_year is not imputed, we have a good idea of how old the offender is,
and if kid_admitted_month and kid_admitted_year are not imputed, we have a good idea of how long
the offender has been held in the facility.
The available information for matching is the Cat code, the state where the facility is located, and any
reported data for kid_sex, age, kid_race, kid_placed_by, kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status, and
length of stay.
When imputing kid_adjudication_status, those records with kid_adjudication_status = 8 (convicted in
adult criminal court) are never part of the pool of potential donors. We confirmed with the sponsor that
there should not be imputed values of 8 (convicted in adult criminal court) on the final data file.
The advantage of the hierarchical hot-deck method is that imputed values should be consistent with the
rest of the juvenile offender record, because the donor is a juvenile offender record that has passed the
edits.

Imputation Methodology for Section II Data for Critical Item Facilities
Changes in methodology over time
The basic methodology used for dealing with nonresponse in critical item facilities is the same as it was
in the 2003 and 2006 CJRP collections. For the 2007 CJRP, we imputed juvenile offenders in tribal
facilities separately from juvenile offenders in nontribal facilities. Beginning with the 2010 CJRP, Census
was instructed not to impute juvenile offenders in tribal facilities. The 2010 CJRP was also the first time
that we collected data from territorial facilities. It was decided that we would not impute juvenile
offenders in territorial facilities.
We introduced a new classification of critical item facility in 2007. We noticed in the 2006 CJRP that
some facilities would provide a roster of juvenile offenders, but not much information about the
individual offenders. If the date of birth, offense, and date of admission are missing for all the juvenile
offenders in a facility, we really do not have much information to work with.
If we try to impute those records as merely having item nonresponse, we run the risk of using the same
donor repeatedly within the facility, creating what looks like duplicate records in the facility. To
minimize that risk, we now handle such facilities like critical item facilities, and have assigned them a
code of 2 (Facility responded to Section I of the questionnaire, but date of birth, offense, and date of
admission are missing for all records in Section II of the questionnaire) in the critical item field.

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We introduced a new classification of critical item facility in 2013. Some facilities refused to fill out
section II for their juvenile offenders. Instead, the analysts collected percentage distributions for some
characteristics (percentage of offenders by sex, percentage of offenders by race, percentage of
offenders by offense code, etc.) of the juvenile offenders. Unfortunately, the imputation system was not
designed to impute missing data this way. The analysts had to generate records that matched those
percentages, and then we created special programs to impute those records appropriately. Those
records have the critical item field set to 4. One facility required special handling in the 2017 CJRP.

Background
The edited file has one record per critical item facility if the critical item field is set to 1 (Facility
responded only to the critical items) or 3 (Facility is a refusal; all data on the file for that facility has been
imputed if the facility is a nontribal facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia).
If the critical item facility holds juvenile offenders, the Section II data on the record refers to all the
juveniles held by that facility. The analysts in CJB tried to find out as much as possible about the types of
juveniles held in critical item facilities.
If kid_sex = 1 in Section II of the critical item facility record, that means that the facility only holds males,
while kid_sex = 2 means that the facility only holds females, and kid_sex = 3 means that the facility holds
both males and females.
Some critical item facilities were unable to indicate for which types of offenses that they held offenders,
so kid_offense = 88 or 99 for those critical item facilities. Some critical item facilities were able to
indicate that they held offenders for offense codes applicable to both underage persons and adults, so
kid_offense = 97 for those critical item facilities. Some critical item facilities were able to indicate that
they held offenders for those offense codes applicable to underage persons only, so kid_offense = 98 for
those critical item facilities.
We generate the required number of juvenile offender records for each critical item facility and assign
record_identifier to each juvenile offender record for the critical item facility. We number the records
sequentially within the facility. We also replicate the available reported information for each juvenile
offender record within the critical item facility.
If we know that the facility only holds males or only holds females, we do not consider kid_sex imputed.
The edited file may have multiple records if the critical item field is set to 2 (Facility responded to
Section 1 of the questionnaire, but date of birth, offense, and date of admission are missing for all
records in Section II of the questionnaire). For example, the facility may have two sets of offenders
placed in the facility by two different types of authorities. If date of birth, offense, and date of admission
are missing for all the offenders in that facility, we do not have much information to work with. We
handle these facilities as critical item facilities rather than item nonresponse facilities to minimize the
amount of duplication in the imputed data.
The edited file may have multiple records if the critical item field is set to 4 (Special handling is required
to impute juvenile offenders in these facilities, CJB collected percentage distributions on selected
offender characteristics). The juvenile offender records in these facilities are missing date of birth and

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date of admission, and thus look similar. Because the reported values are not distinct, these records
require special handling, so that we do not impute multiple records that look like duplicates within the
facility.

Hierarchical hot-deck for critical item facilities
We modified the hierarchical hot-deck methodology used for item nonresponse for critical item
facilities. Instead of finding a matching donor pool for an individual juvenile offender record, we find a
donor pool for the critical item facility and then randomly select donors from the pool without
replacement. This modified version of the hierarchical hot-deck requires that the donor pool have at
least as many juvenile offenders as the critical item facility. This requirement ensures we do not
duplicate the imputed juvenile offender records for the critical item facility within the facility.
The available information for matching is the Cat code, the state where the facility is located, and any
reported data for kid_sex, age, kid_race, kid_placed_by, kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status, and stay.
When imputing kid_adjudication_status, those records with kid_adjudication_status = 08 (convicted in
adult criminal court) are never part of the pool of potential donors. OJJDP does not want any imputed
values of convicted in adult criminal court on the imputed file.
The advantage of the hierarchical hot-deck method is that imputed values should be consistent with the
rest of the juvenile offender record, since the donor record is a juvenile offender record that has passed
all the edits.
In the 2003 and 2006 CJRP files, we only used the top two levels of the hierarchical hot-deck for critical
item facilities. For the 2007 CJRP, we used as many as four levels of the hierarchical hot-deck for critical
item facilities. We had to use four levels in states with large numbers of juvenile offenders held in critical
item facilities where the facility reported a relatively uncommon value for who placed the juvenile in the
facility. In the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 CJRP files, we only used the top two levels of the
hierarchical hot-deck for critical item facilities.

Quality Checks Performed After Imputation
The program final_qc_check.sas runs after the imputation system, to check that all flags are properly set
and that all imputed fields have valid values. Specifically, the program checks the following:








We assigned collapsed facility type. (We use collapsed facility type as a matching variable in the
hierarchical hot deck.)
No juvenile offender is 21 or older on the final file.
Every juvenile offender has a nonnegative value for length of stay.
All character variables have valid values.
None of the juvenile characteristics eligible for imputation is missing.
The number of juvenile offender records is the same as the number of juvenile offenders given
in Section I of the questionnaire.
The number of juveniles plus the number of adults is the same as the total given in Section I of
the questionnaire.

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







The number of juvenile offenders plus the number of juvenile nonoffenders is the same as the
number of juveniles given in Section I of the questionnaire.
The answer to “Any persons assigned to beds?” is consistent with the total assigned to beds.
The answer to “Any persons under age 21 assigned to beds?” is consistent with juvenile count.
The answer to “Any persons under age 21 assigned to beds because they were charged with or
court-adjudicated for an offense?” is consistent with juvenile offender count.
The answer to “Any persons under age 21 have assigned beds for reasons other than offenses?”
is consistent with juvenile nonoffender count.
All facility records have values for total, adults, juveniles, juvenile offenders, and juvenile
nonoffenders.
We did not impute an adult adjudication status when the offense is one for underage persons
only.

Other Programming Notes
The 2017 CJRP took about an hour to run in the Census Bureau’s vDesk SAS Plus virtual environment,
with email, Skype for Business, and Windows Explorer closed. The author has a Census-issued laptop as
part of the desk sharing initiative. SAS 9.4M4 is installed on the Census-issued laptop, but the author
has found that running times are significantly slower compared to the vDesk SAS Plus virtual
environment.
We used SAS 9.4M4 while processing the 2017 CJRP. One SAS program is used as a driver and calls 271
SAS programs in sequence. 18 new programs were written for the 2017 CJRP to handle new patterns of
nonresponse in Section II that had not been observed in previous cycles. Attachment D shows the
nonresponse patterns for the juvenile roster data. Note that there are some patterns where only part of
the birth date or part of the admission date is missing.
The SAS driver program routes all the output to an HTML file, and routes the log to an alternate file. We
use a log scanning program to check the log for errors, warnings, or notes that indicate issues that
should be investigated.
Control.sas sets up a SAS data set that stores the values for macro variables used in the find___.sas and
match___.sas programs. This arrangement makes the hierarchical hot-deck programs much easier to
use over time. Instead of hard coding the survey year or missing values for each item in Section II in the
hot-deck programs, the programs get the macro variable values from the SAS data set.
Control.sas also includes the seed for the random number generator. By storing the seed in a SAS data
set, we can rerun the imputation system at any time and get the same results. The SAS programs that
use the seed for the random number generator also update the seed and store it, so we use a different
seed in each program that needs random numbers.
The programs that create the data sets for the current year CJRP, the prior year CJRP, and the prior year
JRFC are specific to each year, so we have to edit them for each census. 2017_edited_qa.sas checks the
edited file for any unusual values before imputation. The program lists problems that need to be
resolved before imputation, such as the number of juvenile offender records for a given facility not

185

matching the reported number of juvenile offenders in Section I for that facility. The program produces
an Excel spreadsheet for the analysts to review, with different issues listed on different tabs within the
spreadsheet. Once the issue is resolved, the program prints a note to the tab on the spreadsheet
indicating that the problem is not an issue for the current year.
Juvenile_offender_item_nonresponse_patterns.sas creates a listing showing the nonresponse patterns
for juvenile offender records in facilities that reported more than the critical items.
Juvenile_offender_item_imputation_report.sas opens the file
juvenile_offender_item_imputation_report.txt. The text file shows the results of the hierarchical hotdeck from each find___.sas program.
Critical_item_kid_imputation_report.sas opens the file critical_item_kid_imputation_report.txt. The text
file shows the results of the hierarchical hot-deck from each match___.sas program.
Impute_critical_item_kids.sas generates the correct number of juvenile offender records for each critical
item facility and creates a listing showing the nonresponse patterns for juvenile offender records in
critical item facilities.
Three SAS programs run checks on the final imputed file to ensure that the imputation processing
system has successfully completed.
[The program CJRP_Section_II_patterns_of_nonresponse.sas produces Attachment D.]

Caution When Comparing State Data over Time
In the 2003 CJRP documentation, we noted that critical item facilities held 84.6 percent of all juvenile
offenders in DC, which meant that we imputed an unusually large percentage of the data in DC for 2003.
In 2007, critical item facilities held 95.7 percent of all juvenile offenders in DC. We do not recommend
comparing juvenile offenders held in DC facilities across the 2003, 2006, 2007, and 2010 data
collections, due to extreme levels of missing data for the juvenile offenders.
Attachments A and B show some high levels of juvenile roster item imputation for 2017. Arkansas,
Colorado, DC, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia,
and Wyoming had more than 30 percent of their juvenile offenders in facilities that only reported critical
items. States with 30 percent or more imputation by item included Arkansas (all items), Colorado (all
items), Connecticut (kid_sex, kid_birth_month, kid_birth_day, kid_race), DC (all items), Florida
(kid_offense), Indiana (kid_adjudication_status, kid_admitted_month, kid_admitted_day,
kid_admitted_year), Mississippi (all items), Nebraska (kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status), New York
(kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status, kid_admitted_month, kid_admitted_day, kid_admitted_year),
Pennsylvania (all items), South Carolina (all items), South Dakota (all items), Tennessee (all items), Utah
(all items), West Virginia (all items), and Wyoming (all items).
Users should be aware the differences in DC data from 2003 to 2006 might be due in part to the high
levels of imputation for DC in 2003, and from 2006 to 2007 due to high levels of imputation for DC in
2007, and from 2007 to 2010 due to high levels of imputation for DC in 2007. Similarly, the differences in

186

Colorado, Illinois, Rhode Island, and Wyoming data from 2003 to 2006 may be due in part to high levels
of imputation for those states in 2006.
The differences in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Mississippi,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming from 2006
to 2007 may be due in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2007.
The differences in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Vermont, and West Virginia from 2007 to 2010 may be due
in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2010.
The differences in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, and West Virginia from 2010 to 2011 may be due in
part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2011.
The differences in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming from 2011 to 2013 may be due in part to high levels
of imputation for those states in 2013.
The differences in Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, South Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and
Wyoming from 2013 to 2015 may be due in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2015.
The differences in Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming from 2015 to
2017 may be due in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2017.
Attachment C shows items by state for the 1997 through 2017 CJRP data collections. If the item
imputation rate was 30 percent or more for a given year, we show the year in the cell of the table.
[The program nonresponse_by_state.sas produces Attachments A and B, while the program
2017_data_quality_concerns.sas produces Attachment C.]

Issues to Consider for the Next CJRP Collection
Future CJRP collections should have a dashboard during data collection
The GPS system should have a dashboard during data collection, so that the analysts can monitor the
amount of critical item facilities and the amount of missing data on the juvenile offender roster.
Substantial missing data at the state level is an issue for any sub-national analysis performed on the final
imputed file. Item response rates should be available to the sponsor long before the final imputed file
and documentation are delivered.

Better editing needed for file uploads from Centurion
More facilities are uploading files through Centurion, rather than keying the items in Section II in
Centurion. We recommended this to reduce the burden on the respondents. The down side is that data
is not necessarily in the column that Census is expecting it. We noticed the problem during imputation
processing. Invalid values for offense code turned out to be codes for adjudication status. Some
facilities reported birth dates as admission dates.

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Evaluate the collapsed facility types
As mentioned in the imputation methodology documentation for the 2016 JRFC, the collapsed facility
types of ranch, camp, or farm and reception / diagnostic center have declined since the 2003 CJRP.
There were 33 facilities with the collapsed facility type of ranch, camp, or farm open in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia in the 2017 CJRP and 16 facilities with the collapsed facility type of reception /
diagnostic center.
8 facilities with the collapsed facility type of ranch, camp, or farm were missing values for juvenile
nonoffenders. Only 2 of those facilities reported juvenile nonoffenders, so the imputation cell collapsing
criteria failed. We imputed the juvenile nonoffenders for that collapsed facility type by subtracting
juvenile offenders from the number of juveniles held.

References
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook, currently online at
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “How to impute section I data,” memo dated January 8, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “How to calculate age on individual juvenile data records in 2003 CJRP,” memo
dated February 25, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “How to impute for item nonresponse on juvenile offender records in 2003 CJRP,”
memo dated April 1, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2003 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY,” memo dated December 1, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2006 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY,” memo dated March 22, 2007.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2007 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY,” memo dated January 15, 2009.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2010 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated May 13, 2011.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2011 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated June 7, 2013.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2013 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated June 26, 2015.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2015 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated January 25, 2017.
Horwitz, Sari. “From Broken Homes to a Broken System”, published in the Washington Post on
November 28, 2014, and accessible online at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/11/28/from-broken-homes-to-a-broken-system/.

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Wilson, Reid. “Juvenile prison populations fall as states’ changes take effect”, published February 1,
2015 in the Washington Post, available online at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2015/01/29/states-see-marked-drop-in-juvenileprison-populations-as-reforms-take-hold/.

189