Response to Terms of Clearance on Citizenship collection

MEMORANDUM TO: Robert Sivinski

Office of Statistical and Science Policy

Office of Management and Budget

THROUGH: Melody Braswell, Clearance Officer, Justice Management Division

Jeffrey H. Anderson, Director, BJS

E. Ann Carson, Acting Unit Chief, Corrections Unit, BJS

FROM: Danielle Kaeble, Statistician, BJS

SUBJECT: Summary of NCRP citizenship and country of birth data received for 2018 collection to date (OMB Number 1121-0065) - Addresses Terms of Clearance

BJS added three variables to the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) for the 2018 data collection year: a U.S. citizen Yes/No flag, country of citizenship, and country of birth. This memo summarizes the data received and processed as of September 1, 2019.

In early 2018, Abt conducted a survey of NCRP data providers on citizenship and country of birth data to determine whether NCRP data providers have offender-level data on citizenship status, country of citizenship and country of birth data and what the sources of those data were. The survey did not attempt to determine the percentage of offenders whose citizenship status is validated or not-validated (and based only on self-reports), but the survey found that no state attempts to validate citizenship or country of birth for all offenders. Therefore, an unknown percentage of offenders’ citizenship status is based on self-reported information. As an example of how self-reported citizenship information is obtained at the time the survey was conducted, in one large state correctional officers ask offenders at intake where they were born. If they say the United States, the offender is assumed to be a U.S. citizen. If an offender says they were not born in the U.S., the correctional officer asks the offender what country they are a citizen of.

Summary Findings

• 28 states included at least one of the three new variables in their 2018 submission; 13 did not include any of the new variables in their submission; and 9 had either not yet submitted 2018 data or their submitted data had not yet been processed.

• The 28 states that included at least one of the three new variables in their 2018 submission accounted for 65.9% of all 2017 NCRP admission records and 64.9% of all 2017 NCRP year-end custody records. The 13 states that did not include any of the new variables in their 2018 submission accounted for 18.9% of all 2017 NCRP admission records and 14.2% of all 2017 NCRP year-end custody records.

• No state declined to participate in NCRP because the new variables were added.

• Compared to other offender demographic variables (education level, prior military service, Social Security Number, and last known address), U.S. citizenship status was included in the submissions of fewer states but – if included in the submission – had a higher percentage of non-missing values.

Number of States Submitting Data

BJS asked states to include the two citizenship and place of birth variables in three different files for calendar year 2018: prison admissions (Part A), year-end prison custody (Part D), and entries to post-confinement community supervision (Part E). Table 1 shows the number of states that included each of the three new variables in each of the three parts. In total, 28 states included at least one of the new variables in their 2018 submission.

Table 1: NCRP submission status by variable and part, 2018

Variable / Part	Included in state’s NCRP Submission	Not included in state’s NCRP Submission	State has not yet submitted 2018 NCRP data or submitted data has not been processed
U.S. Citizen Y/N Flag / Part A	20	21	9
U.S. Citizen Y/N Flag / Part D	17	24	9
U.S. Citizen Y/N Flag / Part E	15	26	9
Country of Citizenship / Part A	14	27	9
Country of Citizenship / Part D	14	27	9
Country of Citizenship / Part E	11	30	9
Country of Birth / Part A	21	20	9
Country of Birth / Part D	22	19	9
Country of Birth / Part E	17	24	9

Citizenship Status Tabulations

Below are the distributions of offender citizenship status (U.S. citizen, non-U.S. citizen, or missing) reported by states for 2018 prison admissions (Table 2), the year-end 2018 prison custody population (Table 3), and offenders entering post-confinement community supervision in 2018 (Table 4). Citizenship status is derived from both the Y/N flag variable and the country of citizenship variable. For example, if a state reported an offender’s country of citizenship but not the Yes/No flag, citizenship status was based on the country of citizenship variable. If a state reported both citizenship variables but they were in conflict (e.g., the Yes/No flag was “no” but the country of citizenship was “United States”), citizenship status was based on the country of citizenship variable.

The percent of admission records with a missing citizenship status ranged from 0.0% in six states to 23.3% in Pennsylvania. Of the six states with no missing data, the percent of offenders admitted in 2018 who were non-U.S. citizens ranged from 0.6% in Montana to 5.3% in Arizona.

Table 2: Prison admissions by citizenship status, 2018¹

State	Total	U.S. Citizen		Non-U.S. Citizen		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	18,178	17,223	94.7%	955	5.3%	-	0.0%
Arkansas	13,083	12,983	99.2%	41	0.3%	59	0.5%
Colorado	10,173	9,703	95.4%	353	3.5%	117	1.2%
Florida	30,290	28,994	95.7%	1,177	3.9%	119	0.4%
Georgia	18,340	14,767	80.5%	272	1.5%	3,301	18.0%
Hawaii	804	732	91.0%	11	1.4%	61	7.6%
Illinois	21,759	20,702	95.1%	430	2.0%	627	2.9%
Indiana	12,399	12,093	97.5%	110	0.9%	196	1.6%
Iowa	8,988	8,904	99.1%	64	0.7%	20	0.2%
Kentucky	20,295	19,991	98.5%	57	0.3%	247	1.2%
Maryland	7,609	7,294	95.9%	185	2.4%	130	1.7%
Mississippi	8,347	8,233	98.6%	114	1.4%	-	0.0%
Montana	1,382	1,374	99.4%	8	0.6%	-	0.0%
Nebraska	2,534	2,442	96.4%	92	3.6%	-	0.0%
Nevada	6,011	5,549	92.3%	404	6.7%	58	1.0%
Ohio	20,595	20,401	99.1%	142	0.7%	52	0.3%
Oklahoma	10,081	9,930	98.5%	151	1.5%	-	0.0%
Pennsylvania	21,978	16,792	76.4%	66	0.3%	5,120	23.3%
South Carolina	7,227	7,147	98.9%	80	1.1%	-	0.0%
South Dakota	2,796	2,734	97.8%	59	2.1%	3	0.1%
Texas	80,112	63,167	78.8%	3,052	3.8%	13,893	17.3%
Utah	3,731	3,652	97.9%	75	2.0%	4	0.1%
Wyoming	1,069	1,039	97.2%	26	2.4%	4	0.4%

The percent of year-end custody records with a missing citizenship status ranged from 0.0% in six states to 18.3% in Georgia. Of the six states with no missing data, the percent of offenders in custody at year-end 2018 who were non-U.S. citizens ranged from 0.8% in Arkansas and Montana to 8.3% in Arizona.

Table 3: Year-end prison population by citizenship status, 2018²

State	Total	U.S. Citizen		Non-U.S. Citizen		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	41,074	37,649	91.7%	3,425	8.3%	-	0.0%
Arkansas	16,060	15,930	99.2%	129	0.8%	1	0.0%
Colorado	20,263	18,932	93.4%	1,227	6.1%	104	0.5%
Connecticut	9,272	8,811	95.0%	265	2.9%	196	2.1%
Florida	95,534	89,645	93.8%	5,639	5.9%	250	0.3%
Georgia	53,673	42,708	79.6%	1,162	2.2%	9,803	18.3%
Hawaii	3,357	2,986	88.9%	116	3.5%	255	7.6%
Illinois	39,800	37,094	93.2%	1,494	3.8%	1,212	3.0%
Indiana	27,303	26,518	97.1%	547	2.0%	238	0.9%
Iowa	9,925	9,730	98.0%	175	1.8%	20	0.2%
Kansas	10,029	9,690	96.6%	336	3.4%	3	0.0%
Kentucky	23,405	23,023	98.4%	146	0.6%	236	1.0%
Maryland	18,317	17,498	95.5%	656	3.6%	163	0.9%
Mississippi	19,201	18,480	96.2%	720	3.7%	1	0.0%
Montana	2,732	2,711	99.2%	21	0.8%	-	0.0%
Nevada	13,501	12,151	90.0%	1,230	9.1%	120	0.9%
Ohio	51,393	49,150	95.6%	489	1.0%	1,754	3.4%
Pennsylvania	49,274	45,900	93.2%	284	0.6%	3,090	6.3%
South Carolina	18,899	18,467	97.7%	420	2.2%	12	0.1%
South Dakota	3,812	3,729	97.8%	82	2.2%	1	0.0%
Texas	148,169	135,904	91.7%	10,100	6.8%	2,165	1.5%
Wyoming	2,541	2,468	97.1%	62	2.4%	11	0.4%

The percent of records of entries to post-confinement community supervision (PCCS) with a missing citizenship status ranged from 0.0% in eight states to 21.7% in Massachusetts. Of the eight states with no missing data, the percent of offenders entering PCCS who were non-U.S. citizens ranged from 0.0% in Montana to 9.2% in Arizona.

Table 4: Released offenders entering PCCS by citizenship status, 2018³

State	Total	U.S. Citizen		Non-U.S. Citizen		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	11,286	10,243	90.8%	1,043	9.2%	-	0.0%
Arkansas	10,783	10,746	99.7%	37	0.3%	-	0.0%
Colorado	8,701	8,033	92.3%	436	5.0%	232	2.7%
Georgia	8,919	7,516	84.3%	14	0.2%	1,389	15.6%
Hawaii	710	645	90.8%	16	2.3%	49	6.9%
Illinois	20,222	19,039	94.1%	470	2.3%	713	3.5%
Iowa	3,289	3,270	99.4%	19	0.6%	-	0.0%
Kansas	5,625	5,528	98.3%	77	1.4%	20	0.4%
Kentucky	13,889	13,732	98.9%	40	0.3%	117	0.8%
Massachusetts	539	416	77.2%	6	1.1%	117	21.7%
Mississippi	7,141	7,029	98.4%	112	1.6%	-	0.0%
Montana	2,358	2,356	99.9%	1	0.0%	1	0.0%
Oklahoma	7,928	7,821	98.7%	107	1.3%	-	0.0%
South Carolina	4,513	4,173	92.5%	1	0.0%	339	7.5%
South Dakota	2,049	2,022	98.7%	26	1.3%	1	0.0%
Utah	2,875	2,801	97.4%	74	2.6%	-	0.0%
Wyoming	780	761	97.6%	16	2.1%	3	0.4%

Country of Birth Tabulations

Below are the distributions of the country of birth (U.S., non-U.S., or missing) reported by states in their 2018 prison admissions (Table 5), the 2018 year-end prison custody population (Table 6), and for offenders entering post-confinement community supervision in 2018 (Table 7).

The percent of admission records with a missing country of birth ranged from 0.0% in three states to 66.0% in Mississippi (Table 5). Of the three states with no missing data, the percent of offenders admitted to prison who were not born in the U.S. ranged from 0.8% in Kentucky to 8.4% in Nevada.

Table 5: Prison admissions by country of birth, 2018⁴

State	Total	U.S.		Non-U.S.		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	18,178	16,880	92.9%	1,266	7.0%	32	0.2%
Arkansas	13,083	12,943	98.9%	129	1.0%	11	0.1%
Colorado	10,173	9,581	94.2%	454	4.5%	138	1.4%
Florida	30,290	28,662	94.6%	1,592	5.3%	36	0.1%
Georgia	18,340	15,491	84.5%	519	2.8%	2,330	12.7%
Hawaii	804	697	86.7%	25	3.1%	82	10.2%
Illinois	21,759	21,041	96.7%	621	2.9%	97	0.4%
Indiana	12,399	11,995	96.7%	195	1.6%	209	1.7%
Iowa	8,988	8,788	97.8%	197	2.2%	3	0.0%
Kentucky	20,295	20,121	99.1%	170	0.8%	4	0.0%
Maryland	7,609	7,240	95.2%	226	3.0%	143	1.9%
Mississippi	8,347	2,831	33.9%	6	0.1%	5,510	66.0%
Missouri	18,116	17,906	98.8%	200	1.1%	10	0.1%
Montana	1,382	1,365	98.8%	11	0.8%	6	0.4%
Nevada	6,011	5,508	91.6%	502	8.4%	1	0.0%
North Carolina	20,329	19,764	97.2%	435	2.1%	130	0.6%
Oklahoma	10,081	9,779	97.0%	273	2.7%	29	0.3%
Pennsylvania	21,978	20,924	95.2%	203	0.9%	851	3.9%
South Carolina	7,227	7,103	98.3%	118	1.6%	6	0.1%
South Dakota	2,796	2,672	95.6%	65	2.3%	59	2.1%
Texas	80,112	70,250	87.7%	3,874	4.8%	5,988	7.5%

The percent of year-end custody records with a missing country of birth ranged from 0.0% in two states to 55.5% in Mississippi (Table 6). Of the two states with no missing data, the percent of offenders in the 2018 year-end custody population who were not born in the U.S. ranged from 1.3% in Kentucky to 3.3% in Iowa.

Table 6: Year-end prison population by country of birth, 2018⁵

State	Total	U.S.		Non-U.S.		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	41,074	36,795	89.6%	4,174	10.2%	105	0.3%
Arkansas	16,060	15,702	97.8%	311	1.9%	47	0.3%
Colorado	20,263	18,679	92.2%	1,384	6.8%	200	1.0%
Connecticut	9,272	8,656	93.4%	592	6.4%	24	0.3%
Florida	95,534	88,061	92.2%	7,290	7.6%	183	0.2%
Georgia	53,673	44,778	83.4%	2,049	3.8%	6,846	12.8%
Hawaii	3,357	2,846	84.8%	189	5.6%	322	9.6%
Illinois	39,800	37,675	94.7%	2,008	5.0%	117	0.3%
Indiana	27,303	26,279	96.2%	759	2.8%	265	1.0%
Iowa	9,925	9,593	96.7%	331	3.3%	1	0.0%
Kansas	10,029	9,518	94.9%	454	4.5%	57	0.6%
Kentucky	23,405	23,090	98.7%	312	1.3%	3	0.0%
Maryland	18,317	17,329	94.6%	805	4.4%	183	1.0%
Mississippi	19,201	8,518	44.4%	18	0.1%	10,665	55.5%
Missouri	30,369	29,880	98.4%	464	1.5%	25	0.1%
Montana	2,732	2,682	98.2%	23	0.8%	27	1.0%
Nebraska	5,228	4,751	90.9%	420	8.0%	57	1.1%
Nevada	13,501	12,000	88.9%	1,480	11.0%	21	0.2%
North Carolina	35,123	33,415	95.1%	1,607	4.6%	101	0.3%
Pennsylvania	49,274	47,675	96.8%	655	1.3%	944	1.9%
South Dakota	3,812	3,652	95.8%	102	2.7%	58	1.5%
Texas	148,169	135,324	91.3%	11,345	7.7%	1,500	1.0%

The percent of records of entries to post-confinement community supervision (PCCS) with a missing country of birth ranged from 0.0% in two states to 60.3% in Massachusetts (Table 7). Of the two states with no missing data, the percent of offenders entering PCCS who were not born in the U.S. ranged from 0.8% in Kentucky to 1.9% in Iowa.

Table 7: Released offenders entering PCCS by country of birth, 2018⁶

State	Total	U.S.		Non-U.S.		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	11,286	10,031	88.9%	1,227	10.9%	28	0.2%
Arkansas	10,783	10,646	98.7%	131	1.2%	6	0.1%
Colorado	8,701	7,954	91.4%	490	5.6%	257	3.0%
Georgia	8,919	7,864	88.2%	92	1.0%	963	10.8%
Hawaii	710	614	86.5%	32	4.5%	64	9.0%
Illinois	20,222	19,449	96.2%	710	3.5%	63	0.3%
Iowa	3,289	3,224	98.0%	64	1.9%	1	0.0%
Kansas	5,625	5,195	92.4%	136	2.4%	294	5.2%
Kentucky	13,889	13,778	99.2%	109	0.8%	2	0.0%
Massachusetts	539	481	89.2%	42	7.8%	16	3.0%
Mississippi	7,141	2,828	39.6%	6	0.1%	4,307	60.3%
Missouri	20,274	20,051	98.9%	212	1.0%	11	0.1%
Montana	2,358	2,327	98.7%	8	0.3%	23	1.0%
North Carolina	13,295	12,777	96.1%	336	2.5%	182	1.4%
Oklahoma	7,928	7,677	96.8%	216	2.7%	35	0.4%
South Carolina	4,513	4,296	95.2%	45	1.0%	172	3.8%
South Dakota	2,049	1,978	96.5%	37	1.8%	34	1.7%

Reliability Indicators: NPS and NCRP Comparison

Table 8 compares the percentage of non-U.S. citizens reported on the 2018 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) survey and the year-end 2018 NCRP custody records.⁷ Table 8 also shows for comparison purposes the estimated percentage of non-U.S. citizens in the general (incarcerated and non-incarcerated) population.

The percent of non-U.S. citizens in custody at year-end 2018 reported in the NPS and in NCRP differed by one percentage point or less in 16 of the 22 states that included citizenship status in their 2018 Part D NCRP reports. Possible explanations for significant differences in the other states are in table footnotes.

Table 8: Percent non-U.S. citizens, by state and data source

State	2018 year-end prison population (NCRP)8	2018 year-end prison population (NPS)9	General population (U.S. Census)10
Arizona	8.3%	8.2%	8.0%
Arkansas	0.8%	1.8%	3.0%
Colorado	6.1%	7.3%	6.0%
Connecticut	2.9%	2.7%	7.0%
Florida	5.9%	6.0%	9.0%
Georgia11	2.6%	5.0%	6.0%
Hawaii12	3.7%	7.3%	7.0%
Illinois	3.9%	3.7%	7.0%
Indiana	2.0%	1.8%	3.0%
Iowa	1.8%	2.1%	3.0%
Kansas	3.4%	3.4%	4.0%
Kentucky	0.6%	1.2%	2.0%
Maryland	3.6%	3.5%	8.0%
Mississippi13	3.8%	0.1%	1.0%
Montana	0.8%	0.3%	1.0%
Nevada	9.2%	9.1%	10.0%
Ohio	1.0%	1.0%	2.0%
Pennsylvania14	0.6%	6.6%	3.0%
South Carolina	2.2%	2.3%	3.0%
South Dakota	2.2%	2.1%	2.0%
Texas15	6.9%	5.8%	11.0%
Wyoming	2.5%	2.3%	2.0%

Reliability Indicators: Country of Birth as a Proxy for Citizenship

The NCRP country of birth variable provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between an offender’s country of citizenship and country of birth. Table 9 shows the citizenship status of offenders who were not born in the U.S in the 2018 year-end population. In Florida, for example, there were 7,290 offenders in custody at year-end 2018 who were not born in the U.S. Of these, 1,627 (22.3%) were U.S. citizens, 5,520 (75.7%) were non-U.S. citizens, and 143 (2.0%) had an unknown citizenship status.

The percent of year-end custody records for non-U.S. born offenders with a missing citizenship status ranged from 0.0% in eight states to 25.7% in Georgia. Of the eight states with no missing data, the percent of non-U.S. born offenders in the 2018 year-end custody population who were U.S. citizens ranged from 16.7% in Colorado to 60.1% in Arkansas.

Table 9: Year-end non-U.S. born prison population by citizenship status, 2018¹⁶

State	Total	U.S. Citizens		Non-U.S. Citizens		Missing
		Number	Percent	Number	Percent	Number	Percent
Arizona	4,174	761	18.2%	3,413	81.8%	-	0.0%
Arkansas	311	187	60.1%	124	39.9%	-	0.0%
Colorado	1,384	231	16.7%	1,153	83.3%	-	0.0%
Connecticut	592	264	44.6%	260	43.9%	68	11.5%
Florida	7,290	1,627	22.3%	5,520	75.7%	143	2.0%
Georgia	2,049	440	21.5%	1,083	52.9%	526	25.7%
Hawaii	189	80	42.3%	109	57.7%	-	0.0%
Illinois	2,008	460	22.9%	1,443	71.9%	105	5.2%
Indiana	759	214	28.2%	545	71.8%	-	0.0%
Iowa	331	155	46.8%	167	50.5%	9	2.7%
Kansas	454	122	26.9%	332	73.1%	-	0.0%
Kentucky	312	163	52.2%	133	42.6%	16	5.1%
Maryland	805	196	24.3%	576	71.6%	33	4.1%
Montana	23	10	43.5%	13	56.5%	-	0.0%
Nevada	1,480	347	23.4%	1,117	75.5%	16	1.1%
Pennsylvania	655	311	47.5%	266	40.6%	78	11.9%
South Dakota	102	27	26.5%	75	73.5%	-	0.0%
Texas	11,345	1,361	12.0%	9,949	87.7%	35	0.3%

Reliability Indicators: Missingness Compared to Other NCRP Variables

As shown in Tables 2 and 3, 23 of 41 states submitting 2018 NCRP data included citizenship data in their Part A (prison admission) records, and 22 of 41 states included citizenship data in their Part D (year-end custody) records. Across all the states that included citizenship data in their submissions, 93.1% of Part A records and 97.1% of Part D records had a non-missing (either U.S. Citizen or non-U.S. Citizen) value. That is, only about half the states are reporting the citizenship variables but those states that report have a high percentage of non-missing values in those variables.

The 2018 NCRP OMB package included the number of states reporting each NCRP variable in 2016 and the percentage of records with non-missing values. The core offender demographic records (name, date of birth, sex, and race) are reported by nearly all states and are rarely missing.¹⁷ Non-core demographic variables (education level, prior military service, Social Security Number, and last known address) had lower non-missing rates (i.e., more missing data). As shown in Table 10, the citizenship variable was reported by fewer states than non-core variables but had a higher non-missing percentage.

Table 10: Missingness in Non-Core Offender Demographic Variables

Variable / Year	Part A Records		Part D Records
	Number of states reporting variable / Total number of reporting states	Percentage of records with non-missing values	Number of states reporting variable / Total number of reporting states	Percentage of records with non-missing values
Citizenship / 2018	23/41	93.1%	22/41	97.1%
Education / 2016	32/44	83.5%	34/46	87.6%
Prior Military Service / 2016	33/44	64.0%	35/46	68.0%
Social Security Number / 2016	34/44	87.6%	34/46	89.0%
Last known address / 2016	23/44	87.4%	N/A	N/A

1 Includes data from 23 states that reported either the Y/N flag or the country of citizenship in the Part A records. Not shown are the 18 states that did not report either variable in the Part A records and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

2 Includes data from 22 states that reported either the Y/N flag or the country of citizenship in the Part D records. Not shown are the 19 states that did not report either variable in the Part D records and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

3 Includes data from 17 states that reported either the Y/N flag or the country of citizenship in the Part E records. Not shown are the 24 states that did not report either variable in the Part E records and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

4 Includes data from 21 states that reported the country of birth in the Part A records. Not shown are the 20 states that did not report either variable in the Part A records and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

5 Includes data from 22 states that reported the country of birth in the Part D records. Not shown are the 19 states that did not report either variable in the Part D records and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

6 Includes data from 17 states that reported the country of birth in the Part E records. Not shown are the 24 states that did not report either variable in the Part E records and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

7 NPS and NCRP totals can differ for several reasons, including definitional differences between the two collections; states compiling the data at different times of the year; and the different methodologies employed.

8 The NCRP percent non-U.S. citizen is from Exhibit 3, ignoring missing data. That is, we assume the distribution of the citizenship status of offenders with a missing citizenship status is the same as the distribution of those with a reported citizenship status.

9 The NPS percent non-U.S. citizen is Q12d (number of non-citizens in custody and held in private prisons) divided by the sum of Q1d (total custody population) and Q3 (private prison population, both in-state and out-of-state).

10 Kaiser Family Foundation analysis of U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS): https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/distribution-by-citizenship-status/.

11 Georgia has a high missing percentage in the NCRP Part D citizenship variable (18.3%).

12 In the NPS, 60% of Hawaii’s non-citizens were unsentenced offenders. Hawaii’s NCRP submission does not include unsentenced offenders.

13 Discrepancy to be investigated with the state.

14 Pennsylvania’s NPS non-citizen count included offenders with an unknown place of birth.

15 One contributing factor to the difference in Texas could be that local jail populations are included in Texas’s NCRP submission, but not in the NPS non-citizen count.

16 Includes data from 17 states that reported both country of birth and citizenship status in the Part D records. Not shown are the 24 states that did not report both of these variables in their submission and the 9 states that haven’t yet reported 2018 NCRP data or had their 2018 data processed yet.

17 For example, 44 of 44 reporting states included date of birth in their admission records and 100.0% of the records had non-missing values. 45 of 46 reporting states included race in their year-end custody records and 97.6% had non-missing values.