Health Management on US Feedlots Phase 2 Manual

NAHMS
Health Management on
U.S. Feedlots 2020
Phase 2 Questionnaire Manual

By H2O - own picture/copied from en:Image:Feedlot-1.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=931624

1

PHASE 2 QUESTIONNAIRE MANUAL SECTIONS
Section 1. Study Overview
• Study Description…………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
• Launch Sheet…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………..…4
• Study Schedule…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..6
• NAHMS Contacts…………………………………………………………………….……………………………....6
Section 2. VS Visit
• Before the Visit…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..7
• Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Phase 2 Questionnaire Information….….7
• Study Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
• Preparation for the Interview……………………………………………………………………………….....9
• Phone Script for Contacting the Producer………………………………………………………….…..10
• Materials to Bring for the VS Visit…………………………………………………………………………..11
• Confidentiality Pledge Instructions…………………………………………………………………………11
• Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Confidentiality Pledge …………………....…12
• California VS Informed Consent Instructions………………………………………………………..…13
• California VS Informed Consent Form ……………………………………………………………………14
• Study Participant Survey Instructions……………………………………………………………………..15
• Study Participant Survey…………………………………………………………………………………………16
Section 3. Phase 2 Questionnaire and Guide
• Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Phase 2 Questionnaire……………………... 18
• Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Phase 2 Questionnaire Guide………….….37
o Initial Information……………………………………………………………………………….…………...37
o General Instructions………………………………………………………………………………………...38
o Section A. Cattle Health and Health Practices…………………………………………………..39
o Selection B. Antibiotic Use…………………………………………………………………………….…49
o Section C. Nutrition…………………………………………………………………………………….…...55
o Section D. Biosecurity………………………………………………………………………………….…...57
o Section E. Office Use Only………………………………………………………………………….……..59
Section 5. Specific Instructions for Electronic Version
o Electronic Instructions………………………………………………………………………………………61
Section 6. Reference Cards
• Paperwork Reduction Act……………………………………………………………………………………….62
• Vaccine Examples………………………………………………………………………………….……………….63
• Disease Conditions Other Than BRD……………………………………………………………………….64
• Antibiotics Given via Injection or Bolus…………………………………………………………………..65
• Antibiotics Given via Feed or Water……………………………………………………………………....66
Section 7. Glossary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..67
2

SECTION 1. STUDY OVERVIEW
STUDY DESCRIPTION
Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 is a 2-phase national study that will be conducted in 22 key cattleproducing States. The States included in both the large capacity (≥1000 head) and small capacity (50-999
head) parts of the study are CA, CO, ID, IL, IA, KS, MN, MO, ND, NE, SD, TX, and WY. The States included only
in the large capacity part of the study are MT, OK, UT, and WA. The States included only in the small capacity
part of the study are IN, MI, OH, PA, and WI. The Phase 1 Questionnaire will be administered by the National
Agricultural Statistics Service and focus on cattle inventory, sourcing, housing, antibiotic stewardship, use of
veterinarians, and preparedness for the revised Veterinary Feed Directive. The Phase 2 Questionnaire will be
administered by USDA Veterinary Medical Officers and Animal Health Technicians and selected State
veterinary personnel to Phase 1 participants that elect to continue in the study. The Phase 2 Questionnaire
goes into more depth on preconditioning and backgrounding of cattle, processing and health management at
the feedlot, disease conditions, antibiotic use, nutrition, and biosecurity. This study will not include any
collection of biologic samples from cattle.
This collection of data will support the following objectives:
1. Describe health management practices on U.S. feedlots with 50 or more head.
2. Estimate the prevalence of important feedlot cattle diseases.
3. Describe antibiotic use and stewardship on U.S. feedlots.
4. Describe Producers’ overall preparedness for changes to the Veterinary Feed
Directive.
5. Describe trends in feedlot cattle health management practices and important feedlot cattle
diseases.

3

4

5

STUDY SCHEDULE (TENTATIVE)
Study Process

Date

NASS Data Collection (Phase 1 Questionnaire) September 28, 2020 to November 20, 2020
In-Person Coordinator/Field Training

January 12-13, 2021

NASS consent form and participant turnover
*NAHMS Coordinators will sign an ADM-043
and a Representative Agreement with NASS
during a face to face meeting

January 15, 2021

VMO Data Collection (Phase 2 Questionnaire) February 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021

NAHMS CONTACTS
Name

Title

Phone Number

E-mail

Dr. Amy Delgado

NAHMS Director

(970) 494-7301

[email protected]

Dr. Chelsey
Shivley

Study Lead; Veterinary
Epidemiologist

(970) 494-7454

[email protected]

Ms. Lynn EllistonGittings

Field Liaison

(970) 494-7323

[email protected]

NAHMS E-MAIL
[email protected]

NAHMS MAILING ADDRESS

USDA:APHIS:VS:NAHMS
2150 Centre Avenue Bldg. B, Mail Stop 2E7
Fort Collins, CO 80526
Please send questionnaires, by UPS, to the attention of Lynn Elliston-Gittings. Please ensure that your
shipments have a tracking number.

6

SECTION 2. THE VETERINARY SERVICES VISIT
BEFORE THE VISIT

This section covers several topics regarding the VS field visit. It is important to thoroughly review this material
before you make the initial call to the Producer. You should read through the Launch Sheet and Timeline
(Section 1) to familiarize yourself with the NAHMS Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Study. Also,
please look through the Phase 2 Questionnaire and the Phase 2 Questionnaire Guide (Section 3) so that you
can give them an idea of the types of questions we will be asking.
• Coordinators will meet with NASS Regional Field Officers by January 15, 2021, to sign an ADM-043
form and a NASS Representative Agreement. During this in-person visit, the coordinators will
receive the consent forms from Producers that agreed to be contacted to learn more about the VS
phase.
• VS Veterinary Medical Officers (VMOs) and Animal Health Technicians (AHTs) should meet with
NAHMS coordinators to sign the ADM-043 form and receive contact information for the assigned
operations.

HEALTH MANAGEMENT ON U.S. FEEDLOTS 2020 PHASE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE
INFORMATION

The data from the Phase 1 Questionnaire completed by the NASS enumerators will be collected September 28
to November 20, 2020. The paper consent forms for the Producers who agreed to have their names turned
over (turnover data) to VS (and who you will be contacting) is scheduled to given to the NAHMS Health
Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 NAHMS Coordinators by January 15, 2021.
NAHMS is a recognized statistical unit by the Office of Management and Budget. All information acquired for
the NAHMS Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 study will be used for statistical purposes only and will
be treated as confidential in accordance with the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency
Act (CIPSEA). Only summary estimates based on the inference population will be reported. Data collected
under CIPSEA are protected from Freedom of Information requests.
CIPSEA allows agents to collect data that are limited to statistical use only. All information collected during the
NAHMS Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 study is protected from disclosure in identifiable form (i.e.,
the identity of the Respondent will not be disclosed). All identifiable information must be secured when not in
use. All publications will use statistical aggregates and must clear a disclosure review process prior to
distribution. No individual-level responses will be published.
Please note that the protection provided by CIPSEA only applies to this feedlot health study. Activities initiated
by the Producer unrelated to this feedlot health study, such as testing for movement or sale, may cause
unrelated regulatory action.
To meet confidentiality requirements, NASS must obtain the Producer’s written permission to release the
Producer’s name, address, telephone number, email address, and contact notes to APHIS personnel. Signing
the consent form does not obligate the Producer to participate in the rest of the study. Respondents do not
need to make a decision about participating in Phase 2 (VS phase) of the study until the time of the visit by the
7

VS data collector. The VS data collector will explain the purpose and scope of the Phase 2 Questionnaire at the
beginning of their visit. Some Producers may need encouragement from you to participate in the VS phase.
One way you can encourage participation is by discussing the benefits of the study to the feedlot industry,
found in the Launch Sheet and the Promotional Video. It is important to promote the study when you speak to
Producers as they may not intuitively recognize the benefits of the study to the industry.

STUDY MATERIALS

You will receive the following materials from your NAHMS coordinator:
•

•
•
•

•

•

Producer Education Packet
The materials in this packet will provide the Producer with general information about this study
along with other useful information related to the feedlot industry and feedlot cattle health. We
encourage you to go through the packet with the Producer during your visit.
Confidentiality Pledge
The Confidentiality Pledge is the contract between APHIS and the Producer. The Confidentiality
Pledge must be filled out completely and signed before any operation information is obtained.
Phase 2 Questionnaire
The Phase 2 Questionnaire (see Section 3) will be administered during the visit by VS or State
representatives between February 1 and March 31, 2021.
VS Reference Cards
Reference cards contain pertinent information to help the Producer answer questions about
vaccinations, disease conditions, and antibiotic use. The VS data collector will have copies of the
reference cards, and they will also be attached to the Phase 2 Questionnaire.
Informed Consent for Feedlots in the State of California
Only for operations in California
This is a paper form that the VS data collector will administer to California producers to obtain
consent to release California state level aggregate data obtained from the Phase 2 questionnaire to
the California Department of Food and Agriculture for the purposes of fulfilling California Food and
Agricultural Codes 13300-14408.
Study Participant Survey
A paper form provided by the VS data collector to participants who complete Phase 2 to provide
feedback on the study. Participants who choose to complete this questionnaire will return to APHIS
using a stamped business reply envelope.

8

PREPARATION FOR THE INTERVIEW
Review the Launch Sheet, Timeline, Promotional Video, and Questionnaire
Familiarize yourself with the Launch Sheet (pages 4-5) and Study Schedule (page 6), the Promotional Video
(follow link on NAHMS website), and the Phase 2 Questionnaire in Section 3.
Contact the Producer
Call the Producer and introduce yourself. Using the phone script below (Page 10), explain that their name and
contact information was provided to you by NASS per their request during Phase 1 of the NAHMS Health
Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 study, and you are contacting them to provide information about
participation in Phase 2. Please fill out the “Contact Attempt History” found in Section E (Office Use Only) of
the Phase 2 Questionnaire.
It is important to administer the questionnaire to the person that is most knowledgeable about the operation.
This person needs to have the authority to participate in the study and will need to sign the Confidentiality
Pledge.
Make an appointment to complete the interview. Confirm the directions to the site, and then explain what will
be covered and how lot it will take (about 1 hour to review the program and complete the Phase 2
Questionnaire). Let the Producer know that it will be helpful to have production records available during the
interview in order to answer some of the questions. You may email the questionnaire to the Producer prior to
the visit (additional information will be provided about confidentiality rules for emailing Producers in training)
so that they will be able to answer the questionnaire more easily during your in-person interview. The
questionnaire will also be available to the Producer on the public-facing NAHMS website:
(https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/monitoring-and-surveillance/nahms).
It may be useful to provide the Producer with your name, phone number, and e-mail when you speak for the
first time. This will allow the Producer to contact you with any questions or concerns prior to or after the
interview.

9

PHONE SCRIPT FOR CONTACTING THE PRODUCER
Hello, I am (your name and position). I am calling about the NAHMS Health Management on
U.S. Feedlots 2020 study. Do you have a few minutes to talk now, or is there a better time
for me to call back?
(If they say now is an OK time to talk, continue)
Thank you very much for participating in Phase 1 of this study in (month when NASS consent
form was signed). The data that you provided will be very useful to the national feedlot
industry. The National Agricultural Statistics Services representative, (name of NASS
representative if available), who worked with you on that first questionnaire let us know
that you indicated you may be interested in participating in Phase 2 of the study. Phase 2
consists of completing another questionnaire that gathers additional information about
health management of cattle on feedlots in the U.S. Do you have any questions about Phase
2 that I can answer today?
(Answer any questions they have about Phase 2)
If you are willing to participate in Phase 2, I would like to schedule a time to meet with you
to complete the questionnaire. I expect that it will take about an hour to fill out the
questionnaire. Are you interested in participating?
(If yes, continue. If no, thank them for their time and say good-bye).
When would you be available to meet? (Establish date and time of appointment). Where
would you like to meet? It is not necessary to meet on the site of your operation, and I am
happy to meet you wherever it is convenient for you. (Establish location and make sure you
have accurate directions).
Having cattle health records on hand about disease and treatments of disease will help to
make the process smoother. I can also send you a copy of the questionnaire ahead of time
so you can familiarize yourself with the types of questions that are asked, if you like. Are you
interested in receiving a copy of the questionnaire? (If yes) What would be the best way to
send it, by post or email? (Get appropriate addresses to which to send the questionnaire). If
necessary, you can always access the questionnaire on the NAHMS website.
Thank you very much for your willingness to participate in the study! It is much appreciated.
See you soon!

10

MATERIAL TO BRING TO THE VS VISIT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Phase 2 Manual
Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Producer Education Packet
Confidentiality Pledge
Phase 2 Questionnaire paper copy
Tablet (if doing electronic data collection)
Informed Consent for Feedlots in the State of California (if in California)
Study Participant Survey with stamped, addressed envelope
Calculator or a smart phone with a calculator app
Pens
Business cards

CONFIDENTIALITY PLEDGE

The NAHMS Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Confidentiality Pledge is the contract between APHIS
and the Producer. This form is designed to increase the participant’s understanding of the study focus,
highlight confidentiality safeguards, and explain participation requirements and benefits. After reviewing the
form with the participant, the VS data collector will sign it on behalf of APHIS. One copy of this agreement will
be left with the participant, one copy will be retained by the VS data collector, and one copy will be mailed to
NAHMS in Fort Collins, CO.
Confidentiality
The Confidentiality Pledge specifically states that data collected by NAHMS will be kept confidential and will
not be used for regulatory purposes. The exception to data confidentiality is the suspicion or diagnosis of a
dangerously contagious, infectious, or exotic disease foreign to the United States on the Producer’s premises,
such as foot and mouth disease.
Signatures
At the bottom of the form, the VS data collector signs and fills in the date on the appropriate
line.
•
•
•

One copy of the Confidentiality Pledge shall be kept by the VS data collector. Retain this
copy until notified by NAHMS staff to destroy it.
One copy of the Confidentiality Pledge should be mailed to your NAHMS coordinator.
One copy of the Confidentiality Pledge is left with the Producer.

11

12

INFORMED CONSENT FOR FEEDLOTS IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Only for operations in California

Once you have completed the Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Phase 2
Questionnaire, you will ask the Producer to sign the “California VS Informed Consent” form. The
“California VS Informed Consent” form provides written consent from the producer to release
California state level aggregate data obtained from the Phase 2 questionnaire to the California
Department of Food and Agriculture for the purposes of fulfilling California Food and
Agricultural Codes 13300-14408.
Review the form with the Producer and answer any questions he or she may have regarding the
California VS Informed Consent form.
Completing the California VS Informed Consent Form
Signature of USDA or California Department of Food and Agriculture Employee: The VS data
collector signs and dates in the appropriate boxes.
Signature of Producer or authorized representative: If the Producer consents, ask them to sign
the “California VS Informed Consent” form and date.
What to do with the California VS Informed Consent Form
Submit the signed California VS Informed Consent form to your Coordinator.

13

14

STUDY PARTICIPANT SURVEY

The Study Participant Survey will be left behind with producers who complete the Phase 2
questionnaire. This is an opportunity for producers to provide feedback about the study. The
responses are anonymous and will only be used for planning purposes.
Submitting the Completed Study Participant Survey
Participants who choose to complete the Study Participant Survey will return the completed
survey to NAHMS using a stamped business reply envelope (included with survey left with
producer at the conclusion of the interview).

15

16

17

SECTION 3. PHASE 2 QUESTIONNAIRE AND GUIDE
PHASE 2 QUESTIONNAIRE

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

PHASE 2 QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE
_______________________________________________________
INITIAL INFORMATION
State FIPS
Enter the 2-digit FIPS code for the state: CA-06, CO-08, IA-19, ID-16, IL-17, IN-18, KS-20, MI-26,
MN-27, MO-29, MT-30, ND-38, NE-31, OH-39, OK-40, PA-42, SD-46, TX-48, UT-49, WA-53, WI55, WY-56
Operation Number
Enter the 4-digit ID number assigned by NASS.
The 6-digit combination of the State FIPS Code and Operation numbers is referred to as the NAHMS
ID. For example 06 1167 would be a NAHMS ID for the State of California.
NASS will provide an EPAID ID (see example below) on the consent form. The EPAID ID will contain
3 extra zeroes between the STATE FIPS and the operation number. For example, 06 000 1167 is an
EPAID ID. Please ignore the 3 middle zeroes when you record the NAHMS ID.

EPAID Example:

37

Interviewer’s Initials
Enter up to three initials
Date
Enter the interview date in MM/DD/YY format
Time
Enter the time you arrived at the operation in HH:MM format using military time.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

During the administration of the Phase 2 Questionnaire, read all questions to the Producer and
follow instructions carefully. DO NOT LEAVE ANY QUESTIONS BLANK unless instructed to skip.
Questions left blank hinder data validation and analysis because it is not known if the question
was accidentally missed or if the Producer did not have an answer or refused to answer. We
may request that you re-contact the Producer if necessary for missing data or clarification.
NAHMS is a voluntary program. Reassure the Producer about the confidentiality of the data they
provide, but if they don’t want to answer a question, respect their wishes. Use the DA (Declines to
Answer) option, and move on to the next question.

Producers should provide information about cattle from the period between September 1,
2020, and August 31, 2021. We are interested in information about cattle and calves on feed
on this specific feedlot for the slaughter market regardless of ownership. In other words, if
there are cattle on the feedlot that are not owned by the Producer, DO provide information for
these cattle. If the Producer owns cattle that are being fed on another feedlot, DO NOT provide
information about these cattle. We only want information for cattle on the feedlot that will be
directly sent to slaughter. If there are cattle on the feedlot that are being “backgrounded” for
sale as feeders for later placement on feed on another feedlot or that will be returned to
pasture, DO NOT provide information for these cattle. Also, DO NOT provide information for
cows or bulls being fed for the slaughter market.
If the response is zero (0), enter the number 0; do not leave the response blank. If it is not
possible for the Producer to provide an accurate estimate, enter DK (Don’t Know). If the
Producer declines to answer, enter DA (Declines to Answer). There is a box at the end of the
questionnaire provided for clarification of atypical responses. Please enter issues with the
question there designated with the question section and number. We would rather have a
lengthy explanation for an unusual answer than no explanation at all. If an answer doesn’t
make sense and has no explanation, we may have to ask your Coordinator to ask you to explain
the answer, delaying data entry.

38

Some questions ask specifically for the percentage of cattle with certain characteristics (e.g.,
Section A, Question 14 & 15). For these questions, the Producer should attempt to provide an
accurate estimate of the percentage of cattle that fit the description. In many other questions
rating scales are used (e.g., Section A, Question 2; Question 6). This is intended to reduce
burden on the respondent and reflect the fact that the respondent is often only able to provide
an approximation without referring to records, which can be time-consuming. The scale is
specified in the question.
For None, Some, Most, All Scales:
None corresponds to 0% of the cattle
Some corresponds to 50% or less of the cattle
Most corresponds to 51% or more of the cattle
All corresponds to 100% of the cattle.

SECTION A: CATTLE HEALTH AND HEALTH PRACTICES
Question A1-A6: Preconditioning and Backgrounding
Question A1:
Indicate whether the specific breed and weight class of cattle at arrival (such as beef
breeds less than 400 lb at arrival) was placed on the feedlot. If so, then provide the
proportion of cattle for which reliable information about preconditioning and
backgrounding was known. Reliable information in this context is defined as
information that is trusted but not necessarily documented. In other words,
information can be defined as reliable without it necessarily being part of a certified
preconditioning program. Include cattle purchased by the Producer as well as cattle
that the Producer bred and raised themselves.
“None” indicates that reliable information about preconditioning and backgrounding
was available for 0% of the placed cattle, “Some” indicates that reliable information was
available for 50% or less of the placed cattle, “Most” indicates that reliable information
was available for 51% or more of the placed cattle, and “All” indicates that reliable
information was available for 100% of the placed cattle.
Question A2:
Indicate whether the Producer being interviewed bred and raised all cattle placed on feed
between September 1, 2019 and August 31, 2020. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK).
What if.…the Producer breeds and raises all their own cattle, but their feedlot is in a
different physical location than the place where the calves are born?
Answer “YES” to Question A2.
39

What if.…the Producer breeds and raises most of their cattle, but does purchase some
cattle from another local cow-calf operation to feed out?
Answer “NO” to Question A2.
Question A3:
Indicate the level of importance to the Producer of availability of reliable information on
preconditioning and backgrounding of purchased cattle: NOT IMPORTANT, SLIGHTLY
IMPORTANT, MODERATELY IMPORTANT, VERY IMPORTANT, or EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT. If it is NOT important to the Producer that reliable information about
preconditioning and backgrounding is available, then SKIP to Question A6.
Question A4:
This question will only be asked of Producers that believe it is either somewhat or very
important to have reliable information about backgrounding or preconditioning of
purchased cattle. Indicate whether these Producers are able to access all the reliable
information that they want. Answer YES or NO. If the answer is YES, they can access all
the information they want, then SKIP to Question A6.
Question A5:
Indicate important reasons why the Producer can’t access the reliable information
about preconditioning and backgrounding that they want. Answer YES or NO to each,
and write in an answer if there is another unstated reason that is important to the
Producer.
Question A6:
For this question, provide information about specific preconditioning or backgrounding
practices performed in all cattle placed on the feedlot. Provide information for cattle
for which any information about preconditioning and backgrounding is known.
Consider all placed cattle, including purchased cattle and cattle bred and raised by the
Producer. Provide the proportion of cattle on which the specified preconditioning and
backgrounding procedures were performed. “None” indicates that the specified
preconditioning and backgrounding procedure was performed on 0% of the placed
cattle, “Some” indicates that the specified procedure was performed on 50% or less of
the placed cattle, “Most” indicates that the specified procedure was performed on 51%
or more of the placed cattle, and “All” indicates that the specified procedure was
performed on 100% of the placed cattle. For Question A6.g, consider only bull calves
and/or bulls. For Question A6.h consider only non-polled cattle, that is cattle that would
normally naturally have horns. Write in “NA” (Not applicable) in margin if only naturally
polled cattle are placed on the feedlot.
40

Questions A7-A14: Initial Processing and Management at the Feedlot
Question A7:
This question asks about whether cattle are assessed for their risk for bovine respiratory
disease (BRD), classified according to their risk level (e.g., as high or low risk for BRD),
and then managed differently based on this risk assessment. Answer YES, NO, or Don’t
Know (DK). If the answer is NO or DK, then SKIP to Question A9.
Question A8:
Answer this question if the answer to Question A7 = YES. This question asks about
various characteristics and whether they are important in performing the risk
assessment described in Question A7. Answer NOT IMPORTANT, SLIGHTLY IMPORTANT,
MODERATELY IMPORTANT, VERY IMPORTANT, or EXTREMELY IMPORTANT for A8.a-n. If
there is another characteristic that the Producer thinks is important for risk assessment
that is not listed, please enter it into Question A8.o and specify its level of importance.
Question A9:
This question asks about whether or not cattle were processed as a group within 4
weeks of arrival at this feedlot. Processing is considered to include procedures such as
vaccinations, tagging, implants, deworming, mineral or vitamin supplementation,
castration, dehorning, and antibiotic administrations. Answer YES or NO. If NO, skip to
Question A13.
Question A10:
This question asks about the time frame when initial processing occurred. Indicate the
proportion of cattle that had initial group processing performed at each specific time
interval: 24 hours or less after arrival, 25 to 72 hours after arrival, 73 hours up to 2
weeks after arrival, 2 to 4 weeks after arrival, or never (not processed as a group at
placement). Do not include instances where cattle were noted to be ill on arrival and
pulled out individually for treatment.
“None” indicates 0% of the placed cattle had group processing performed at that time
interval, “Some” indicates 50% or less of the placed cattle had group processing
performed at that time interval, “Most” indicates that 51% or more of the placed cattle
had group processing performed at that time interval, and “All” indicates that 100% of
the placed cattle had group processing performed at that time interval.
Question A11:
This question asks about specific procedures performed at initial group processing. .
Indicate the proportion of ALL placed cattle that had each specific procedure performed
at initial processing. “None” indicates 0% of the placed cattle had the specific
procedure performed at initial processing, “Some” indicates 50% or less of the placed
41

cattle had the specific procedure performed, “Most” indicates that 51% or more of the
placed cattle had the specific procedure performed, and “All” indicates that 100% of the
placed cattle had the specific procedure performed. If the answer for the specific
procedure for all placed cattle is “Some” or “Most” then also answer by weight class at
arrival for the specific procedure. If the Producer doesn’t know the proportion of cattle
that had the specific procedure performed at initial processing, either for all cattle or by
weight class at arrival, enter “DK.” When we ask about procedures performed by
weight class in this questionnaire, we are using weight class as a general proxy for risk of
disease, in that younger, lighter cattle will likely be at more risk of disease than more
mature, heavier cattle.
Example:
A Producer vaccinates all their cattle against respiratory disease. Intranasal viral
respiratory vaccines are used on calves less than 400 lb at arrival, and injectable viral
respiratory vaccines are used on cattle 400 lb or greater at arrival. About 1/3 of the
Producer’s cattle are 400 lb or less at arrival, 1/3 are 400 to 699 lb at arrival, and 1/3 are
700 lb or greater at arrival.
Answer 4 (All) for A11.e - Vaccination against any respiratory disease in All Cattle (it is
not necessary to fill in the weights at arrival columns for this question because the
answer was 4 (All).
Answer 3 (Most) for A11.f – Injectable vaccination against viral respiratory disease for All
Cattle. Since the answer was not 1 (None) or 4 (All), answer by weight class. Answer 1
(None) for cattle <400 lb at arrival, 4 (All) for cattle 400-699 lb at arrival and 4 (All) for
cattle ≥ 700 lb at arrival.
Answer 2 (Some) for A11.g – Intranasal vaccination against viral respiratory disease for
All Cattle. Since the answer was not 1 (None) or 4 (All), answer by weight class. Answer
4 (All) for cattle <400 lb at arrival and 1 for other weight classes.
All
Cattle

Weights at arrival

Cattle
<400

Cattle
400-699

Cattle
≥700

1

4

4

4

1

1

Vaccinations
a. Vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)?
b. Vaccination against clostridial diseases (e.g.,
blackleg)?
c. Vaccination against tetanus specifically?
d. Vaccination against Moraxella (pinkeye)?
e. Vaccination against any respiratory diseases?

4

[If Question 11e = 0% for all, SKIP to Other Procedures 11i]
f. Injectable vaccination against viral respiratory
3
disease?
g. Intranasal vaccination against viral respiratory
2
disease?

42

See the Vaccine Reference Card for assistance in matching vaccines the Producer gave
with specific disease conditions.
Question A12:
This question asks about specific subgroups of cattle (heifers, bulls and bull calves, and
non-polled cattle).
For Question A12.a and b, consider only heifers when answering. These 2 sub-questions
ask for the proportion of heifers that had a pregnancy check at arrival, and for the
proportion of heifers that were administered an abortifacient at arrival. Pregnancy
checking refers to individual palpation by rectum to evaluate for pregnancy, while an
abortifacient is a substance that induces an abortion in a pregnant animal.
Prostaglandin is a commonly used abortifacient on feedlots.
For Question A12.c, consider only bulls and bull calves when answering. This subquestion asks for the proportion of bulls and bull calves that arrived at the feedlot
uncastrated.
For Question A12.d, e, and f, consider only non-polled cattle when answering. Nonpolled cattle in this context refers to cattle that naturally have horns, and polled cattle
refers to cattle that naturally do NOT have horns through selective breeding, not cattle
that have been previously disbudded or dehorned. Question A12.d asks for the
proportion of non-polled cattle that arrived at the feedlot with horns. For these cattle,
Question A12.e and f then ask what proportion are either dehorned or tipped at the
feedlot. Dehorning refers to the complete removal of attached horns by methods such
as gouging, hand saws, or wires. Tipping refers to cutting only a portion of the horn off
and not completely removing it.
Provide the proportion of cattle of the specific subgroup referred to in the question.
“None” refers to 0% of the placed cattle of the specific subgroup, “Some” refers to 50%
or less of the placed cattle, “Most” refers to 51% or more of the placed cattle, and “All”
refers to 100% of the placed cattle.
Question A13:
This question asks about the frequency of pen-riding or walking occurring on the feedlot
In cattle that have been at the feedlot for less than 15 days, cattle that have been at the
feedlot for 15 to 30 days, and cattle that have been at the feedlot for 30 days or more.
Pen-riding or walking refers to the practice of the Producer or an employee closely
observing cattle to identify sick or injured animals for treatment. Answer 1 for Once a
day, 2 for Twice a day, 3 for More than twice a day, 4 for Less than once a day, and 5 for
No standard procedure.
Question A14:
43

This question asks about interventions used by the feedlot to mitigate weather-related
stress. Building mounds refers to the practice of constructing small sloping hills in
feedlot pens to provide a comfortable, dry resting place for cattle in muddy conditions.
Wind breaks are fences constructed to block prevailing winds. Answer YES, NO, or
DON’T KNOW (DK) for each intervention. If an intervention is used on the feedlot that is
not listed, please write it in the Other space (Question A14.f) and check YES.
Questions A15-A29: Disease Conditions
Question A15:
This question asks about the percent of cattle that were affected by and the percent of
cattle that died due to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). BRD is a general term referring
to disease of the upper or lower respiratory tracts of cattle that is related to a number
or different factors, including bacteria, viruses, host characteristics such as stress and
immune status, and environmental risks such as poor ventilation, dust, and crowding.
BRD is most prevalent within the first few weeks of arrival to the feedlot, which is why it
is called shipping fever. Common signs of BRD include fever, breathing difficulties,
coughing, nasal discharge, depression, and lack of appetite. Exclude cattle affected by
acute interstitial pneumonia, as that will be covered in Question A19.
Provide the percentage of placed cattle affected by BRD, and the percentage of placed
cattle that died due to BRD. The percentage of placed cattle affected by BRD will
include the cattle that ultimately died due to the disease. Answer separately by weight
class at arrival in Question A15 a, b, and c (less than 400 lb, 400 to 699 lb, and 700 lb or
greater). If it is not possible to provide estimates by weight class, answer for all placed
cattle in Question A15.d and leave A15 a, b, and c blank. If it is not possible to provide
an estimate of cattle that were affected by and died of BRD, then answer Don’t Know in
Question A15.d.
What if.…a steer is found dead and the death is considered to be due to BRD?
Count this steer in the column of cattle affected by BRD AND the column of cattle that
died due to BRD.
Question A16:
This question asks about the percentage of cattle that were affected with BRD on this
feedlot during the fall/winter months and in spring/summer months. Fall/winter
refers to the period of time approximately between September 1, 2019 and February
29, 2020 and spring/summer refers to the period of time approximately between March
1, 2020, and August 31, 2020. Consider all the cattle that were affected with BRD
throughout the entire year, and then indicate what percentage of these cattle were
44

affected during the fall/winter months and what percentage of these cattle were
affected during the spring/summer months. These percentages should add up to 100%.
If it is not possible for the Producer to provide these estimates, then indicate Don’t
Know (DK).
Question A17:
This question asks about whether the percentage of cattle affected seasonally with BRD
is comparable to the percentages of cattle that the Producer expected to be affected
with BRD. For fall/winter and spring/summer months, indicate whether the percentage
of cattle affected with BRD was lower than, similar to, or higher than the expected
percentage.
Question A18:
If the percentage of cattle affected with BRD was higher or lower than expected,
the Producer can provide written reasons why they think this may be the case at the
end of the questionnaire just prior to Section E.
Question A19:
This question asks about the percentage of cattle that developed one of a list of disease
conditions, excluding BRD, between September 1, 2019 and August 31, 2020. The
disease conditions asked about are acute interstitial pneumonia, bloat, other digestive
disorders excluding bloat (coccidiosis, diarrhea), footrot, hairy heel wart, central
nervous system disease, ocular disease, cardiovascular disease, and fatigued cattle
syndrome. Definitions of these disease conditions are provided below. Provide an
estimate of the percentage of placed cattle that developed the condition, or check
“Don’t Know” (DK) if the Producer is not familiar with the condition or does not feel that
they can provide an accurate estimate. If there is another disease condition that is not
listed that the Producer feels is a significant contributor to disease burden on this
feedlot, please fill it in the Question A19.j (Other) and provide the percentage of placed
cattle affected.
Definitions of disease conditions in feedlot cattle:
Acute interstitial pneumonia: A suddenly occurring respiratory distress syndrome that
commonly affects cattle late in the feeding period and may be related to dust, bovine
respiratory syncytial virus infection, heat, bronchopneumonia, and toxins. A postmortem examination is required to definitively diagnose this disease. Lungs are heavy,
full of fluid, and fail to collapse normally.
Bloat: Excessive accumulation of gases in the rumen due to interruption of the normal
elimination of gas via eructation or belching. Bloat in cattle in confinement (not on
45

pasture) usually occurs secondary to acidosis and/or rumenitis. Cattle are distended on
the left side, uncomfortable, and can suddenly collapse and die.
Coccidiosis: A parasitic infection of the intestine caused by Eimeria species. Disease is
typically seen in young cattle, and clinical signs can vary from reduced weight gain, to
watery feces and discomfort, to severe bloody diarrhea, straining to defecate, and
death. Calves that survive severe illness may be permanently stunted. Drugs used for
the prevention and/or treatment of coccidiosis include amprolium, decoquinate, and
ionophores.
Diarrhea: Diarrhea in cattle can be caused by many conditions, including bacterial, viral,
or parasitic infections, type of feed and feed changes, and indigestion.
Footrot (infectious pododermatitis): A contagious bacterial disease of the interdigital
(between the toes) skin and deeper tissues of ruminants associated with wet and
muddy seasons and environmental conditions that lead to skin damage such as sharp
rocks and sticks. Clinical signs include lameness, reddening and swelling of the
interdigital tissue, and foul-smelling open ulcers.
Hairy heel wart (papillomatous digital dermatitis): A contagious bacterial infection of
the foot characterized by raised red sores or erosions over the heel area. It can be
confused with footrot, but is caused by a different type of bacteria and therefore does
not respond to the typical treatments for footrot.
Central nervous system (CNS) disease (polio, listeriosis, “brainers”): Brain disease in
cattle can result from many causes, including nutritional imbalances, infections, and
toxicities. Clinical signs can include incoordination, weakness, convulsions, depression,
fever, and circling.
Pinkeye (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis): A contagious disease of the
eyes of cattle characterized by tearing, light sensitivity, squinting, swelling of the
conjunctiva, and ulceration of the cornea. This can progress to further cloudiness of the
cornea followed by a pink then yellow color of the eye. Permanent blindness can
ultimately result. The primary infectious agent is the bacterium Moraxella bovis. It is
transmitted by face flies and therefore is more common during warmer seasons.
Cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart failure, brisket disease): Heart disease in cattle can
result from right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension (high altitude disease),
hardware disease (foreign body such as a wire in the reticulum piercing the heart lining),
or infectious inflammations of the heart muscle or valves. High altitude disease or
brisket disease is a complicated problem caused by narrowing of the blood vessels in the
46

lungs due to chronic low levels of oxygen. This increased resistance to blood flow in the
lungs, or pulmonary hypertension, ultimately causes right heart failure. Pulmonary
hypertension is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, exposure to altitude, and
potentially high growth rates. Clinical signs of right heart failure include lethargy,
swelling of the limbs, belly, and brisket due to fluid accumulation, distension and
pulsation of the jugular veins, diarrhea, and bulging eyes.
Fatigued cattle syndrome: A recently recognized syndrome in feedlot cattle
characterized by exhaustion of energy storage within the muscle. It appears to be
associated with increased outweights, heat stress, and aggressive handling. Clinical
signs of fatigued cattle syndrome include reluctance to move, muscle tremors, and a
stiff gait.
Question A20:
Answer this question if the answer to Question A19.e is >0%, in other words if the
Producer reported hairy heel wart on this feedlot. This question asks about how the
Producer treated hairy heel wart. Answer YES or NO to the questions of whether cattle
footbaths or topical sprays were used on cattle to treat for hairy heel wart.
Question A21:
Answer this question only if the answer to either Question A20.a or b is YES. This
question asks about the active ingredient in the footbath or sprays that were used
to treat hairy heel wart. Answer whether the active ingredient was copper sulfate,
formalin/formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, oxytetracycline, or another ingredient (fill
in Other space for Question A21).
Question A22:
This question asks about the proportion of cattle that died that had a post-mortem or
necropsy performed. Answer “None” for 0% of cattle that died, “Some” for 50% or less
of cattle that died, “Most” for 51% or more of the cattle that died, “All” for 100% of the
cattle that died, and “Don’t Know” or DK if the Producer doesn’t know.
Question A23:
This question asks about the initial course of treatment given to cattle sick with bovine
respiratory disease, digestive disorders other than bloat (e.g., coccidiosis, diarrhea),
lameness (e.g., footrot), and ocular disease (e.g., pinkeye). Indicate YES, NO, or DON”T
KNOW (DK) for each condition as to whether injectable antibiotics, bolus-dosed oral
antibiotics, in-feed antibiotics, topical antibiotics, respiratory vaccines, corticosteroids,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, vitamin B injections, vitamin C
injections, immunostimulants (e.g., Zelnate™), injectable mineral supplements (e.g.,
MultiMin®), probiotic paste, or another treatment (fill in Other for Question A23.n).
47

Question A24:
This question asks about whether there were separate pens (hospital pens) to house
sick cattle. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If the answer is NO or DK, SKIP to
Question A26.
Question A25:
Answer this question if Question A24 = YES. This question asks about whether specific
resources (wind breaks, shade, sprinklers/misters, additional bedding compared to
home pen, additional hay to eat compared to home pen, increased waterer and bunk
space per animal compared to home pen, increased observation/surveillance, dust
control, or other) were provided to cattle in the hospital pen. Answer NONE OF THE
TIME, SOME OF THE TIME (AS NEEDED), ALL OF THE TIME, or DON’T KNOW (DK).
Question A26:
This question asks about whether information is received from slaughter facilities about
the percentage of cattle from this feedlot affected with liver abscesses that resulted in
liver condemnation. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If the answer is NO or
DON’T KNOW, SKIP to Question A28.
Question A27:
Answer this question if Question A26 = YES. This question asks about the percentage of
cattle that had liver condemnations due to liver abscesses, stratified by breed type (beef
or dairy/dairy cross) and whether the cattle received in-feed antibiotics while on the
feedlot. First, it is asked whether cattle of the type of interest (beef breed cattle given
in-feed antibiotics, dairy or dairy cross-breed cattle given in-feed antibiotics, beef breed
cattle NOT given in-feed antibiotics, and dairy or dairy cross-breed cattle NOT given infeed antibiotics) were placed on the feedlot. If YES, then provide the percentage of this
type of cattle that were reported to have condemned livers at slaughter. If this
percentage is not known, check DON’T KNOW (DK).
Question A28:
This question asks about whether the Producer has observed an increase in death loss in
late-fed cattle (i.e., cattle fed 100 days or more) on this feedlot over the past 5 years.
Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If the answer is NO or DON’T KNOW, SKIP to
Section B.
What if.…a Producer has been in business for less than 5 years?
Answer whether the Producer has observed an increase in death loss in late-fed cattle
since the business started.
48

Question A29:
Answer this question only if Question A28 = YES. This question lists several disease
conditions and asks whether in the Producer’s opinion any of these are related to this
increased death loss in late-fed cattle. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If there
is another disease condition that is not in the list that the Producer feels is related to
late-fed cattle death loss, then fill it in the Other space and check YES for that item.

SECTION B: ANTIBIOTIC USE
Question B1:
This question asks about whether ANY antibiotics, of any form (injectable, bolused, in
feed, and/or in water), were used in cattle on this feedlot from September 1, 2019 to
August 31, 2020. This refers to antibiotics that either require prescriptions OR are
available over the counter, and to in-feed antibiotics whether or not they require a
veterinary feed directive (VFD). Antibiotics used on feedlots that DO NOT require a VFD
are ionophores such as monensin and laidlomycin, bambermycin, and bacitracin. Infeed antibiotics that DO require a VFD include macrolides and tetracyclines. “Bolus”
refers to a large antibiotic tablet that is administered orally and then remains in the
rumen to release medication over time. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If the
answer to this question is NO or DON’T KNOW, SKIP this section and move to Section C.
Question B2:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B1 = YES. This question asks about
whether any injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics were used on the feedlot from
September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If the
answer to this question is NO or DON’T KNOW, SKIP to Question B12.
Question B3:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B2 = YES. This question asks about
the importance of several factors in decisions that the Producer makes about the
selection of specific injectable and/or bolus-dosed antibiotics. Answer NOT
IMPORTANT, SLIGHTLY IMPORTANT, MODERATELY IMPORTANT, VERY IMPORTANT, and
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT for each of the listed factors. If there is another factor that
was important to the Producer in the selection of injectable and/or bolus-dosed
antibiotics that is not listed, enter it into the Other line (Question B3.k) and specify its
degree of importance.

49

Question B4:
This question asks about whether injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics were
administered on the feedlot for the individual treatment of animals sick with bovine
respiratory disease (BRD) from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. In other words,
are cattle individually examined and identified to be sick with BRD and then
administered injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics for treatment of BRD? Answer YES,
NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If answer to Question B4 is NO or DON’T KNOW then skip to
Question B8.
Question B5:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B4 = YES. This question asks about
injectable and/or bolus-dosed antibiotics used to individually treat cattle FOR BRD.
When answering this question, the producer should consider the use of antibiotics in
cattle that the Producer identified in Question A15 on Page 5 to be affected with BRD.
Provide the percentage of these sick cattle that were treated with each of the
antibiotics listed for BRD from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. If Question A15
was answered by weight class, then provide these percentages by weight class. If
Question A15 was answered for all cattle, then provide these percentages for all cattle.
If any of these estimates are unknown, enter “DK.”.
Example: The Producer reported in Question A15 that 3% of cattle with arrival weight <400
lb and 2% of cattle with arrival weight 400-699 lb were affected with BRD. The Producer
treated 80% of the cattle that were sick with BRD and <400 lb at arrival with Enrofloxacin
and 20% of the cattle that were sick with BRD and <400 lb with Gamithromycin. 100% of the
cattle that were sick with BRD and 400-699 lb at arrival were treated with Tulathromycin.
Answer “20%” to Question B5.b (Gamithromycin) for “% sick cattle arrival weight <400 lb”
Answer “100%” to Question B5.c (Tulathromycin) for “% sick cattle arrival weight 400-699
lb”
Answer “80%” to Question B5.h (Enrofloxacin) for “% sick cattle arrival weight <400 lb”
Active ingredient name
(Trade name examples)
a. Tilmicosin (Micotil®)
b. Gamithromycin (Zactran®)
c. Tulathromycin (Draxxin®)
d. Tylosin (Tylan® 200)
e. Tildipirosin (Zuprevo®)
f. Florfenicol (Nuflor®)
g. Florfenicol w/ flunixin meglumine (Resflor Gold®)
h. Enrofloxacin (Baytril®)

% sick cattle
<400 lb

Arrival Weight
% sick cattle % sick cattle
400 - 699 lb
≥700 lb

20
0

0
100

80

0

% all
sick
cattle

OR

50

i. Danofloxacin (Advocin™)
j. Ceftiofur (Naxcel®, Excenel®, Excede®)
k. Oxytetracycline (LA-200®, Oxytet 100, BioMycin®)
l. Penicillin (Aquacillin™, Penicillin G Procaine)
m. Ampicillin (Polyflex®)
n. Sulfadimethoxine (Albon® Injection)
o. Sulfadimethoxine (Albon® Bolus)
p. Sulfamethazine (Sustain III® Bolus, Supra Sulfa® III)

Question B6:
This question asks about the percentage of sick cattle initially treated with antibiotics for
BRD (reported in Question B5) that a. Responded and recovered b. Died or were
euthanized c. Were considered chronics and marketed early d. Did not respond and
were re-treated. Question B6.b refers to cattle that did not recover fully from BRD and
were shipped to slaughter prior to reaching normal slaughter weight. If Question B5
was answered by weight class, then provide these percentages by weight class. If
Question B5 was answered for all cattle, then provide these percentages for all cattle.
Question B7:
This question asks about whether injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics were
administered on the feedlot as a group (i.e., the majority of the pen was administered
the antibiotic on a population basis) for either the prevention, control, or treatment
(i.e., therapy) of BRD from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. Typically, this would
mean that >90% of the pen was administered the antibiotic. If lesser numbers in the
pen were given the antibiotic, it would generally mean that this should be counted as
individual treatment (see Question B4) because animals would be individually identified
as sick before treatment. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If answer to the
question is NO or DON’T KNOW then skip to Question B10.
Question B8:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B7 = YES. This question asks about
injectable, and/or bolus-dosed antibiotics given to cattle AS A GROUP for the
prevention, control, or treatment of BRD from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020.
Provide the percentages of each arrival weight class of cattle that were given each
individual antibiotic listed as a group. If the Producer is unable to provide this estimate,
enter “DK.”

51

Example 1: The Producer gives about 40% of the cattle <400 lb at arrival on the feedlot
Tulathromycin as a group. About 20% of the cattle 400-699 lb at arrival are given
Oxytetracycline as a group, and about 20% of the cattle 700 lb or greater at arrival are given
Oxytetracycline as a group.
Answer “40%” to Question 9.c for “% cattle arrival weight <400 lb”
Answer “20%” to Question 9.k for “% cattle arrival weight 400-699 lb”
Answer “20% to Question 9.k for “% cattle arrival weight 700 lb or greater

Example 2: The Producer only places cattle <400 lb at arrival on their feedlot. About 15% of
the cattle are given Tulathromycin as a group and 15% of the cattle are given
Gamithromycin as a group.
Answer “15%” to Question 9.b for “% cattle arrival weight <400 lb”
Answer “15%” to Question 9.c for “% cattle arrival weight <400 lb”
Question B9:
This question asks about whether injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics were
administered on the feedlot from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020, for the
individual treatment of animals sick with the conditions other than BRD that are listed in
the reason codes and were also asked about in Question A19: 1. Acute interstitial
pneumonia 2. Bloat 3. Other digestive disorders excluding bloat (e.g., coccidiosis,
diarrhea) 4. Footrot 5. Hairy heel wart 6. Central nervous system disease 7. Pinkeye 8.
Cardiovascular disease 9. Fatigued cattle syndrome 10. Other disease specified by the
Producer. In other words, are cattle individually examined and identified to be sick with
any of these conditions and then administered injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics for
treatment of these conditions? Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If answer to
Question B9 is NO or DON’T KNOW, SKIP to Question B12.
Question B10:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B9 = YES. This question asks about
injectable and/or bolus-dosed antibiotics used to individually treat cattle with disease
conditions other than BRD from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. When
answering this question, the producer should consider the use of antibiotics in cattle
that the Producer identified in Question A19 on Page 6 to be affected with the listed
conditions other than BRD, or a condition that the Producer filled in on the OTHER line
(Question A19.j). First, identify injectable or bolus-dosed antibiotics in the list that were
used for treating any of the conditions reported in Question A19. Then, enter the code
52

corresponding to the most common reason (primary reason) that the antibiotic was
used.
Example: The Producer reported in Question A19.d that 15% of the placed cattle developed
footrot from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020, in Question A19.f that 1% of the placed
cattle developed central nervous system disease, and in Question A19.g that 10% of the
placed cattle developed pinkeye. The Producer used penicillin to treat all of these diseases,
but the most common reason they used penicillin was to treat pinkeye, because all the cattle
with pinkeye were treated with penicillin and only a few of the cattle with footrot were
treated with penicillin. Therefore, the answer for Question A11.j is Reason Code 7 (Pinkeye).
The Producer used oxytetracycline to treat most of the cattle with footrot; therefore, the
answer for A11.i is Reason Code 4 (Footrot).
Question B11:
This question asks whether ANY antibiotics were administered IN FEED on this feedlot
from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. This question refers to any antibiotic use
in feed, whether it does NOT require a VFD (ionophores, bambermycin, bacitracin), or
DOES require a VFD (e.g., tylosin, tetracycline). Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK).
If answer to Question B11 is NO or DON’T KNOW then skip to Question B16.
Question B12:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B11 = YES. This question asks about
antibiotics that DO NOT require a VFD given to cattle (ionophores, bambermycin, and
bacitracin) from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. Provide the percentage of
cattle that received each type of antibiotic overall, the most common reason that the
antibiotic was used (enter one of the reason codes from the box or fill in the Other
space if none of the reason codes apply), and the percentage of cattle that received it
for that reason. Space is also provided for providing the second most common reason
that the antibiotic was used and the percentage of cattle on the feedlot that received it
for that reason. If an antibiotic is used and the Producer is unable to provide an
estimate of the percentage of catle, enter “DK” in the space given for the percentage of
cattle.
Question B13:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B11 = YES. This question asks about
antibiotics that DO require a VFD (e.g., tylosin and oxytetracycline) given to cattle from
September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020 that were LESS THAN 700 LB AT ARRIVAL.
Provide the percentage of these cattle that received each type of antibiotic overall, the
most common reason that the antibiotic was used (enter one of the reason codes from
53

the box or fill in the Other space if none of the reason codes apply), and the percentage
of cattle that received it for that reason. Space is also provided for providing the second
most common reason that the antibiotic was used and the percentage of cattle on the
feedlot that received it for that reason. If an antibiotic is used and the Producer is
unable to provide an estimate of the percentage of cattle, enter “DK” in the space given
for the percentage of cattle.
Question B14:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B11 = YES. This question asks about
antibiotics that DO require a VFD (e.g., tylosin and oxytetracycline) given to cattle from
September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020 that were 700 LB OR GREATER AT ARRIVAL.
Provide the percentage of these cattle that received each type of antibiotic overall, the
most common reason that the antibiotic was used (enter one of the reason codes from
the box or fill in the Other space if none of the reason codes apply), and the percentage
of cattle that received it for that reason. Space is also provided for providing the second
most common reason that the antibiotic was used and the percentage of cattle on the
feedlot that received it for that reason. If an antibiotic is used and the Producer is
unable to provide an estimate of the percentage of cattle, enter “DK” in the space given
for the percentage of cattle.
Question B15:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B11 = YES, and either or both
Question B13.a and B14.a were greater than 0% with a reason code of 2 (respiratory
disease), in other words if chlortetracycline was used in feed on this feedlot for the
TREATMENT of respiratory disease (at the 10 mg/lb/day dose). This question asks about
the proportion of pen groups treated with chlortetracycline for respiratory disease that
required more than one pulse treatment and therefore an additional VFD for this
purpose. Provide the proportion of treated pen groups that required more than one
pulse treatment. Answer None (0%), Some (50% or less), Most (More than 50%), or All
(100%).
Example: The Producer reported in Question B13.a that 15% of pen groups less than 700 lb
at arrival received chlortetracycline for reason code 2, respiratory disease. They did not use
chlortetracycline for reason code 2 in cattle greater than 700 lb at arrival. If cattle do not
respond to the first pulse of chlortetracycline, the Producer then gives the cattle a treatment
of injectable antibiotics (they never use a second pulse of in-feed chlortetracycline for the
treatment of respiratory disease). Therefore, the answer to Question B15 in this context is
“None.” If the Producer obtains a second VFD from their veterinarian for some (50% or less)
of the pen groups for a second pulse of chlortetracycline if the cattle did not respond to the
first pulse, then the answer to Question B15 would be “Some.”

54

Question B16:
This question asks whether ANY antibiotics were administered IN WATER on this feedlot
from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If
answer to Question B16 is NO or DON’T KNOW then skip to Section C.
Question B17:
Answer this question only if the answer to Question B16 = YES. This question asks about
antibiotics given to cattle in water from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. Provide
the percentage of these cattle that received each type of antibiotic overall, the most
common reason that the antibiotic was used (enter one of the reason codes from the
box or fill in the Other space if none of the reason codes apply), and the percentage of
cattle that received it for that reason. Space is also provided for providing the second
most common reason that the antibiotic was used and the percentage of cattle on the
feedlot that received it for that reason. If an antibiotic is used and the Producer is
unable to provide an estimate of the percentage of cattle, enter “DK” in the space given
for the percentage of cattle.

SECTION C: NUTRITION
Question C1:
This question asks about the percentage of cattle administered specific feed additives
during the feedlot period. Question C1a asks about the use of a coccidiostat (other
than an ionophore, which was captured in Section B), including amprolium (e.g.,
Corid®) or decoquinate (e.g., Deccox®). Record the percent of cattle on this feedlot
administered a coccidiostat other than an ionophore. If no coccidiostats other than
ionophores are used on the feedlot, record 0% for question C1a. Question C1b asks
about the use of a beta-agonist, such as ractopamine. Record the percent of cattle on
this feedlot administered a beta-agonist. For either C1a or C1b, select DON’T KNOW
(DK) as appropriate.
Question C2:
This question asks about the use of the services of a nutritionist on this feedlot. Select
YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK) as appropriate. If the feedlot has a nutritionist on staff or
utilizes the services of a consulting nutritionist, select YES.
Question C3:
This question asks about water sources used for cattle on this feedlot. For each water
source (ground water, surface water, municipal water), answer YES, NO, or DON’T
KNOW (DK) as appropriate. Only record YES if the water source is used for watering

55

cattle on this feedlot. For example, if there is a pond on the property, but cattle do not
have access to it, select NO.
Question C4:
This question asks about feed additives used on this feedlot. First record if each feed
additive was used on this feedlot, YES or NO. If YES, check all of the reasons that apply
for why that feed additive was used on the feedlot.
Direct-fed microbial or probiotic
Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are products that contain live microorganisms (bacterial
[e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus] and/or yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae]). DFM can also
be called probiotics.
Yeast fermentation products
Contain extracts from cultures of fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with no
guarantee of containing live organisms.
Prebiotics (e.g., mannan-oligosaccharides)
Prebiotics, such as mannan-oligosaccharides, are complex carbohydrate molecules
derived from the outer cell wall of yeast products.
Vitamin supplements
Vitamin supplements, such as vitamins A, D, and E, are often added to cattle diets.
Organic mineral supplements
Minerals can be combined with an amino acid or protein and fed in the organic form
(referred to as complexes, proteinates, or chelates). Minerals that are sometimes fed in
the organic form include copper, zinc, cobalt, and manganese with an amino acid or
protein. The relative bioavailability of some minerals is higher when in the organic form
compared to inorganic sources.
Inorganic mineral supplements
Minerals can be added to the diet in the inorganic form. Macrominerals include calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. Microminerals include
chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and
zinc.
Enzymes
Enzymes, such as xylanase and cellulase, are specialized proteins that break down
feedstuffs. They are naturally produced by microorganisms in the rumen of cattle, but
can also be added to the diet.
56

Essential oils and plant-derived products (e.g., yucca extract)
Examples of essential oils include eugenol, thymol, vanillin, and clove essential oil.
Other plant-derived products, such as yucca extract, can also be added to feedlot
diets.
Other
If other feed additives are used for any of the listed reasons (improved growth rate
and/or feed efficiency, antibiotic alternative, bovine respiratory disease, hoof health,
pre-harvest food safety, or reduce liver abscesses), specify what feed additives are being
used, and for what reasons.

SECTION D: BIOSECURITY
Question D1:
This question asks about different biosecurity practices being used on this feedlot.
Select YES or NO as appropriate for each of the listed biosecurity options. Questions
D1a-D1e include a “not applicable” option. For example in question D1a, if no visitors
were allowed on the premise, then it would not make sense to control access for visitors
entering animal areas.
Question D2:
This question asks if this feedlot has a written or electronic biosecurity plan. This means
the feedlot has captured in writing about the procedures they will use on their feedlot
to reduce the risk of infectious disease in their cattle. Some feedlots have posters
describing their biosecurity practices while other feedlots have an electronic document;
any way of capturing their biosecurity practices in writing would indicate that YES, they
do have a written biosecurity plan. Select YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK) as appropriate.
Question D3:
This question asks if this feedlot has a shared fenceline with another operation. A
shared fenceline could allow nose-to-nose contact with other cattle, bison, or other
ruminants not owned by this operation. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK) as
appropriate. If question D3 = YES, SKIP to question D5. In other words, if this feedlot has
a shared fenceline with another livestock operation, you do not need to report the
distance to another livestock operation.
Question D4:
This question asked how close this feedlot is to another operation with cattle, bison, or
other ruminants. Record to the nearest ½ mile. Estimate the distance from the center
of the operation to the center of the nearest operation as the crow flies.
57

Question D5:
This question asks about the average number of employees directly involved with the
care of cattle on the feedlot from September 1, 2019, to August 31, 2020. Provide the
average number of employees that directly cared for cattle at any given time during the
12 month period of interest. Include unpaid family members in this count. If question
D5 = 0, SKIP to question D7. In other words, do not answer question 6 if there are no
employees (paid or unpaid) on this feedlot.
Question D6:
This question asks about contact with cattle, bison, or other ruminants on other
operations by any of the employees of the feedlot. Question D6.a asks if any
employees have contact with cattle, bison, or other ruminants on other operations,
and question D6.b asks if any employees own cattle, bison, or other ruminants at
another location. Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK) as appropriate.
Question D7:
This question asks whether cattle stayed in the same pen during the entire feeding
period (from placement to slaughter). Exclude cattle that are moved to the hospital pen
for a short period and then returned to their home pen. Cattle are sometimes re-sorted
based on their weight, feed intake, or for some other reason during the feeding period.
Answer YES, NO, or DON’T KNOW (DK). If Question D7= YES or DK, in other words cattle
are NOT re-sorted or the Producer doesn’t know, SKIP to Question 9.
Question D8:
For Producers who do re-sort their cattle routinely during the feeding period, this
question asks how many times cattle were re-sorted during the feeding period. Provide
the average number of times that cattle were re-sorted into different pens during the
entire feeding period.
Question D9:
This question asks about the Producer’s familiarity with the Secure Beef Supply Plan.
The Secure Beef Supply plan is a voluntary program that gives producers the resources
needed to create a plan for their feedlot if it is affected by restricted movement due to
a disease outbreak but not infected by the disease. Select the most appropriate level
of familiarity of the producer with the Secure Beef Supply Plan.
This is the conclusion of the Phase 2 questionnaire. Thank the Producer again for completing
the survey. The space provided here can be used to capture any comments about the feedlot
or the questionnaire that you think could be relevant.
58

SECTION E: OFFICE USE ONLY
We must account for all operations turned over by NASS. If a Producer declines to participate or
could not be reached, complete the “Office Use Only” section of the questionnaire.
Include the State FIPS, operation number, interviewer’s initials, and date in the box at the top
of the page.
1. Interview time
Include the time spent reviewing the study, answering any questions from the Producer,
completing the Confidentiality Pledge, and completing the questionnaire; report in
minutes. Do not include time spent discussing other topics such as the weather. Include
the time for everyone who is traveling with you. For example, if an intern is shadowing
you, include his/her time at the interview.
2. Travel time
Include the time it took you to travel from your office, home, or other operation, and
the time to return back or go to the next operation; report in minutes. Include the time
for everyone who is traveling with you. For example, if you bring an intern who is
shadowing you, include his/her travel time.
3. Data collector(s)
Record the number involved in the interview for each data collector category.
4. Interview response code
Select one response code that best applies to this feedlot. Enter code 99 if the
questionnaire is completed. If the Producer decides not to participate, select the
response code 00 through 07 that best describes the reason for not participating. If
response code 07 Other is selected, explain in the comments section at the bottom of
the page.
5. Respondent’s position on this operation
Select one response code that best describes the respondent’s position on this
operation.
6. Producer data quality
Select the response that best describes the data quality. Use of records to complete the
questionnaire often improves data quality.

59

7. Comments
Record any comments about this questionnaire or this operation.
Signature
The VS data collector should sign the appropriate line.
To be completed by Coordinator
8. Field data quality
The Coordinator should record the quality of the data.
Send this page to your NAHMS Coordinator within 3 working days. You may copy the final page
of the questionnaire to complete for non-respondents.
Return the completed questionnaire to your NAHMS coordinator within 3 working days of the
visit.

60

SECTION 5. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ELECTRONIC VERSION
This section will include specific instructions for the electronic version including log-in
instructions for the tablet, instructions for entering data and using features of the tablet, and
specific skip instructions that may vary slightly from the paper version of the questionnaire.

61

SECTION 6. REFERENCE CARDS

62

REFERENCE CARD 2: Vaccine Examples

[For use with Phase 2 questionnaire, Section A, Question 11]
Type of Vaccine

Example trade names

Boehringer Ingelheim Elite, Express, Prism, Pyramid, Triangle
Colorado Serum Pre-Breed, Respira
Injectable vaccines against
Elanco Master Guard, Titanium, Vira Shield
BVD and/or viral respiratory
Merck Vista
disease (e.g., IBR, BVD,
Texas Vet Lab Multi-Vac 3L, Super Poly-Bac B
PI3, BRSV)
Zoetis Bovi-Shield 4, GOLD, and IBR, Cattle Master, One Shot
BVD or Ultra 7, PregGuard GOLD FP 10, Resvac 4/Somubac
Intranasal vaccines against
BVD and/or viral respiratory Zoetis Inforce 3, TSV-2
disease (e.g., IBR, BVD,
Merck Nasalgen IP
PI3, BRSV)

Vaccines against bacterial
respiratory disease
(Mannheima haemolytica
and Pasteurella multocida)

Vaccines against clostridial
diseases

Vaccines against Moraxella
(pinkeye)

AgriLabs Pulmo-Guard
Boehringer Ingelheim Bar Somnus 2P, Presponse, Triangle 4 or 9 PH-K,
Pyramid+Presponse, Bo-Bac 2X
Colorado Serum Mannheimia Haemolytica-Pasteurella Multocida
Bacterin
Elanco Titanium PH-M, Nuplura PH, Vira Shield 6 +/- Somnus
Durvet Durvac Past HM
Immvac ENDOVAC
Merck Vista Once SQ, Once PMH
Texas Vet Lab Poly-Bac B or Super Poly-Bac B
Zoetis Bovi-Shield GOLD One Shot, One Shot, One Shot Ultra
Boehringer Ingelheim Alpha 7 or CD, Bar-Vac,, Caliber 3 or 7
Colorado Serum Essential
Elanco Pili Shield + C, Clostri Shield, Scour Bos 9
Merck 20/20 Vision 7 with Spur, Cavalry 9, Covexin 8, Guardian,
Vision 7, 8, CD, or DC-T with Spur, Piliguard Pinkeye + 7,
Super-Tet with Havlogen
Professional Biological Clostridium perfringens Type C&D Toxoid
and Toxoid-Tetanus Toxoid
Zoetis One Shot Ultra 7 or 8, Ultrabac 7, 8, or CD, UltraChoice 7,
8, or CD, ScourGuard 4KC
AgriLabs I-Site XP, Moraxella bovoculi bacterin
Addison Maxi/Guard Pinkeye Bacterin
Boehringer Ingelheim Ocu-Guard-MB-1, Alpha7/MB-1
Elanco Pinkeye Shield XT4
Merck 20/20 Vision 7 with Spur, Piliguard Pinkeye+7, Piliguard Pinkeye-1
Trivalent
Zoetis SolidBac Pinkeye IR/PR

63

REFERENCE CARD 3: Disease Conditions other than BRD
Code Disease Condition
1

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (e.g.,
AIP, dust pneumonia, atypical
pneumonia

2

Bloat

3

Other digestive disorders (e.g.,
coccidiosis, diarrhea)

4

Footrot

5

Hairy heel wart

6

Central Nervous System disease
(e.g., polio, listeriosis, “brainers”)

7

Pinkeye

8

Cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart
failure, brisket disease)

9

Fatigued cattle syndrome

10

Other

64

REFERENCE CARD 4: Antibiotics Given via Injection or Bolus
Codes are provided for use in electronic questionnaire and are not necessary for paperadministered questionnaire
ANTIBIOTICS GIVEN VIA INJECTION OR BOLUS
Code Active Ingredient

Product Name

1

Tilmicosin

Micotil

2

Gamithromycin

Zactran

3

Tulathromycin

Draxxin

4

Tylosin

Tylan 200

5

Tildipirosin

Zuprevo

6

Florfenicol

Nuflor

7

Florfenicol with Flunixin meglumine

Resflor Gold

8

Enrofloxacin*

Baytril

9

Danofloxacin*

Advocin

10

Ceftiofur

Naxcel, Excenel, Excede

11

Oxytetracycline

LA-200, Oxytet 100, BioMycin

12

Penicillin

Aquacillin, Penicillin G Procaine

13

Ampicillin

Polyflex

14

Sulfadimethoxine (injectable)

Albon Injection

15

Sulfadimethoxine (Bolus)

Albon Bolus

16

Sulfamethazine

Sustain III Bolus, Supra Sulfa

*These antibiotics are labeled only for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with
Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis in beef and nonlactating dairy cattle and for the control of BRD in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle at high risk of
developing BRD associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and
Mycoplasma bovis, and their extra-label use is prohibited. Therefore, these antibiotics are not presented
as options for Section B, Question 10 (individual treatment of conditions other than BRD).

65

REFERENCE CARD 5: Antibiotics Given via Feed or Water
Codes for antibiotics that don’t require a veterinary feed directive (VFD) are not necessary for
either the electronic questionnaire or the paper-administered questionnaire so are not provided
ANTIBIOTICS USED IN FEED THAT DO NOT REQUIRE A VFD
Active Ingredient

Product Name

Ionophore

Rumensin, Bovatec

Bambermycin

Gainpro 10

Bacitracin

BMD, Baciferm

Codes for VFD antibiotics and antibiotics used in water are provided for use in electronic
questionnaire and are not necessary for paper-administered questionnaire
ANTIBIOTICS USED IN FEED THAT DO REQUIRE A VFD
Code Active Ingredient

Product Name
Aureomycin,
Aureomix
Terramycin, OTC

1

Chlortetracyline

2

4

Oxytetracycline
Sulfamethazine /
Sulfadimethoxine
Neomycin

5

Tylosin

Tylan, Tylovet

6

Virginiamycin

Vmax

7

Tilmicosin

Pulmotil, Tilmovet

3

Aureomix
Neomix

ANTIBIOTICS USED IN WATER
Code Active Ingredient
1

Chlortetracyline

2

Oxytetracycline

3

5

Tetracycline
Sulfamethazine /
Sulfadimethoxine
Neomycin

6

Spectinomycin

4

Product Name
Aureomycin,
Chloronex
Terramycin, OTC
Duramycin, Tet-Sol
Sulfasol
Neosol
Spectam,
SpectoGard

66

SECTION 7. GLOSSARY
Antibiotic: A chemical compound generally produced by molds that inhibits and/or kills certain bacteria.
Antibiotics are very effective against illnesses caused by bacteria.
Antimicrobial: Any substance of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host. Technically, all antibiotics are
antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics. For the purposes of this questionnaire,
however, the terms “antimicrobial” and “antibiotic” are considered synonymous.
Antimicrobial use definitions (excerpted from American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
website - https://www.avma.org/policies/avma-definitions-antimicrobial-use-treatment-control-andprevention):
Antimicrobial prevention of disease (prophylaxis): On a population basis, prevention is the
administration of an antimicrobial to a group of animals, none of which have evidence of disease
or infection, when transmission of existing undiagnosed infections, or the introduction of
pathogens, is anticipated based on history, clinical judgement, or epidemiological knowledge.
Antimicrobial control of disease (metaphylaxis): On a population basis, control is the use of
antimicrobials to reduce the incidence of infectious disease in a group of animals that already has
some individuals with evidence of infectious disease or evidence of infection.
Antimicrobial treatment of disease: Treatment is the administration of an antimicrobial as a
remedy for an individual animal with evidence of infectious disease.
Backgrounded cattle: An intermediate step in cattle production that begins after weaning, usually at a
location different from the farm or ranch of origin. Producers who background cattle help the animals
through the stress of weaning and get them ready for placement at their next destination, which could
be a feedlot or pasture. Sometimes the terms backgrounder or stocker are used interchangeably, but
cattle generally spend a longer time at a stocker operation than a backgrounder operation. In general,
backgrounded cattle present a lower risk of introducing disease upon arrival at the feedlot.
Beef Quality Assurance (BQA): A national program that raises consumer confidence through offering
proper management techniques and a commitment to quality within every segment of the beef
industry. Nearly every U.S. State has an active BQA program. The program links all beef producers with
livestock production specialists, veterinarians, nutritionists, marketers, and food purveyors interested in
maintaining and improving the quality of the beef they produce. BQA principles are based on good
management practices designed to meet the need of the Nation’s food production system. In addition,
BQA programming focuses on educating and training cattle producers, farm advisors, and veterinarians
on animal husbandry practices as well as issues regarding food safety and quality.
Bolus: For the purposes of this questionnaire, this is a large antibiotic tablet that is administered orally
and then remains in the rumen to release medication over time.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD): A general term referring to disease of the upper or lower respiratory
tracts of cattle that is related to a number or different factors, including bacteria, viruses, host
characteristics such as stress and immune status, and environmental risks such as poor ventilation, dust,
and crowding. BRD is most prevalent within the first few weeks of arrival to the feedlot, which is why it

67

is called shipping fever. Common signs of BRD include fever, breathing difficulties, coughing, nasal
discharge, depression, and lack of appetite.
BQA Feedyard Assessment: An onsite educational tool that allows for assessing and benchmarking key
indicators of animal care and welfare as well as feedyard conditions. The assessment has three main
areas of focus: animal records, protocols, and facilities/ equipment. Assessments might be utilized as a
self-assessment, completed by a second party, or conducted by a third-party assessor.
Cattle on feed: Cattle being fed a high-energy ration consisting of components such as grain, silage, hay,
and/or protein supplement before being sent to slaughter. Operations with cattle being “backgrounded
only” for later sale as feeders or for placement in another feedlot were excluded from this study. This
questionnaire is restricted to steers and heifers.
Cattle placed/placement: This questionnaire is restricted to steers and heifers placed in a feedlot and
fed a ration that will produce a “select or better” carcass at slaughter. Placement refers to the time that
cattle entered the feedlot.
Coordinator: The NAHMS coordinator for the data collector.
Data Collector: Refers to the individual administering (i.e., asking the questions) for the Health
Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020 Phase I questionnaire. Throughout this manual, the data collector is
often referred to as “you.”
Dehorning: Refers to the complete removal of attached horns by methods such as gouging, hand saws,
or wires.
Feeding period: The time span beginning when cattle enter the feedlot and ending when cattle are
marketed (i.e., shipped for slaughter).
Feedlot: An operation that feeds cattle for the slaughter market.
Feedlot capacity: The total number of cattle that could be accommodated in the feedlot at one time. For
this study, feedlots were categorized as small or large:
Small: Feedlot capacity of 50 to 999 head.
Large: Feedlot capacity of 1,000 or more head.
Group administration of antibiotics: For purposes of this questionnaire, administration of an injectable
antibiotic to cattle on a population basis rather than on an individual animal basis, that is to the majority
of the animals in a pen. Group administration can be for prevention, control, or treatment of disease (see
“Antimicrobial Use Definitions”), while individual administration is for treatment only of individual sick
animals. In the 2017 Veterinary Services Antibiotic Use Questionnaire for Cattle on Feed, group
administration was defined as administration of an injectable antibiotic to at least 90% of cattle in a pen
for the prevention, control, or treatment of disease.
Heifer: A young female bovine that has not calved.
Ionophore: A drug administered in feed that promotes the efficient use of feedstuff s by altering the
fermentation pattern in the rumen. Monensin, lasalocid, and laidlomycin are the three ionophores
approved for use in cattle. All three are approved for improving feed efficiency. Monensin and lasalocid
68

are also approved for prevention and control of coccidiosis. Ionophores are not categorized by the FDA as
medically important antimicrobials for humans.
Killed vaccine: A vaccine made by inactivating or killing the pathogen of interest during the process of
making the vaccine.
Medically important antimicrobial: Any antimicrobial the FDA deems medically important with respect
to the use of that class of antimicrobials for therapeutic use in human medicine. As of January 1, 2017,
medically important antimicrobials are no longer approved by the FDA for use in food producing animals
for growth promotion purposes, and medically important antimicrobials used in animal feed or water
require veterinary oversight (i.e., a veterinary feed directive). Many injectable medically important
antimicrobials already require veterinary oversight, although some are available over the counter in many
States. All medications formulated for individual bolus dosing to cattle (e.g., sulfamethazine or Supra
Sulfa III) are currently available over the counter in most States.
Modified live vaccine: A vaccine containing a version of the living pathogen that has been weakened so
that it does not cause disease in animals with normal immune systems. In general, produces a more
robust immune response than a killed vaccine because it is closer to a natural infection.
Preconditioned cattle: Preconditioning refers to a management practice designed to prepare calves to
better adapt to a new location. Preconditioned calves are usually held on the operation of origin for a set
period (e.g., 1-2 months) after weaning, allowing calves to recover from the stress of weaning before they
leave the operation of origin. Practices typically used in a preconditioning program include vaccination,
castration, dehorning (if necessary), and introduction to a feed bunk (i.e., training to eat from a feed
bunk). Preconditioned calves present a lower risk of having disease upon arrival at a feedlot.
Pulse dosing: Using the same antibiotic (usually chlortetracycline for feedlot cattle) on the same group of
animals multiple times during the feeding period.
Respondent: The individual who answers the questions in the Health Management on U.S. Feedlots 2020
Phase I Questionnaire. Throughout this manual, the Respondent is often referred to as the “Producer.”
Steer: A male bovine castrated before sexual maturity.
Stocker cattle: Refers to cattle typically put on pasture after weaning and before being placed in a
feedlot. Stocker cattle are often sent to a location other than the farm or ranch of origin and are often
sold as yearlings, which have a low risk of disease upon feedlot placement.
Tipped: Refers to cutting only a portion of the horn off and not completely removing it.
Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD): A written order (paper or electronic) by a licensed veterinarian
approving the use of an antimicrobial in feed, in the context of a valid veterinarian-client-patient
relationship. Since the full implementation of FDA Guidance for Industry #213 on January 1, 2017, a VFD
is required for use of medically important antimicrobials in feed. The use of medically important
antimicrobials for production purposes (e.g., growth promotion) is illegal. Medically important
antimicrobials may only legally be used for therapeutic purposes (prevention, control, or treatment of
disease).

69