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pdfTable of Contents— CJRP Attachments
Attachment A— Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (34 U.S.C. 10121-10122) ..................... 2
Attachment B— Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (34 U.S.C. 11161) ........................... 7
Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018 (H.R.6964 / P.L. 115-385) ................................ 12
Attachment C— Death in Custody Reporting Act (H.R. 1447) ................................................................. 50
Attachment D— CJRP web reporting form screenshots.......................................................................... 54
Attachment E— CJRP paper form............................................................................................................ 100
Attachment F – CJRP mailout letter ....................................................................................................... 121
Attachment G— Confidentiality of information (34 U.S.C. 10231) ....................................................... 123
Attachment H— Privacy certification requirements (28 C.F.R. 22) ....................................................... 125
Attachment I— List of advisors ................................................................................................................ 132
Attachment J— 2017 CJRP Bulletin ........................................................................................................ 134
Attachment K— 2017 CJRP Data Snapshot........................................................................................... 150
Attachment L— 2018 JRFC Data Snapshot ........................................................................................... 151
Attachment M— CJRP Non-response Call Instructions .......................................................................... 152
Attachment N— Documentation of the Imputation Methodology ......................................................... 160
1
Title 34, United States Code, Section 10121
SUBCHAPTER II—NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE
§10121. Statement of purpose
It is the purpose of this subchapter to establish a National Institute of Justice, which shall
provide for and encourage research and demonstration efforts for the purpose of—
(1) improving Federal, State, and local criminal justice systems and related aspects of the
civil justice system;
(2) preventing and reducing crimes;
(3) insuring citizen access to appropriate dispute-resolution forums; and
(4) identifying programs of proven effectiveness, programs having a record of proven
success, or programs which offer a high probability of improving the functioning of the
criminal justice system.
The Institute shall have authority to engage in and encourage research and development to
improve and strengthen the criminal justice system and related aspects of the civil justice
system and to disseminate the results of such efforts to Federal, State, and local governments,
to evaluate the effectiveness of programs funded under this chapter, to develop and
demonstrate new or improved approaches and techniques, to improve and strengthen the
administration of justice, and to identify programs or projects carried out under this chapter
which have demonstrated success in improving the quality of justice systems and which offer
the likelihood of success if continued or repeated. In carrying out the provisions of this
subchapter, the Institute shall give primary emphasis to the problems of State and local justice
systems and shall insure that there is a balance between basic and applied research.
(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §201, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1172;
amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §604(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2078.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 90–
351, as added by Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1167, which is classified
principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Tables.
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 3721 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 201 of Pub. L. 90–351, title I, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 198; Pub. L. 93–83, §2,
Aug. 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 197; Pub. L. 94–503, title I, §104, Oct. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 2408, set out
Congressional statement of purpose in providing for a program of planning grants, prior to the
general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–157.
AMENDMENTS
1984—Pub. L. 98–473 redesignated par. (5) as (4), struck out former par. (4) relating to
improvement of efforts to detect, investigate, prosecute, and otherwise combat and prevent
white-collar crime and public corruption, and in closing provisions struck out "to develop
2
alternatives to judicial resolution of disputes," after "local governments,", and inserted "and
demonstrate" after "to develop".
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of Pub. L. 98–
473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.
NATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM FOR STATE AND LOCAL PROSECUTORS
Pub. L. 110–424, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4819, provided that:
"SECTION 1. TRAINING FOR STATE AND LOCAL PROSECUTORS.
"The Attorney General is authorized to award a grant to a national nonprofit organization
(such as the National District Attorneys Association) to conduct a national training program for
State and local prosecutors for the purpose of improving the professional skills of State and
local prosecutors and enhancing the ability of Federal, State, and local prosecutors to work
together.
"SEC. 2. COMPREHENSIVE CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION.
"The Attorney General may provide assistance to the grantee under section 1 to carry out the
training program described in such section, including comprehensive continuing legal education
in the areas of trial practice, substantive legal updates, support staff training, and any other
assistance the Attorney General determines to be appropriate.
"SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
"There are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General to carry out this Act
$4,750,000 for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2012, to remain available until expended."
§10122. National Institute of Justice
(a) Establishment; general authority of Attorney General over Institute
There is established within the Department of Justice, under the general authority of the
Attorney General, a National Institute of Justice (hereinafter referred to in this subchapter as the
"Institute").
(b) Director of Institute; appointment by President; authority; restrictions
The Institute shall be headed by a Director appointed by the President. The Director shall
have had experience in justice research. The Director shall report to the Attorney General
through the Assistant Attorney General. The Director shall have final authority over all grants,
cooperative agreements, and contracts awarded by the Institute. The Director shall not engage
in any other employment than that of serving as Director; nor shall the Director hold any office
in, or act in any capacity for, any organization, agency, or institution with which the Institute
makes any contract or other arrangement under this chapter.
(c) Duties and functions
The Institute is authorized to—
(1) make grants to, or enter into cooperative agreements or contracts with, public agencies,
institutions of higher education, private organizations, or individuals to conduct research,
demonstrations, or special projects pertaining to the purposes described in this subchapter,
and provide technical assistance and training in support of tests, demonstrations, and special
projects;
(2) conduct or authorize multiyear and short-term research and development concerning
the criminal and civil justice systems in an effort—
(A) to identify alternative programs for achieving system goals;
3
(B) to provide more accurate information on the causes and correlates of crime;
(C) to analyze the correlates of crime and juvenile delinquency and provide more
accurate information on the causes and correlates of crime and juvenile delinquency;
(D) to improve the functioning of the criminal justice system;
(E) to develop new methods for the prevention and reduction of crime, including the
development of programs to facilitate cooperation among the States and units of local
government, the detection and apprehension of criminals, the expeditious, efficient, and fair
disposition of criminal and juvenile delinquency cases, the improvement of police and
minority relations, the conduct of research into the problems of victims and witnesses of
crime, the feasibility and consequences of allowing victims to participate in criminal justice
decisionmaking, the feasibility and desirability of adopting procedures and programs which
increase the victim's participation in the criminal justice process, the reduction in the need
to seek court resolution of civil disputes, and the development of adequate corrections
facilities and effective programs of correction; and
(F) to develop programs and projects to improve and expand the capacity of States and
units of local government and combinations of such units, to detect, investigate, prosecute,
and otherwise combat and prevent white-collar crime and public corruption, to improve and
expand cooperation among the Federal Government, States, and units of local government
in order to enhance the overall criminal justice system response to white-collar crime and
public corruption, and to foster the creation and implementation of a comprehensive
national strategy to prevent and combat white-collar crime and public corruption.
In carrying out the provisions of this subsection, the Institute may request the assistance of both
public and private research agencies;
(3) evaluate the effectiveness, including cost effectiveness where practical, of projects or
programs carried out under this chapter;
(4) make recommendations for action which can be taken by Federal, State, and local
governments and by private persons and organizations to improve and strengthen criminal
and civil justice systems;
(5) provide research fellowships and clinical internships and carry out programs of training
and special workshops for the presentation and dissemination of information resulting from
research, demonstrations, and special projects including those authorized by this subchapter;
(6) collect and disseminate information obtained by the Institute or other Federal agencies,
public agencies, institutions of higher education, and private organizations relating to the
purposes of this subchapter;
(7) serve as a national and international clearinghouse for the exchange of information with
respect to the purposes of this subchapter;
(8) after consultation with appropriate agencies and officials of States and units of local
government, make recommendations for the designation of programs or projects which will
be effective in improving the functioning of the criminal justice system, for funding as
discretionary grants under subchapter V;
(9) encourage, assist, and serve in a consulting capacity to Federal, State, and local justice
system agencies in the development, maintenance, and coordination of criminal and civil
justice programs and services; and
(10) research and development of tools and technologies relating to prevention, detection,
investigation, and prosecution of crime; and
(11) support research, development, testing, training, and evaluation of tools and
technology for Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies.
(d) Criminal and civil justice research
4
To insure that all criminal and civil justice research is carried out in a coordinated manner, the
Director is authorized to—
(1) utilize, with their consent, the services, equipment, personnel, information, and facilities
of other Federal, State, local, and private agencies and instrumentalities with or without
reimbursement therefor;
(2) confer with and avail itself of the cooperation, services, records, and facilities of State or
of municipal or other local agencies;
(3) request such information, data, and reports from any Federal agency as may be
required to carry out the purposes of this section, and the agencies shall provide such
information to the Institute as required to carry out the purposes of this subchapter;
(4) seek the cooperation of the judicial branches of Federal and State Government in
coordinating civil and criminal justice research and development; and
(5) exercise the powers and functions set out in subchapter VII.
(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §202, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1172;
amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §604(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2078; Pub. L. 103–322, title
XXXIII, §330001(h)(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2139; Pub. L. 107–296, title II, §237, Nov. 25,
2002, 116 Stat. 2162; Pub. L. 112–166, §2(h)(3), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1285.)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 3722 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or
references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references
prior to editorial reclassification.
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 202 of Pub. L. 90–351, title I, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 198; Pub. L. 93–83, §2,
Aug. 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 198, provided for making of grants to State planning agencies, prior to the
general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–157.
AMENDMENTS
2012—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–166 struck out ", by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate" before period at end of first sentence.
2002—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–296, §237(1), inserted ", including cost effectiveness
where practical," after "evaluate the effectiveness".
Subsec. (c)(10), (11). Pub. L. 107–296, §237(2), added pars. (10) and (11).
1994—Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "crime," for "crime,,".
1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(1), required Director to report to Attorney
General through Assistant Attorney General.
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(A)(i), struck out ", including programs
authorized by section 3713 of this title" after "system goals".
Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(A)(ii), struck out "the prevention and reduction
of parental kidnaping" after "reduction of crime,".
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(B), substituted "chapter" for "subchapter".
Subsec. (c)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(C), (F), redesignated pars. (5) to (8) as (4)
to (7), respectively, and struck out former par. (4) relating to evaluation of programs and projects
under other subchapters of this chapter to determine their impact upon criminal and civil justice
5
systems and achievement of purposes and policies of this chapter and for dissemination of
information.
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(D)(i), (ii), (F), redesignated par. (10) as (8) and, in
par. (8) as so designated, struck out "nationality priority grants under subchapter V of this
chapter and" after "for funding as" and substituted "subchapter V" for "subchapter VI". Former
par. (8) redesignated (7).
Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(E), (F), redesignated par. (11) as (9), and struck
out former par. (9) relating to a biennial report to President and Congress on state of justice
research.
Subsec. (c)(10), (11). Pub. L. 98–473, §604(b)(2)(F), redesignated pars. (10) and (11) as (8)
and (9), respectively.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2012 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to
appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the
Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of
Title 6, Domestic Security.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub.
L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of Pub. L. 98–
473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.
6
Title 34, United States Code, Section 11161
Part D—Research; Evaluation; Technical Assistance; Training
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior part D of title II of Pub. L. 93–415 related to gang-free schools and communities and
gang intervention, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12210(1), Nov. 2,
2002, 116 Stat. 1880.
§11161. Research and evaluation; statistical analyses; information
dissemination
(a) Research and evaluation
(1) The Administrator may—
(A) plan and identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds
provided under this subsection; and
(B) conduct research or evaluation in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing
research and evaluation relating to—
(i) the prevention, reduction, and control of juvenile delinquency and serious crime
committed by juveniles;
(ii) the link between juvenile delinquency and the incarceration of members of the
families of juveniles;
(iii) successful efforts to prevent first-time minor offenders from committing subsequent
involvement in serious crime;
(iv) successful efforts to prevent recidivism;
(v) the juvenile justice system;
(vi) juvenile violence;
(vii) appropriate mental health services for juveniles and youth at risk of participating in
delinquent activities;
(viii) reducing the proportion of juveniles detained or confined in secure detention
facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who are members of minority
groups;
(ix) evaluating services, treatment, and aftercare placement of juveniles who were under
the care of the State child protection system before their placement in the juvenile justice
system;
(x) determining—
(I) the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of drug use by youth in schools and
communities in the States using, if appropriate, data submitted by the States pursuant to
this subparagraph and subsection (b); and
(II) the frequency, degree of harm, and morbidity of violent incidents, particularly
firearm-related injuries and fatalities, by youth in schools and communities in the States,
including information with respect to—
(aa) the relationship between victims and perpetrators;
(bb) demographic characteristics of victims and perpetrators; and
(cc) the type of weapons used in incidents, as classified in the Uniform Crime
Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and
7
(xi) other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter I.
(2) The Administrator shall ensure that an equitable amount of funds available to carry out
paragraph (1)(B) is used for research and evaluation relating to the prevention of juvenile
delinquency.
(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to permit the development of a national
database of personally identifiable information on individuals involved in studies, or in datacollection efforts, carried out under paragraph (1)(B)(x).
(4) Not later than 1 year after November 2, 2002, the Administrator shall conduct a study with
respect to juveniles who, prior to placement in the juvenile justice system, were under the care
or custody of the State child welfare system, and to juveniles who are unable to return to their
family after completing their disposition in the juvenile justice system and who remain wards of
the State. Such study shall include—
(A) the number of juveniles in each category;
(B) the extent to which State juvenile justice systems and child welfare systems are
coordinating services and treatment for such juveniles;
(C) the Federal and local sources of funds used for placements and post-placement
services;
(D) barriers faced by State in providing services to these juveniles;
(E) the types of post-placement services used;
(F) the frequency of case plans and case plan reviews; and
(G) the extent to which case plans identify and address permanency and placement
barriers and treatment plans.
(b) Statistical analyses
The Administrator may—
(1) plan and identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds
provided under this subsection; and
(2) undertake statistical work in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing for the
collection, analysis, and dissemination of statistical data and information relating to juvenile
delinquency and serious crimes committed by juveniles, to the juvenile justice system, to
juvenile violence, and to other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and
subchapter I.
(c) Grant authority and competitive selection process
The Administrator may make grants and enter into contracts with public or private agencies,
organizations, or individuals and shall use a competitive process, established by rule by the
Administrator, to carry out subsections (a) and (b).
(d) Implementation of agreements
A Federal agency that makes an agreement under subsections (a)(1)(B) and (b)(2) with the
Administrator may carry out such agreement directly or by making grants to or contracts with
public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations.
(e) Information dissemination
The Administrator may—
(1) review reports and data relating to the juvenile justice system in the United States and
in foreign nations (as appropriate), collect data and information from studies and research
into all aspects of juvenile delinquency (including the causes, prevention, and treatment of
juvenile delinquency) and serious crimes committed by juveniles;
8
(2) establish and operate, directly or by contract, a clearinghouse and information center
for the preparation, publication, and dissemination of information relating to juvenile
delinquency, including State and local prevention and treatment programs, plans, resources,
and training and technical assistance programs; and
(3) make grants and contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and
organizations, for the purpose of disseminating information to representatives and personnel
of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, the
courts, corrections, schools, and related services, in the establishment, implementation, and
operation of projects and activities for which financial assistance is provided under this
subchapter.
(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §251, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12211, Nov. 2,
2002, 116 Stat. 1888.)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 5661 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Part effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and
applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal
year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an
Effective Date of 2002 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.
Title 34, United States Code, Section 11117
§11117. Annual report
Not later than 180 days after the end of a fiscal year, the Administrator shall submit to the
President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President pro tempore of the
Senate a report that contains the following with respect to such fiscal year:
(1) A detailed summary and analysis of the most recent data available regarding the
number of juveniles taken into custody, the rate at which juveniles are taken into custody, and
the trends demonstrated by the data required by subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C). Such
summary and analysis shall set out the information required by subparagraphs (A), (B), (C),
and (D) separately for juvenile nonoffenders, juvenile status offenders, and other juvenile
offenders. Such summary and analysis shall separately address with respect to each
category of juveniles specified in the preceding sentence—
(A) the types of offenses with which the juveniles are charged;
(B) the race and gender of the juveniles;
(C) the ages of the juveniles;
(D) the types of facilities used to hold the juveniles (including juveniles treated as adults
for purposes of prosecution) in custody, including secure detention facilities, secure
correctional facilities, jails, and lockups;
(E) the number of juveniles who died while in custody and the circumstances under
which they died; and
(F) the educational status of juveniles, including information relating to learning
disabilities, failing performance, grade retention, and dropping out of school.
9
(2) A description of the activities for which funds are expended under this part, including
the objectives, priorities, accomplishments, and recommendations of the Council.
(3) A description, based on the most recent data available, of the extent to which each
State complies with section 11133 of this title and with the plan submitted under such section
by the State for such fiscal year.
(4) An evaluation of the programs funded under this subchapter and their effectiveness in
reducing the incidence of juvenile delinquency, particularly violent crime, committed by
juveniles.
(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §207, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7255, Nov. 18, 1988, 102
Stat. 4437; amended Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4986; Pub. L. 107–
273, div. C, title II, §12207, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1872.)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 5617 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare,
prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, as added Pub. L. 96–509, §9, Dec. 8,
1980, 94 Stat. 2753, related to establishment and functions of National Advisory Committee for
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, prior to repeal eff. Oct. 12, 1984, by Pub. L. 98–
473, title II, §624, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111.
Another prior section 207 of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1117; Pub. L.
95–115, §3(e), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1050, related to National Advisory Committee for Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention, its membership, terms of office, etc., prior to repeal
by Pub. L. 96–509, §9, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2753.
AMENDMENTS
2002—Pars. (4), (5). Pub. L. 107–273 added par. (4) and struck out former pars. (4) and (5)
which read as follows:
"(4) A summary of each program or activity for which assistance is provided under part C or D
of this subchapter, an evaluation of the results of such program or activity, and a determination
of the feasibility and advisability of replicating such program or activity in other locations.
"(5) A description of selected exemplary delinquency prevention programs for which
assistance is provided under this subchapter, with particular attention to community-based
juvenile delinquency prevention programs that involve and assist families of juveniles."
1992—Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e)(1)(A), inserted "(including juveniles treated as
adults for purposes of prosecution)".
Par. (1)(F). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(e)(1)(B), (2), (3), added subpar. (F).
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins
after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first
day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–
273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.
10
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective Oct. 1, 1988, with the report required by this section with respect to fiscal
year 1988 to be submitted not later than Aug. 1, 1989, notwithstanding the 180-day period
provided in this section, see section 7296(a), (b)(3) of Pub. L. 100–690, as amended, set out as
an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.
TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in this section relating to submittal to
the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate of an
annual report, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section
1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and item 10 on page 177 of House Document No. 103–7.
11
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PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014
DEATH IN CUSTODY REPORTING ACT OF 2013
50
128 STAT. 2860
PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014
Public Law 113–242
113th Congress
Dec. 18, 2014
[H.R. 1447]
Death in Custody
Reporting Act
of 2013.
42 USC 13701
note.
42 USC 13727.
Waiver authority.
An Act
To encourage States to report to the Attorney General certain information regarding
the deaths of individuals in the custody of law enforcement agencies, and for
other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Death in Custody Reporting
Act of 2013’’.
SEC. 2. STATE INFORMATION REGARDING INDIVIDUALS WHO DIE IN
THE CUSTODY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—For each fiscal year after the expiration of
the period specified in subsection (c)(1) in which a State receives
funds for a program referred to in subsection (c)(2), the State
shall report to the Attorney General, on a quarterly basis and
pursuant to guidelines established by the Attorney General,
information regarding the death of any person who is detained,
under arrest, or is in the process of being arrested, is en route
to be incarcerated, or is incarcerated at a municipal or county
jail, State prison, State-run boot camp prison, boot camp prison
that is contracted out by the State, any State or local contract
facility, or other local or State correctional facility (including any
juvenile facility).
(b) INFORMATION REQUIRED.—The report required by this section shall contain information that, at a minimum, includes—
(1) the name, gender, race, ethnicity, and age of the
deceased;
(2) the date, time, and location of death;
(3) the law enforcement agency that detained, arrested,
or was in the process of arresting the deceased; and
(4) a brief description of the circumstances surrounding
the death.
(c) COMPLIANCE AND INELIGIBILITY.—
(1) COMPLIANCE DATE.—Each State shall have not more
than 120 days from the date of enactment of this Act to comply
with subsection (a), except that—
(A) the Attorney General may grant an additional 120
days to a State that is making good faith efforts to comply
with such subsection; and
(B) the Attorney General shall waive the requirements
of subsection (a) if compliance with such subsection by
a State would be unconstitutional under the constitution
of such State.
51
PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014
128 STAT. 2861
(2) INELIGIBILITY FOR FUNDS.—For any fiscal year after
the expiration of the period specified in paragraph (1), a State
that fails to comply with subsection (a), shall, at the discretion
of the Attorney General, be subject to not more than a 10percent reduction of the funds that would otherwise be allocated
for that fiscal year to the State under subpart 1 of part E
of title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3750 et seq.), whether characterized as
the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement
Assistance Programs, the Local Government Law Enforcement
Block Grants Program, the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice
Assistance Grant Program, or otherwise.
(d) REALLOCATION.—Amounts not allocated under a program
referred to in subsection (c)(2) to a State for failure to fully comply
with subsection (a) shall be reallocated under that program to
States that have not failed to comply with such subsection.
(e) DEFINITIONS.—In this section the terms ‘‘boot camp prison’’
and ‘‘State’’ have the meaning given those terms, respectively, in
section 901(a) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets
Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3791(a)).
(f) STUDY AND REPORT OF INFORMATION RELATING TO DEATHS
IN CUSTODY.—
(1) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Attorney General shall carry
out a study of the information reported under subsection (b)
and section 3(a) to—
(A) determine means by which such information can
be used to reduce the number of such deaths; and
(B) examine the relationship, if any, between the
number of such deaths and the actions of management
of such jails, prisons, and other specified facilities relating
to such deaths.
(2) REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall prepare and
submit to Congress a report that contains the findings of the
study required by paragraph (1).
SEC. 3. FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT DEATH IN CUSTODY REPORTING
REQUIREMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL.—For each fiscal year (beginning after the
date that is 120 days after the date of the enactment of this
Act), the head of each Federal law enforcement agency shall submit
to the Attorney General a report (in such form and manner specified
by the Attorney General) that contains information regarding the
death of any person who is—
(1) detained, under arrest, or is in the process of being
arrested by any officer of such Federal law enforcement agency
(or by any State or local law enforcement officer while participating in and for purposes of a Federal law enforcement operation, task force, or any other Federal law enforcement capacity
carried out by such Federal law enforcement agency); or
(2) en route to be incarcerated or detained, or is incarcerated or detained at—
(A) any facility (including any immigration or juvenile
facility) pursuant to a contract with such Federal law
enforcement agency;
(B) any State or local government facility used by
such Federal law enforcement agency; or
42 USC 13727a.
Effective date.
52
128 STAT. 2862
PUBLIC LAW 113–242—DEC. 18, 2014
(C) any Federal correctional facility or Federal pretrial detention facility located within the United States.
(b) INFORMATION REQUIRED.—Each report required by this section shall include, at a minimum, the information required by
section 2(b).
(c) STUDY AND REPORT.—Information reported under subsection
(a) shall be analyzed and included in the study and report required
by section 2(f).
Approved December 18, 2014.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—H.R. 1447:
HOUSE REPORTS: No. 113–285 (Comm. on the Judiciary).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
Vol. 159 (2013): Dec. 12, considered and passed House.
Vol. 160 (2014): Dec. 10, considered and passed Senate.
Æ
53
Log In Screen
54
1
Facility Verification
55
2
Dashboard
56
3
Verification of Facility Name
57
4
Verification of Mailing Address
58
5
Verification of Physical Address
59
6
Contact Information
60
7
Dashboard after Status is Updated
61
8
Question 1a
62
9
Question 1b
63
10
Question 2a
64
11
Question 2b
65
12
Question 3
66
13
Question 4a
67
14
Question 4b
68
15
Question 5
69
16
Question 6
70
17
General Section 1 Instructions
71
18
Questions 7a & 7b
72
19
Question 7c
73
20
Question 8
74
21
Questions 9a & 9b
75
22
Questions 9a & 9b
76
23
Question 9c
77
24
Questions 10a & 10b
78
25
Questions 11a & 11b
79
26
Question 12a
80
27
Question 12b
81
28
Question 13
82
29
Question 14
83
30
Question 15
84
31
Question 16a
85
32
Question 16b
86
33
Questions 17 & 18a
87
34
Questions 18b & 18c
88
35
Question 19
89
36
Question 20
90
37
Issue Preview Page
91
38
Section 2 General Instructions
92
39
Section 2 Data
93
40
Section 2 File Upload
94
41
Section 2 Data Entry
95
42
Section 2 Data Entry Continued
96
43
Data Submission Page
97
44
Thank You Screen
98
45
Survey Closed Screen
99
46
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
ACTING AS A COLLECTING AGENT FOR
2021 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND
DELINQUENCY PREVENTION
Password:
User ID:
(Please correct any error in name, mailing address, and ZIP Code above)
This questionnaire asks about persons who had assigned
beds in this facility on Wednesday, October 27, 2021.
PLEASE COMPLETE ONLINE AT:
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(see enclosed flyer for details)
RETURN THE
COMPLETED
FORM TO
OR
COMPLETE AND MAIL THIS FORM
IN THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE BY
NOVEMBER 24, 2021.
US Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
Fax: 1–888–262–3974
EMAIL: [email protected]
If you have any questions, call Megan Minnich
U.S. Census Bureau, 1–800–352–7229.
PERSON COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE
Name
E-mail address
Title
Business address – Number and street/or P.O. Box/Route number
Telephone
Area code
Number
Area code
Number
Extension
Fax Number
City
FORM
State
CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
ZIP Code
OMB No. 1121-0218: Approval Expires 05/31/2022
100
Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
Complete this questionnaire for just the one
facility listed on the cover. If additional
questionnaires are needed for other
facilities for which you report, call
1–800–352–7229 to request more forms.
NOTE
B
Questions 4 and 5 ask who
OPERATES this facility.
4a. Is this facility OPERATED by one or more
of the following –
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
a private non-profit agency
a for profit agency
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 5
1a. Is this facility part of a larger agency?
01
02
Yes
No ➔
4b. What is the name of the private non-profit
or for-profit agency that OPERATES this
facility?
Go to Note A
1b. What is the name of this agency?
➔
5.
NOTE
A
Questions 2 and 3 ask who OWNS this
facility. Later you will be asked who
OPERATES this facility.
2a. Is this facility OWNED by one or more of
the following –
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
What is the level of the government agency
that OPERATES this facility (either directly
or under a contract with)?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
a private non-profit agency
a for profit agency
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 3
Go to
Question
6
05
06
A Native American Tribal Government
Federal
State
County
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
Other – Specify
2b. What is the name of the private non-profit
or for-profit agency that OWNS this facility?
➔
3.
Go to
NOTE B
What is the level of the government agency
that OWNS this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06
Page 2
A Native American Tribal Government
Federal
State
County
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
Other – Specify
101(7-29-2021)
FORM CJ-14
Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION
6.
What type of residential facility is the one
listed on the front cover? Mark (X) those
that apply.
Detention center: A short-term facility that
01
provides temporary care in a physically restricting
environment for juveniles in custody pending court
disposition and, often, for juveniles who are
adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or
placement elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to
another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold juveniles committed for short
periods of time as part of their disposition (e.g.,
weekend detention).
Training school/Long-term secure facility:
02
A specialized type of facility that provides strict
confinement and long-term treatment generally for
post-adjudication committed juvenile offenders.
Includes training schools, juvenile correctional
facilities, youth development centers.
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
The following items ask you to use your
records to provide counts of persons who had
assigned beds in this facility at the end of the
day on Wednesday, October 27, 2021. This
date has been chosen carefully to give a
standardized count of persons in facilities like
yours across the country. You will be asked to
classify your facility population into two age
groups:
1. those persons under age 21; and
2. those persons age 21 and older.
You will then be asked to classify each person
UNDER THE AGE OF 21 into one of the two
following categories:
Reception or diagnostic center: A short-term
facility that screens juvenile offenders committed by
the courts and assigns them to appropriate
correctional facilities.
1. those here because they have been
charged with or court-adjudicated for an
offense. An offense is any behavior that is
illegal in your state for underage persons
alone or for both underage persons and
adults.
Group home/Halfway house: A long-term
facility that is generally non-secure and intended for
post-adjudication commitments in which young
persons are allowed extensive contact with the
community, such as attending school or holding a
job.
Residential treatment center: A facility that
focuses on providing some type of individually
planned treatment program for youth (substance
abuse, sex offender, mental health, etc.) in
conjunction with residential care. Such facilities
generally require specific licensing by the state that
may require that treatment provided is
Medicaid-reimbursable.
Boot camp: A secure facility that operates like
military basic training. It is designed to combine
elements of basic military training programs,
correctional components and treatment programs.
The emphasis is on strict discipline, drills, and
work.
Ranch, forestry camp, wilderness or
marine program or farm: These are long-term
generally non-secure residential facilities often
located in a relatively remote area. The juveniles
participate in a structured program that emphasizes
outdoor work, including conservation and related
activities.
Runaway and homeless shelter: A short-term
facility that provides temporary care in a physically
unrestricted environment. It can also provide
longer-term care under a juvenile court disposition
order.
Other type of shelter: This includes emergency
non-secure shelters where juveniles are housed
short-term until another placement can be found.
Other: This includes independent living programs and
anything that cannot be classified above. Specify
2. those here for reasons other than offenses.
Please classify each person under age 21
into just one of these categories. Detailed
descriptions of the above categories are
provided in the questions themselves and on
the Offense Codes on Pages 19 and 20 of
the CJRP form.
Please use your records to answer the
following questions.
7a.
According to your records, at the end of
the day on October 27, 2021, did ANY
persons have assigned beds in this
facility? Include persons who were temporarily
away, but had assigned beds on October 27, 2021.
Do NOT include staff.
01
Yes
02
No
➔ STOP HERE and mail this form ONLY
if there were NO PERSONS IN
YOUR FACILITY OR THE
FACILITY WAS CLOSED
(permanently or temporarily) on this
date. Indicate the reason in the
COMMENTS Section on Page 18.
7b. According to your records, at the end of
the day on October 27, 2021, how many
persons had assigned beds in this facility?
Persons
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
102 Page 3
Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION – Continued
8.
How many of the persons who had
assigned beds at the end of the day on
Wednesday, October 27, 2021, were AGE
21 or older? Include persons who were
temporarily away, but had assigned beds on
October 27, 2021.
Do NOT include staff. Please write "0" if there are
NO persons age 21 or older.
Persons 21 or older
9a.
At the end of the day on Wednesday,
October 27, 2021, did ANY persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in
this facility? INCLUDE juveniles being tried as
adults in criminal court. Do NOT include staff.
01
Yes
02
No
➔ STOP HERE and mail this form ONLY
if there were NO persons under 21 in
your facility on this date. Indicate the
reason in the COMMENTS Section on
Page 18.
9b.
According to your records at the end of
the day on Wednesday, October 27, 2021,
how many persons UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility? Include
persons who were temporarily away but had
assigned beds on October 27, 2021. Do NOT
include staff.
Persons under the age of 21
As a check, the sum of question 8 (persons 21 and
NOTE older) and 9b (persons under age 21) should equal
the sum reported in question 7b (number of persons
C
assigned beds in the facility).
10a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
October 27, 2021, did ANY of the
persons UNDER AGE 21 have assigned
beds in this facility SPECIFICALLY
BECAUSE they were CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE?
An offense is any behavior that is illegal in your
state for underage persons alone or for both
underage persons and adults. See the Offense
Codes on Page 19 and 20.
INCLUDE in your count persons UNDER
AGE 21 here BECAUSE THEY WERE
CHARGED WITH OR ADJUDICATED FOR:
● ANY offense that is illegal for both adults and
underage persons.
Page 4
● ANY offense that is ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE
for underage persons but not for adults.
Examples are running away, truancy,
incorrigibility, curfew violation, and underage
liquor violations. Count persons with these
behaviors here ONLY IF THE BEHAVIORS ARE
ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE. This includes those
CHINS (Children in Need of Services) and PINS
(Persons in Need of Services) who are here
BECAUSE of an offense.
● ANY offense being adjudicated in juvenile or
criminal court, including a probation or parole
violation.
DO NOT INCLUDE here:
● Persons under age 21 who have committed one
or more offenses in the past, BUT HAVE
ASSIGNED BEDS ON OCTOBER 27, 2021
FOR REASONS OTHER THAN OFFENSES
such as neglect, abuse, dependency,
abandonment, or another NON-OFFENSE
reason.
● Persons under age 21 assigned beds here
because of mental health problems,
substance abuse problems, etc. UNLESS
THE OFFENSE THEY COMMITTED
REQUIRED TREATMENT AS PART OF THE
COURT ORDER.
● Persons under age 21 who have run away,
been truant or incorrigible, or violated curfew,
IF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE NOT
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE.
These persons will be counted in questions
11a and 11b.
● Those persons who are PINS (Persons in
Need of Services) or CHINS (Children in
Need of Services) who have assigned
beds because of REASONS OTHER
THAN OFFENSES.
01
02
Yes
No ➔
Go to Question 11a
10b. According to your records at the end
of the day on Wednesday, October 27,
2021, HOW MANY PERSONS UNDER
AGE 21 had assigned beds in the
facility SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE
they were CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN
OFFENSE, as defined in question 10a?
Later you will be asked to provide information
about each of these persons. Include persons who
were temporarily away but had assigned beds on
October 27, 2021. Do NOT include staff.
Persons under age 21 here because
they were charged with or
court-adjudicated for an offense.
FORM CJ-14
103(7-29-2021)
Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION – Continued
11a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
October 27, 2021, did ANY of the persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this
facility FOR REASONS OTHER THAN
OFFENSES? Do NOT include staff.
INCLUDE here:
● Persons under age 21 assigned beds here for
NON-OFFENSE REASONS such as neglect,
abuse, dependency, abandonment, or another
NON-OFFENSE reason.
● Persons under age 21 assigned beds here
because of mental health problems
UNLESS THE OFFENSE THEY COMMITTED
REQUIRED TREATMENT AS PART OF THE
COURT ORDER.
● Persons under age 21 who have run away,
been truant or incorrigible, or violated curfew,
IF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE NOT
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE.
● Persons assigned beds here due to voluntary or
non-offense related admissions.
DO NOT INCLUDE here:
● Persons assigned beds here BECAUSE
THEY WERE CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE.
These persons are counted in questions 10a
and 10b.
01
02
Yes
No ➔
12b. What kind of treatment is provided INSIDE
this facility? Mark (X) those that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06
13. Does this facility provide foster care?
01
Yes, for all young persons
02
Yes, for some but not all young persons
03
No
14. Does this facility provide independent
living arrangements for any young persons?
01
02
11b. According to your records at the end of
the day on Wednesday, October 27, 2021,
HOW MANY PERSONS UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility FOR
REASONS OTHER THAN OFFENSES, as
defined in question 11a?
Include persons who were temporarily away but
had assigned beds on October 27, 2021. Do NOT
include staff.
Persons under age 21 here
because of non-offense reasons.
If this facility is a detention center, answer NO.
02
01
02
01
02
Yes
No ➔
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
Yes
No ➔
Go to Question 17
16b. When are young persons in this facility
locked into their sleeping rooms by
staff?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
04
05
06
07
12a. Does this facility provide ON-SITE
RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT?
Yes
No
16a. Are ANY young persons in this facility
locked into their sleeping rooms by staff
at ANY time to confine them?
03
As a check, the sum of questions 10b (persons
NOTE under 21 with offenses) and 11b (persons under 21
with reasons other than offenses) should equal 9b
D
(the number of persons under age 21)
Yes
No
15. On Wednesday, October 27, 2021, did this
facility house any overfiow detention
population? "Overflow detention population"
refers to those young persons who, because of the
unavailability of beds in a detention center, are
placed temporarily in a non-detention facility.
01
Go to Note D
Mental health treatment
Substance abuse treatment
Sex offender treatment
Treatment for arsonists
Treatment specifically for violent offenders
Other – Specify
08
09
10
When they are out of control
When they are suicidal
Rarely, no set schedule
During shift changes
Whenever they are in their sleeping rooms
At night
Part of each day
Most of each day
All of each day
Other – Specify
Go to Question 13
104 Page 5
Section I – GENERAL INFORMATION – Continued
17.
Does this facility have any of the
following features intended to confine
young persons within specific areas?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
19.
Doors for secure day rooms that are locked
by staff to confine young persons within
specific areas
02
Wing, floor, corridor, or other internal
security doors that are locked by staff to
confine young persons within specific areas
03
Outside doors that are locked by staff to
confine young persons within specific
buildings
04
External gates in fences or walls WITHOUT
razor wire that are locked by staff to confine
young persons
05
External gates in fences or walls WITH razor
wire that are locked to confine young
persons
06
Other – Specify
07
The facility has NONE of the above features
20.
During the YEAR between October 1, 2020
and September 30, 2021, did ANY young
persons die while assigned a bed at this
facility at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE of this facility?
01
Yes
02
No
➔
Go to Section II on page 7
How many young persons died while
assigned beds at this facility during the
year between October 1, 2020 and
September 30, 2021?
Person(s)
18a. Are outside doors to any buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility ever
locked?
01
Yes
02
No
➔
Go to Question 19
18b. Why are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility
locked?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
To keep intruders out
To keep young persons inside this facility
18c. WHEN are outside doors to buildings
with living/sleeping units in this facility
locked?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Page 6
Rarely, no set schedule
At night
Part of each day
Most of each day
All of each day
When the facility is unoccupied
Other – Specify
FORM CJ-14
105(7-29-2021)
Section IA – COVID Addendum
COVID Addendum
The National Institute of Justice and Office
of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention are interested in timely and
relevant information on events that may
impact residential facilities and the juvenile
population housed within these facilities. As
such, the following questions are related to
the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19).
Please answer the following questions
regarding the Coronavirus pandemic
(COVID-19) using the time frame October
29, 2020 through October 27, 2021. Note
that the term “young person” refers to
persons 21 and under.
1a. Between October 29, 2020 to October 27,
2021, how many Coronavirus (COVID-19)
TESTS were conducted on YOUNG persons
assigned beds in this facility? Coronavirus
test refers to the viral test for COVID-19.
Do not count serology tests (also known as
antibody tests).
INCLUDE –
● Tests conducted either on or off facility grounds
(e.g., at hospitals, medical centers, private labs,
patient service centers, and other health
vendors).
● Tests conducted on persons on transfer to
treatment facilities, but who remained under the
jurisdiction of your facility.
● Count the number of tests, regardless if any
single young person was tested more than once.
You will report the number of people later in this
survey
1b. Of those tests in question 1a, how many
TESTS were positive? Please, respond “0”
if there were NO positive tests.
Positive Tests
01
Don’t Know
2a. Individuals may test positive for the
Coronavirus (COVID-19) multiple times.
Between October 29, 2020 to October 27,
2021, how many PERSONS assigned beds
in this facility tested POSITIVE?
Multiple positive results for the same individual should be
counted only once.
YOUNG Persons assigned
beds – received a Coronavirus
(COVID-19) vaccine
TOTAL Persons assigned
beds – received a Coronavirus
(COVID-19) vaccine
01
Don’t Know
2b. Between October 29, 2020 to October 27,
2021, how many STAFF employed in your
facility tested POSITIVE for Coronavirus
(COVID-19)?
Multiple positive results for the same individual should be
counted only once.
INCLUDE staff tested either on or off facility grounds (e.g.,
at hospitals, medical centers, private labs, patient service
centers, and other health vendors).
EXCLUDE –
● Antibody tests that are used to detect antibodies
produced in response to Coronavirus
(COVID-19), but do not confirm current infection.
● Suspected cases that were showing symptoms
of Coronavirus (COVID-19), but were not tested.
EXCLUDE –
● Antibody tests that are used to detect antibodies
produced in response to Coronavirus
(COVID-19), but do not confirm current infection.
● Suspected cases that were showing symptoms
of Coronavirus (COVID-19), but were not tested.
● Persons who tested positive for Coronavirus
(COVID-19) during the INTAKE process, and
therefore were NOT admitted into your facility.
Staff - tested positive for
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
01
Don’t Know
Number of tests conducted
01
Don’t Know
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
106 Page 7
Section I – COVID ADDENDUM – Continued
3a. Between October 29, 2020 to October 27,
2021, were any YOUNG persons medically
isolated or quarantined because of
Coronavirus (COVID-19)?
01
Yes
02
No
3b. Which YOUNG persons assigned beds in
this facility were medically isolated or
quarantined because of Coronavirus
(COVID-19)?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
Residents who tested positive
Residents who presented symptoms
Residents who were contacts of confirmed or
suspected COVID-19 cases
New intakes into the facility
Residents returning to the facility following public
exposure (e.g., court hearing, hospitalization)
3c. How were YOUNG persons medically
isolated or quarantined due to COVID-19?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
Solo secured room
Quarantine unit
4b. What month did your facility first
administer a vaccine for Coronavirus
(COVID-19) to any young persons assigned
a bed in this facility?
Month
01
N/A
4c. For which YOUNG persons assigned beds
in this facility on October 27th, 2021 can
you report on their Coronavirus (COVID-19)
vaccination status?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
All young persons
Young persons vaccinated on-site
Young persons vaccinated outside of this facility
Information not available to any young persons
Other, specify
4d. On October 27, 2021, how many PERSONS
assigned beds in this facility had received
at least one dose of the Coronavirus
(COVID-19) vaccine?
YOUNG Persons assigned
beds – received a Coronavirus
(COVID-19) vaccine
3d. What was the maximum amount of time a
YOUNG person could be isolated or
quarantined due to COVID-19?
01
02
03
Until negative test
Fewer than 10 days
10 days or longer
Year
TOTAL Persons assigned
beds – received a Coronavirus
(COVID-19) vaccine
01
Don’t Know
4a. Between October 29, 2020 to October 27,
2021, did this facility make available the
opportunity to receive the Coronavirus
(COVID-19) vaccine to any YOUNG
persons?
INCLUDE: Vaccines administered either on or off
facility ground (e.g. at hospitals, medical centers,
mass vaccinations sites, patient service centers,
and other health vendors).
01
02
Page 8
Yes
No
107(7-29-2021)
FORM CJ-14
Section II – PERSON LEVEL DATA
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
FOR SECTION II
1. Record individual-level information in
Section II on the persons under age 21 you
included in Section I, question 10b.
2. You may choose one of the following ways to
record this information:
■ Manual data entry
Continue to write information directly on
this form.
■ Upload a data file
Go to our website at
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a prefix) and
enter your Section I data. You can then
upload a data file with Section II-Person Level
data. The acceptable formats are
spreadsheet, text file, or data base file.
■ Complete all data entry on the web
Go to our website at
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a prefix) and
enter Section I and Section II data.
3. BE SURE TO KEEP COPIES OF THE
DATA YOU SUBMIT.
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2022)
108 Page 9
NOTE: IF MORE THAN 66 PERSONS MEET REQUIREMENTS A THROUGH D AS DESCRIBED BELOW
Section II – PERSON LEVEL DATA
☞
START HERE
Please COMPLETE a LINE on the table below for EACH
person who on October 27, 2021, was
List below ONLY THOSE PERSONS WHO FULFILL ALL 4 REQUIREMENTS ABOVE (A, B, C, AND D).
1.
2.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.
3.
4.
What is
this
person’s
date of
birth?
What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race
1 – Male
2 – Female
4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin
5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code
EX
Line number
Line number
6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
2071
1
Mo. Day
Yr.
Code
02 14 2004 3
Specify Other only
Code
Specify Other only
1
EX
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
08
08
09
09
10
10
11
11
12
12
Page 10
IF MORE PERSONS MEET REQUIREMENTS A THROUGH D ABOVE
FORM CJ-14
(7-29-2021)
109
PHOTOCOPY PAGES 16 AND 17 TO MAKE MORE BLANK FORMS.
Section II – PERSON LEVEL DATA
A.
B.
C.
D.
UNDER age 21; AND
assigned a bed in this facility at the end of the day on Wednesday, October 27, 2021; AND
charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE.
Do NOT list persons assigned beds here for reasons other than offenses, as described in Section I, 11a.
Line number
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.
Code
Specify Other only
4
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.
9.
On October 27, 2021, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code
State
Code
25
Vt.
04
Specify Other only
10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.
Line number
7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 27, 2021?
Enter the code for
the most serious
offense resulting in
this placement.
1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify
EX
8.
6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?
Mo. Day
Yr.
09 15 2021
EX
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
08
08
09
09
10
10
11
11
12
12
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE
110Page 11
1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.
2.
3.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.
What is this
person’s
date of
birth?
4.
What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race
1 – Male
2 – Female
4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin
5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify
Line number
Line number
6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code
Mo. Day
Yr.
Code
Specify Other only
Code
Specify Other only
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
Page 12
FORM CJ-14
(7-29-2021)
111
7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 27, 2021?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.
Line number
1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
Code
8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.
State
9.
On October 27, 2021, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.
Line number
6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?
Mo. Day
Yr.
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
Page 13
112
1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.
2.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.
3.
4.
What is this
person’s
date of
birth?
What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race
1 – Male
2 – Female
4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin
5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify
Line number
Line number
6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code
Mo. Day
Yr.
Code
Specify Other only
Code
Specify Other only
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
Page 14
FORM CJ-14
113(7-29-2021)
7.
8.
9.
10.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 27, 2021?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
On October 27, 2021, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.
Line number
1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
Code
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.
State
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
Line number
6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?
Mo. Day
Yr.
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
Page 15
114
1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.
2.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.
3.
4.
What is this
person’s
date of
birth?
What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race
1 – Male
2 – Female
4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin
5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify
Line number
Line number
6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code
Mo. Day
Yr.
Code
Specify Other only
Code
Specify Other only
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
60
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
Page 16
FORM CJ-14
115(7-29-2021)
7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 27, 2021?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.
Line number
1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
Code
8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.
State
9.
On October 27, 2021, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.
Line number
6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?
Mo. Day
Yr.
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
60
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
Page 17
116
1.
Enter an identifying
number or first
name and last
initial for all
persons meeting
ALL 4 requirements
above. Use an
identifier that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.
2.
What is
this
person’s
sex?
Enter the
code on
the line.
3.
4.
What is this
person’s
date of
birth?
What is this person’s race?
Enter the code on the line.
1 – White, not of Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
(i.e., Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American,
or other Spanish culture or origin),
regardless of race
1 – Male
2 – Female
4 – American Indian/Alaska Native,
not of Hispanic origin
5 – Asian, not of Hispanic origin
5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility? Enter the code on
the line.
1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency
2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1
3 – Social services agency
4 – School official, parent or
guardian, or young person
him/herself
5 – Other – Specify
7 – Two or More Races, not of
Hispanic origin – Specify
For definitions of these categories,
please refer to Page 18.
Code
Page 18
Line number
Line number
6 – Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, not of Hispanic origin
Mo. Day
Yr.
Code
Specify Other only
Code
Specify Other only
FORM CJ-14
117(7-29-2021)
7.
What was the
most serious
offense for which
this person was
assigned a bed
here on
October 27, 2021?
Enter the code for the
most serious offense
resulting in this
placement.
See Offense
Codes on
Page 19 and 20.
If state or
territory
is not known,
enter code
99 in the box
below.
Line number
1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
Code
State
9.
On October 27, 2021, what was this
person’s court adjudication status for the
offense listed in question 7? "Adjudication"
is the court process which determines whether or
not the person committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in
juvenile court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile court
and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult
criminal court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify
Code
Specify Other only
10.
On what
date was
this person
admitted
to this
facility for
the offense
listed in
question 7?
If more than
one date
applies,
enter the
earliest one
for the
offense listed
in question 7.
Line number
6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?
Mo. Day
Yr.
Page 19
118
The Federal Government uses the following definitions for the various racial categories.
White – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North
Africa.
Black or African American – A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
Hispanic or Latino – A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or
other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.
American Indian or Alaska Native – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of
North America and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliations or
community attachment.
Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or
the Indian subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia,
Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander – A person having origins in any of the original
peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa or other Pacific Islands.
Two or More Races, not of Hispanic origin – Refers to combinations of two or more of the
following race categories: White, Black or African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian,
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. In cases of Hispanic origin, regardless of race(s), mark
"Hispanic or Latino".
Thank you for completing this questionnaire. If you would like to give us any comments on this
form, please write them below.
Please make copies for your own records of this completed questionnaire, so that if we need to
call you about an answer, you will be able to refer to your copies.
Please mail the completed form in the enclosed envelope to:
U.S. Census Bureau
P.O. Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
Comments
Page 20
119
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
OFFENSE CODES
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
These Offense Codes are divided into two main categories: (1) offenses for both underage persons and for adults,
and (2) possible offenses for underage persons only. Information on these codes may make it easier for you to
classify persons placed in the facility because of an offense.
In Section II, question 7, you are again referred to these offense codes. There, you are asked to match each young
person’s offense to the category and type of offense listed below. Note the two-digit code number, and write that
number in Section II, question 7, on the line for that person. Please record the most serious offense for which this
person had an assigned bed here on October 27, 2021.
Attempted offenses should be coded as if they were actual offenses, except for attempted murder which should be
coded as 20 (assault, aggravated).
Definitions of the offenses are provided on Page 20.
OFFENSES FOR BOTH UNDERAGE PERSONS AND ADULTS
OFFENSES AGAINST PROPERTY
DRUG-RELATED OFFENSES
10 Arson
11 Auto theft, unauthorized use of auto, joyriding
12 Burglary, breaking and entering, household
larceny
13 Theft, non-household larceny
14 Property damage, vandalism
19 Other property offense
30 Drugs or narcotics, trafficking
31 Drugs or narcotics, possession
39 Other drug-related offense
OFFENSES AGAINST THE PUBLIC ORDER
40 Alcohol or drugs, driving under the
influence of
41 Obstruction of justice
42 Non-violent sex offense, statutory rape
43 Weapons-related offenses
49 Other public order offense
OFFENSES AGAINST PERSONS
20 Assault, aggravated
(include attempted murder)
21 Assault, simple
22 Kidnapping
23 Murder, manslaughter, negligent homicide
24 Violent sexual assault including forcible
rape
25 Robbery
29 Other person offense
PROBATION OR PAROLE VIOLATION
50 Probation or parole violation,
violation of a valid court order
POSSIBLE OFFENSES FOR UNDERAGE PERSONS ONLY
The behaviors identified below are considered offenses in this census ONLY IF THEY ARE ILLEGAL in your state for
underage persons:
60 Curfew violation
61 Incorrigible, ungovernable
62 Running away
63 Truancy
64 Alcohol: underage use, possession or consumption of
69 Other offense that is illegal for underage persons only
UNKNOWN OFFENSES
97 Unknown offense for both underage persons and adults
98 Unknown offense for underage persons only
99 Unknown offense
FORM CJ-14 (7-29-2021)
120
Page 21
,
Dear Facility Administrator:
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in coordination with the Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), is pleased to announce the 2019 Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP). The CJRP provides the Nation with the only
detailed picture of juveniles in custody. The U.S. Census Bureau is the data collection
agent, and we request your assistance in completing and returning your information to the
Census as soon as possible.
We rely on your cooperation in providing complete data to present a detailed picture of the
state of juvenile justice placement in this country. Enclosed you will find a sample of the
types of publications NIJ and OJJDP produce with this information to educate
policymakers, practitioners, and the public about the youth held in our country’s juvenile
facilities. Since CJRP was first conducted in 1997, we have achieved close to a 100
percent response rate, despite participation being voluntary. Your full response by is important to the continued success of this effort. The confidentiality of the
information you provide is protected by federal law (Title 34, Section 10231 of the United
States Code) and will only be revealed or used for research purposes (see reverse side for
more details).
Enclosed you will find instructions for completing the CJRP. In order to make data
reporting easier and more convenient, we also have an online reporting option. To access
the online reporting method, go to https://respond.census.gov/cjrp. Or if you prefer, you
may report your census data by filling out the enclosed paper copy of the CJRP
questionnaire.
I trust that we can count on your support as we have in the past. If you have any
questions, please call of the U.S. Census Bureau at the toll free number:
1-800-352-7229 or .
Thank you for your time and efforts in this important data collection effort.
Sincerely,
Director, National Institute of Justice
Attachments
121
FEDERAL ASSURANCES OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND OTHER NOTICES
The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (see, 34 U.S.C. § 10121-10122)
and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2002 (see, 34 U.S.C. § 11161),
provide the authority for conducting this data collection. We rely on your cooperation to
present a clear picture of the state of juvenile justice placement in this country. The
confidentiality of the information you provide on this questionnaire is guaranteed by Title
34, Section 10231 of the United States code. This law requires both the U.S. Department of
Justice and the U.S. Census Bureau to hold strictly confidential any information that could
identify individual youth, employees, or private facilities. The penalty for anyone violating
this confidentiality is $10,000. While public facilities are not subject to this statutory
protection, OJJDP’s policy is that the information collected for the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP) will only be used or revealed for research or statistical
purposes, and it will take appropriate measures to protect the confidentiality of public
facilities. The identities of all youth residing in facilities are protected. Further, per the
Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015 (6 U.S.C. § 151), your data are protected
from cybersecurity risks through screening of the systems that transmit your data. Your
compliance with the request for information is entirely voluntary. If you would like more
information concerning this authorization or the confidentiality guarantee, please write to
Benjamin Adams at the address below.
Under the Federal Paperwork Reduction Act, a person is not required to respond to a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. We try to
create forms and instructions that are accurate, can be easily understood, and which
impose the least possible burden on you to provide us with information. We estimate that it
will take one to three hours to complete this questionnaire with two hours being the
average. This estimate includes time for reviewing the instructions, searching for and
gathering the data, completing the form, and reviewing answers. If you have comments
regarding the accuracy of this estimate, or suggestions for making this form simpler, you
can write to:
Benjamin Adams
Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
810 7th Street, NW
U.S. Department of Justice
Washington, DC 20531
122
Title 34, United States Code, Section 10231
§10231. Confidentiality of information
(a) Research or statistical information; immunity from process; prohibition against
admission as evidence or use in any proceedings
No officer or employee of the Federal Government, and no recipient of assistance under the provisions
of this chapter shall use or reveal any research or statistical information furnished under this chapter by
any person and identifiable to any specific private person for any purpose other than the purpose for
which it was obtained in accordance with this chapter. Such information and copies thereof shall be
immune from legal process, and shall not, without the consent of the person furnishing such information,
be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative, or
administrative proceedings.
(b) Criminal history information; disposition and arrest data; procedures for collection,
storage, dissemination, and current status; security and privacy; availability for law
enforcement, criminal justice, and other lawful purposes; automated systems: review,
challenge, and correction of information
All criminal history information collected, stored, or disseminated through support under this chapter
shall contain, to the maximum extent feasible, disposition as well as arrest data where arrest data is
included therein. The collection, storage, and dissemination of such information shall take place under
procedures reasonably designed to insure that all such information is kept current therein; the Office of
Justice Programs shall assure that the security and privacy of all information is adequately provided for
and that information shall only be used for law enforcement and criminal justice and other lawful
purposes. In addition, an individual who believes that criminal history information concerning him
contained in an automated system is inaccurate, incomplete, or maintained in violation of this chapter,
shall, upon satisfactory verification of his identity, be entitled to review such information and to obtain a
copy of it for the purpose of challenge or correction.
(c) Criminal intelligence systems and information; prohibition against violation of privacy
and constitutional rights of individuals
All criminal intelligence systems operating through support under this chapter shall collect, maintain,
and disseminate criminal intelligence information in conformance with policy standards which are
prescribed by the Office of Justice Programs and which are written to assure that the funding and
operation of these systems furthers the purpose of this chapter and to assure that such systems are not
utilized in violation of the privacy and constitutional rights of individuals.
(d) Violations; fine as additional penalty
Any person violating the provisions of this section, or of any rule, regulation, or order issued
thereunder, shall be fined not to exceed $10,000, in addition to any other penalty imposed by law.
(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §812, formerly §818, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat.
1213 ; renumbered §812 and amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §609B(f), (k), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat.
2093 , 2096; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1115(c), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3104 .)
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 3789g of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to
editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
123
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 812 of Pub. L. 90–351 was classified to section 3789a of Title 42, The Public Health
and Welfare, prior to repeal by section 609B(e) of Pub. L. 98–473.
AMENDMENTS
2006-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–162 substituted "No" for "Except as provided by Federal law other than
this chapter, no".
1984-Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 98–473, 609B(k), substituted "Office of Justice Programs" for "Office
of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics".
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by section 609B(k) of Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of
Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.
CONSTRUCTION
Terms "this chapter" and "this section", as such terms appear in this section, deemed to be references to
chapter 501 and section 50105 of this title, respectively, and reference to the Office of Justice Programs in
this section deemed to be a reference to the Attorney General, see section 50105 of this title.
124
28 CFR Part 22
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information
(28 CFR Part 22)
PART 22—CONFIDENTIALITY OF IDENTIFIABLE RESEARCH AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION
Sec.
22.1
Purpose.
22.2
Definitions.
22.20
Applicability.
22.21
Use of identifiable data.
22.22
Revelation of identifiable data.
22.23
Privacy certification.
22.24
Information transfer agreement.
22.25
Final disposition of identifiable materials.
22.26
Requests for transfer of information.
22.27
Notification.
22.28
Use of data identifiable to a private person for judicial, legislative or administrative purposes.
22.29
Sanctions.
AUTHORITY: Secs. 801(a), 812(a), Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 42 U.S.C. 3701,
et seq., as amended (Pub. L. 90–351, as amended by Pub. L. 93–83, Pub. L. 93–415, Pub. L. 94–430, Pub. L.
94–503, Pub. L. 95–115, Pub. L. 96–157, and Pub. L. 98–473); secs. 262(b), 262(d), Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. 5601, et seq., as amended (Pub. L. 93–415, as amended by
Pub. L. 94–503, Pub. L. 95–115, Pub. L. 99–509, and Pub. L. 98–473); and secs. 1407(a) and 1407(d) of the
Victims of Crime Act of 1984, 42 U.S.C. 10601, et seq., Pub. L. 98–473.
SOURCE: 41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, unless otherwise noted.
§ 22.1 Purpose.
The purpose of these regulations is to:
(a) Protect privacy of individuals by requiring that information identifiable to a private person obtained
in a research or statistical program may only be used and/or revealed for the purpose for which obtained;
(b) Insure that copies of such information shall not, without the consent of the person to whom the
information pertains, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any judicial or administrative
proceedings;
(c) Increase the credibility and reliability of federally-supported research and statistical findings by
minimizing subject concern over subsequent uses of identifiable information;
125
(d) Provide needed guidance to persons engaged in research and statistical activities by clarifying the
purposes for which identifiable information may be used or revealed; and
(e) Insure appropriate balance between individual privacy and essential needs of the research community
for data to advance the state of knowledge in the area of criminal justice.
(f) Insure the confidentiality of information provided by crime victims to crisis intervention counselors
working for victim services programs receiving funds provided under the Crime Control Act, the Juvenile
Justice Act, and the Victims of Crime Act.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.2 Definitions.
(a) Person means any individual, partnership, corporation, association, public or private organization or
governmental entity, or combination thereof.
(b) Private person means any person defined in § 22.2(a) other than an agency, or department of Federal,
State, or local government, or any component or combination thereof. Included as a private person is an indi
vidual acting in his or her official capacity.
(c) Research or statistical project means any program, project, or component thereof which is supported
in whole or in part with funds appropriated under the Act and whose purpose is to develop, measure, evaluate,
or otherwise advance the state of knowledge in a particular area. The term does not include “intelligence” or
other information-gathering activities in which information pertaining to specific individuals is obtained for
purposes directly related to enforcement of the criminal laws.
(d) Research or statistical information means any information which is collected during the conduct of a
research or statistical project and which is intended to be utilized for research or statistical purposes. The term
includes information which is collected directly from the individual or obtained from any agency or individual
having possession, knowledge, or control thereof.
(e) Information identifiable to a private person means information which either—
(1) Is labeled by name or other personal identifiers, or
(2) Can, by virtue of sample size or other factors, be reasonably interpreted as referring to a particular
private person.
(f) Recipient of assistance means any recipient of a grant, contract, interagency agreement, subgrant, or
subcontract under the Act and any person, including subcontractors, employed by such recipient in connection
with performances of the grant, contract, or interagency agreement.
(g) Officer or employee of the Federal Government means any person employed as a regular or special
employee of the U.S. (including experts, consultants, and advisory board members) as of July 1, 1973, or at
any time thereafter.
(h) The act means the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended.
(i) Applicant means any person who applies for a grant, contract, or subgrant to be funded pursuant to
the Act.
126
(j) The Juvenile Justice Act means the “Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as
amended.”
(k) The Victims of Crime Act means the Victims of Crime Act of 1984.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 43 FR 16974, Apr. 21, 1978; 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.20 Applicability.
(a) These regulations govern use and revelation of research and statistical information obtained, collect
ed, or produced either directly by BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or under any interagency agreement, grant,
contract, or subgrant awarded under the Crime Control Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, and the Victims of
Crime Act.
(b) The regulations do not apply to any records from which identifiable research or statistical informa
tion was originally obtained; or to any records which are designated under existing statutes as public; or to
any information extracted from any records designated as public.
(c) The regulations do not apply to information gained regarding future criminal conduct.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 43 FR 16974, Apr. 21, 1978; 51 FR 6400, 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.21 Use of identifiable data.
Research or statistical information identifiable to a private person may be used only for research or
statistical purposes.
§ 22.22 Revelation of identifiable data.
(a) Except as noted in paragraph (b) of this section, research and statistical information relating to a
private person may be revealed in identifiable form on a need-to-know basis only to—
(1) Officers, employees, and subcontractors of the recipient of assistance;
(2) Such individuals as needed to implement sections 202(c)(3), 801, and 811(b) of the Act; and sections
223(a)(12)(A), 223(a)(13), 223(a)(14), and 243 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.
(3) Persons or organizations for research or statistical purposes. Information may only be transferred for
such purposes upon a clear demonstration that the standards of § 22.26 have been met and that, except where
information is transferred under paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, such transfers shall be conditioned
on compliance with a § 22.24 agreement.
(b) Information may be revealed in identifiable form where prior consent is obtained from an individual
or where the individual has agreed to participate in a project with knowledge that the findings cannot, by
virtue of sample size, or uniqueness of subject, be expected to totally conceal subject identity.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.23 Privacy certification.
(a) Each applicant for BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP support either directly or under a State plan shall
submit a Privacy Certificate as a condition of approval of a grant application or contract proposal which has
a research or statistical project component under which information identifiable to a private person will be
collected.
127
(b) The Privacy Certificate shall briefly describe the project and shall contain assurance by the applicant
that:
(1) Data identifiable to a private person will not be used or revealed, except as authorized under
§§ 22.21, 22.22.
(2) Access to data will be limited to those employees having a need therefore and that such persons shall
be advised of and agree in writing to comply with these regulations.
(3) All subcontracts which require access to identifiable data will contain conditions meeting the require
ments of § 22.24.
(4) To the extent required by § 22.27 any private persons from whom identifiable data are collected or
obtained, either orally or by means of written questionnaire, shall be advised that the data will only be used or
revealed for research or statistical purposes and that compliance with requests for information is not mandato
ry. Where the notification requirement is to be waived, pursuant to § 22.27(c), a justification must be included
in the Privacy Certificate.
(5) Adequate precautions will be taken to insure administrative and physical security of identifiable data.
(6) A log will be maintained indicating that identifiable data have been transmitted to persons other than
BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or grantee/contractor staff or subcontractors, that such data have been returned,
or that alternative arrangements have been agreed upon for future maintenance of such data.
(7) Project plans will be designed to preserve anonymity of private persons to whom information relates,
including, where appropriate, name-stripping, coding of data, or other similar procedures.
(8) Project findings and reports prepared for dissemination will not contain information which can rea
sonably be expected to be identifiable to a private person except as authorized under § 22.22.
(c) The applicant shall attach to the Privacy Certification a description of physical and/or administrative
procedures to be followed to insure the security of the data to meet the requirements of § 22.25.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.24 Information transfer agreement.
Prior to the transfer of any identifiable information to persons other than BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP
or project staff, an agreement shall be entered into which shall provide, as a minimum, that the recipient of
data agrees that:
(a) Information identifiable to a private person will be used only for research and statistical purposes.
(b) Information identifiable to a private person will not be revealed to any person for any purpose except
where the information has already been included in research findings (and/or data bases) and is revealed on a
need-to-know basis for research or statistical purposes, provided that such transfer is approved by the person
providing information under the agreement, or authorized under § 22.24(e).
(c) Knowingly and willfully using or disseminating information contrary to the provisions of the agree
ment shall constitute a violation of these regulations, punishable in accordance with the Act.
(d) Adequate administrative and physical precautions will be taken to assure security of information
obtained for such purpose.
128
(e) Access to information will be limited to those employees or subcontractors having a need therefore in
connection with performance of the activity for which obtained, and that such persons shall be advised of, and
agree to comply with, these regulations.
(f) Project plans will be designed to preserve anonymity of private persons to whom information relates,
including, where appropriate, required name-stripping and/or coding of data or other similar procedures.
(g) Project findings and reports prepared for dissemination will not contain information which can
reasonably be expected to be identifiable to a private person.
(h) Information identifiable to a private person (obtained in accordance with this agreement) will, unless
otherwise agreed upon, be returned upon completion of the project for which obtained and no copies of that
information retained.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.25 Final disposition of identifiable materials.
Upon completion of a research or statistical project the security of identifiable research or statistical
information shall be protected by:
(a) Complete physical destruction of all copies of the materials or the identifiable portion of such
materials after a three-year required recipient retention period or as soon as authorized by law, or
(b) Removal of identifiers from data and separate maintenance of a name-code index in a secure
location.
The Privacy Certificate shall indicate the procedures to be followed and shall, in the case of paragraph
(b) of this section, describe procedures to secure the name index.
§ 22.26 Requests for transfer of information.
(a) Requests for transfer of information identifiable to an individual shall be submitted to the person
submitting the Privacy Certificate pursuant to § 22.23.
(b) Except where information is requested by BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP, the request shall describe
the general objectives of the project for which information is requested, and specifically justify the need for
such information in identifiable form. The request shall also indicate, and provide justification for the conclu
sion that conduct of the project will not, either directly or indirectly, cause legal, economic, physical, or social
harm to individuals whose identification is revealed in the transfer of information.
(c) Data may not be transferred pursuant to this section where a clear showing of the criteria set forth
above is not made by the person requesting the data.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]
§ 22.27 Notification.
(a) Any person from whom information identifiable to a private person is to be obtained directly, either
orally, by questionnaire, or other written documents, shall be advised:
(1) That the information will only be used or revealed for research or statistical purposes; and
129
(2) That compliance with the request for information is entirely voluntary and may be terminated at
any time.
(b) Except as noted in paragraph (c) of this section, where information is to be obtained through obser
vation of individual activity or performance, such individuals shall be advised:
(1) Of the particular types of information to be collected;
(2) That the data will only be utilized or revealed for research or statistical purposes; and
(3) That participation in the project in question is voluntary and may be terminated at any time.
(c) Notification, as described in paragraph (b) of this section, may be eliminated where information is
obtained through field observation of individual activity or performance and in the judgment of the researcher
such notification is impractical or may seriously impede the progress of the research.
(d) Where findings in a project cannot, by virtue of sample size, or uniqueness of subject, be expected to
totally conceal subject identity, an individual shall be so advised.
§ 22.28 Use of data identifiable to a private person for judicial, legislative or administrative
purposes.
(a) Research or statistical information identifiable to a private person shall be immune from legal process
and shall only be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative
or administrative proceeding with the written consent of the individual to whom the data pertains.
(b) Where consent is obtained, such consent shall:
(1) Be obtained at the time that information is sought for use in judicial, legislative or administrative
proceedings;
(2) Set out specific purposes in connection with which information will be used;
(3) Limit, where appropriate, the scope of the information subject to such consent.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 62038, Sept. 18, 1980]
§ 22.29 Sanctions.
Where BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP believes that a violation has occurred of section 812(a) of the Act
or section 1407(d) of the Victims of Crime Act, these regulations, or any grant or contract conditions entered
into thereunder, it may initiate administrative actions leading to termination of a grant or contract, commence
appropriate personnel and/or other procedures in cases involving Federal employees, and/or initiate appropri
ate legal actions leading to imposition of a fine not to exceed $10,000 against any person responsible for such
violations.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 62038, Sept. 18, 1980; 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]
130
131
Individuals Involved in Informing CJRP Collection, Analysis,
and Dissemination Activities:
Benjamin Adams
Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
Brecht Donoghue
Senior Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
Phelan Wyrick, Ph.D.
Director, Crime and Crime Prevention Research Division
National Institute of Justice
Peter M. Brien
Attorney Advisor
Office of the General Counsel
Office of Justice Programs
Nicole Adolph
Chief, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Crecilla Scott
Supervisory Statistician, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Krystal Jimerson
Statistician, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Sabrina Webb
Statistician, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch
Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
US Census Bureau
Suzanne Dorinski
Mathematical Statistician
Economic Statistical Methods Division
US Census Bureau
Magdalena Ramos
Assistant Division Chief
132
Methodology Director for Public Sector Statistics
Economic Statistical Methods Division
US Census Bureau
Jessica Stroop
Statistician
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Jennifer Bronson, Ph.D.
Statistician
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Melissa Sickmund, Ph.D.
Director
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Charles Puzzanchera
Senior Research Associate
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Sarah Hockenberry
Research Associate
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Michael P. Dempsey
Executive Director
Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators
Justin Noble
Project Manager for Data Services
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data
Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research
133
U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
JUVENILE JUSTICE
STATISTICS
NATIONAL REPORT SERIES BULLETIN
June 2020
Caren Harp, OJJDP Administrator • David B. Muhlhausen, NIJ Director
Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2017
Sarah Hockenberry
Highlights
The 2017 Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP) shows that the number of youth in
placement continues to decline. Between 1997 and 2017, the number of youth in residential placement
decreased 59% to 43,580, its lowest level since the data collection began in 1997 when 105,055
youth were held in out-of-home placement. The number of public facilities decreased 12% between
1997 and 2017, compared with 58% for private facilities. Despite this, the decrease in the number of
juvenile offenders held at public facilities was slightly greater than the decrease in the number held in
private facilities during the same period (down 59% and 57%, respectively).
Relative declines from 1997 to 2017 were greater for committed youth (64%) than
for detained youth (44%)
Offenders in juvenile facilities
120,000
105,055
n Females accounted for 15% of the
placement population, and they tended to be
slightly younger than male residents.
n Minority youth accounted for 67% of youth
in placement in 2017, with black males
forming the largest share.
was six times the rate for white youth, and
their commitment rate was four times the
rate for white youth.
Total
80,000 75,406
60,000
Committed
43,580
26,972
28,040
20,000
0
10/97
placement in 2017, 96% were held for a
delinquency offense and 4% were held for a
status offense. Approximately 40% were
held for a person offense.
n The national detention rate for black youth
100,000
40,000
n Of the offenders held in residential
15,660
Detained
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
10/17
Note: Total includes detained youth, committed youth, and a small number of youth in placement as part of a diversion
agreement. The Census was conducted on the following dates (month/year): 10/1997, 10/1999, 10/2001, 10/2003,
02/2006 (delayed), 10/2007, 02/2010 (delayed), 10/2011, 10/2013, 10/2015, and 10/2017.
ojjdp.ojp.gov
nij.ojp.gov
n Private facilities accounted for 43% of
facilities holding juvenile offenders in 2017,
and held 29% of juvenile offenders in
placement.
n Two-thirds of youth held in residential
placement in 2017 were committed to the
facility as part of a court-ordered
disposition; the remaining youth were
detained pending adjudication, disposition,
or placement elsewhere, or were in the
facility as part of a diversion agreement.
134
A Message From
OJJDP and NIJ
The Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention sponsors
the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP) to
gather comprehensive and detailed
information about youth in
residential placement because of
law-violating behavior. This biennial
survey details the characteristics of
youth held for delinquency and
status offenses in public and
private residential facilities in every
state. The data provide a detailed
picture of these youth, including
their age, gender, race, offenses,
and adjudication status.
The most recent CJRP data show
that the number of youth in
placement continues to decline.
Between 1997 and 2017, the
number of youth in residential
placement decreased 59% to
43,580, its lowest level since the
data collection began in 1997.
Females accounted for 15% of
the placement population, and
they tended to be slightly younger
than male residents. Minority
youth accounted for 67% of youth
in placement in 2017, with black
males forming the largest share.
Juvenile justice professionals and
policymakers, along with others
in the field, can use the
information in this bulletin to
explore appropriate alternatives
to confinement for young
offenders, improve their
conditions of confinement, and
provide the programs that these
youth need to help them live
productive, crime-free lives.
Caren Harp
OJJDP Administrator
David B. Muhlhausen, Ph.D.
NIJ Director
2
CJRP provides detailed data on
juveniles in residential facilities
CJRP is administered biennially and collects
information from all secure and nonsecure
residential placement facilities that house
juvenile offenders, defined as persons
younger than age 21 who are held in a
residential setting as a result of some contact
with the justice system (that is, they are
charged with or adjudicated for an offense).
This encompasses both status offenses and
delinquency offenses, and includes youth
who are either temporarily detained by the
court or committed after adjudication for an
offense. The census does not include federal
facilities or those exclusively for drug or
mental health treatment or for abused/
neglected youth. It also does not capture data
from adult prisons or jails. Therefore, CJRP
does not include all juveniles whom criminal
courts sentenced to incarceration or
placement in a residential facility.
The census typically takes place on the fourth
Wednesday in October of the census year.
CJRP asks all juvenile residential facilities in
the United States to describe each person
younger than age 21 who was assigned a
bed in the facility on the census date
because of an offense. Facilities report
individual-level information on gender, date of
birth, race, placement authority, most serious
offense charged, court adjudication status,
and admission date.
One-day count and
admission data give
different views of
residential populations
CJRP provides 1-day population counts of
juveniles in residential placement facilities.
Such counts give a picture of the standing
population in facilities. One-day counts are
substantially different from annual admission
or release data, which provide a measure of
facility population flow.
A court disposition may commit a juvenile to
a facility, or a youth may be detained prior to
or after adjudication while awaiting
disposition or placement elsewhere. In
addition, a small proportion of juveniles may
be admitted as part of a diversion
agreement. Because detention stays tend to
be shorter than commitment placements,
detained juveniles represent a larger share
of population flow data than of 1-day
count data.
State variations influence
placement rates
Although state placement rate statistics
control for upper age of original juvenile court
jurisdiction, comparisons among states with
different upper ages are problematic. Youth
ages 16 and 17 constitute 26% of the
general youth population ages 10–17, but
they account for 53% of arrests of youth
younger than age 18, 45% of delinquency
court cases, and 55% of juveniles in
residential placement. If all other factors were
equal, one would expect higher juvenile
placement rates in states where older youth
are under juvenile court jurisdiction.
Differences in age limits of extended
jurisdiction also influence placement rates.
Some states may keep a juvenile in
placement for several years beyond the upper
age of original jurisdiction; others cannot.
Laws that control the transfer of juveniles to
criminal court also affect juvenile placement
rates. If all other factors were equal, states
with broad transfer provisions would be
expected to have lower juvenile placement
rates than other states.
Demographic variations among jurisdictions
should also be considered. The urbanicity and
economy of an area are thought to be related
to crime and placement rates. Available
bedspace also influences placement rates,
particularly in rural areas.
135
National Report Series Bulletin
The number of residents in placement decreased across
census years, but profiles remained similar
More than 8 in 10 residents
were juveniles held for
delinquency offenses
The vast majority of residents in juvenile
residential placement facilities on October 25,
2017, were juvenile offenders (85%). Youth
held for delinquency offenses accounted for
82% of all residents, and those held for status
offenses accounted for 3%. Delinquency
offenses are behaviors that would be criminal
law violations for adults and include technical
violations (i.e., violations of probation, parole,
and valid court order). Status offenses, such
as running away, truancy, and incorrigibility,
are behaviors that are not law violations for
adults. Some residents were held in the
facility but were not charged with or
adjudicated for an offense (e.g., youth
referred for abuse, neglect, or mental health
problems, or those whose parents referred
them). Together, these other residents and
individuals age 21 or older accounted for
15% of all residents.
Less than half of facilities
were private and held less
than one-third of juvenile
offenders
Private nonprofit or for-profit corporations or
organizations operate private facilities; those
who work in these facilities are employees of
the private corporation or organization. State
or local government agencies operate public
facilities; those who work in these facilities
are state or local government employees.
Private facilities tend to be smaller than
public facilities and therefore hold fewer
offenders, while public facilities hold the
majority of juvenile offenders on any given
day. In 2017, private facilities accounted for
43% of facilities holding juvenile offenders;
however, they held just 29% of juvenile
offenders in placement.
The profile of juvenile offenders in residential placement changed little
between 1997 and 2017
Placement population
All residents
Juvenile offenders
Delinquency
Person offense
Violent offense
Status offenders
Other residents
1997
116,701
105,055
98,813
35,138
26,304
6,242
11,646
Number
2010
79,166
70,793
67,777
26,011
18,655
3,016
8,373
2017
51,285
43,580
41,890
17,959
12,250
1,690
7,705
Percent of total
1997
2010
2017
100%
100%
100%
90
89
85
85
86
82
30
33
35
23
24
24
5
4
3
10
11
15
Notes: Other residents include youth age 21 or older and those held in the facility but not charged with or
adjudicated for an offense. Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 2010,
and 2017 [machine-readable data files].
Public facilities outnumbered private facilities in 2017, and held more
than twice as many offenders
Facility operation
Facilities:
All facilities
Public facilities
Private facilities
Juvenile offenders:
All facilities
Public facilities
Private facilities
1997
Number
2010
2017
Percent change
1997–2017 2010–2017
2,842
1,106
1,736
2,259
1,103
1,156
1,709
975
734
–40%
–12
–58
–24%
–12
–37
105,055
75,600
29,455
70,793
49,112
21,681
43,580
30,896
12,684
–59
–59
–57
–38
–37
–41
•n Overall, the number of juvenile offenders in residential placement decreased 59% between
1997 and 2017.
•n The decline in offenders held in public facilities accounted for 73% of the overall drop in
the youth residential placement population between 1997 and 2017.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 2010,
and 2017 [machine-readable data files].
Private facilities hold a different population of
youth than do public facilities. Compared with
public facilities, private facilities have a
greater proportion of juveniles who the court
has committed to the facility following
adjudication as part of their disposition and a
smaller proportion of juveniles who are
detained pending adjudication, disposition, or
placement elsewhere.
Placement status profile, 2017:
Placement
status
Facility operation
Total
Public Private
Total
Committed
Detained
Diversion
100%
62
36
1
100%
52
46
<1
100%
86
11
3
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Of all juveniles who were detained, 91% were
in public facilities. For committed juveniles,
60% were in public facilities.
136
June 20203
Nationwide, 43,580 juvenile offenders were in residential
placement on October 25, 2017
Public and private facility
populations have fairly
similar offense profiles
In 2017, delinquent youth accounted for the
vast majority of juvenile offenders in both
public and private facilities (98% and 90%,
respectively). Compared with public facilities,
private facilities had larger proportions of
youth among their populations with less
serious offenses (e.g., simple assault, drug
offenses, and status offenses).
Offense profile by facility type, 2017:
Most serious
offense
Total
Delinquency
Person
Crim. homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Agg. assault
Simple assault
Other person
Property
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Arson
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Public order
Weapons
Other public ord.
Technical violation
Status offense
Facility operation
All
Public Private
100%
96
41
2
6
11
9
8
5
22
8
5
5
1
4
5
1
4
13
5
8
15
4
100%
98
43
3
5
13
10
7
5
22
8
5
5
1
4
4
1
4
12
6
7
17
2
100%
90
36
1
8
7
6
11
4
22
9
5
4
0
4
6
1
5
14
4
10
12
10
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of
rounding.
On the census date in 2017, public facilities
held 73% of delinquents in residential
placement and 28% of status offenders.
Public facilities housed 78% of those held for
violent crimes (i.e., criminal homicide, rape,
robbery, and aggravated assault). In contrast,
only 64% of juvenile offenders held for drug
offenses were in public facilities.
4
The number of youth in residential placement declined for all offenses
between 1997 and 2017
Most serious offense
Juvenile offenders in
residential placement, 2017
Percent change
1997–2017
Type of facility
Type of facility
All
Public
Private
All
Public
Private
Total
43,580
30,896
12,684
–59%
–59%
–57%
Delinquency
41,890
30,431
11,459
–58
–59
–54
17,959
15,912
4,558
–49
–41
–43
900
777
123
–53
–57
22
Sexual assault
2,616
1,654
962
–53
–58
–40
Person
Criminal homicide
Robbery
4,880
4,045
835
–48
–49
–39
Aggravated assault
3,854
3,105
749
–59
–59
–60
Simple assault
3,662
2,236
1,426
–45
–46
–43
Other person
2,047
1,584
463
–7
–6
–11
Property
9,568
6,745
2,823
–70
–71
–68
Burglary
3,435
2,344
1,091
–73
–75
–65
Theft
2,106
1,519
587
–71
–70
–72
Auto theft
2,000
1,461
539
–69
–67
–75
Arson
284
223
61
–69
–67
–72
Other property
1,743
1,198
545
–63
–64
–60
Drug
2,140
1,371
769
–76
–78
–72
320
224
96
–89
–90
–86
Other drug
1,820
1,147
673
–71
–72
–67
Public order
5,572
3,742
1,830
–46
–49
–39
Weapons
2,227
1,709
518
–47
–48
–41
Other public order
3,345
2,033
1,312
–45
–49
–38
Technical violation
6,651
5,172
1,479
–46
–50
–30
1,690
465
1,225
–73
–70
–74
Drug trafficking
Status offense
•n The number of juvenile offenders held for person offenses decreased 49% between 1997
and 2017, and the number of property and drug offenders was cut by more than half (70%
and 76% decrease, respectively).
•n Overall, the number of juvenile offenders held for both public order and technical violation
offenses declined between 1997 and 2017 (46% each).
•n The number of status offenders in residential placement was cut substantially (73%)
between 1997 and 2017.
Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017
[machine-readable data files].
137
National Report Series Bulletin
The number of youth in placement for an offense in 2017
was at its lowest level since 1997
The largest delinquency
population reported to
CJRP was in 1999
The number of delinquents held in
placement increased 4% between 1997 and
1999 and then decreased 59% to its lowest
level in 2017. Although the number of
delinquents held in public facilities
outnumbered those held in private facilities,
delinquents held in private facilities
accounted for 82% of the overall increase
between 1997 and 1999. Since 1999, the
number of delinquents held in public
facilities decreased 59% and the number
held in private facilities decreased 60%.
Private facilities reported the largest
decrease in the number of status offenders
between 1997 and 2017—down 74%
compared with 70% in public facilities.
Several Factors May
Affect the Placement
Population
Although data from CJRP cannot explain
the continuing decline in the number of
youth held in residential placement for
an offense, they may reflect a
combination of contributing factors. For
example, the number of juvenile arrests
decreased 56% between 2006 and
2015, which in turn means that fewer
youth were processed through the
juvenile justice system. Additionally,
residential placement reform efforts
have resulted in the movement of many
youth from large, secure public facilities
to less secure, small private facilities.
Finally, economic factors have resulted
in a shift from committing youth to highcost residential facilities to providing
lower cost options, such as probation,
day treatment, or other communitybased sanctions.
In 2017, juvenile residential facilities held 59% fewer delinquents and 73%
fewer status offenders than in 1997
Offenders in juvenile facilities
120,000
Juvenile offenders
100,000
Total
Delinquents
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
Status offenders
0
10/97
10/01
Offenders in juvenile facilities
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
10/97
02/06
02/10
Census date
Delinquents
Total
Public facilities
Private facilities
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
10/17
10/13
10/17
Offenders in juvenile facilities
7,000
Status offenders
6,000
Total
5,000
4,000
3,000
Private facilities
2,000
1,000
Public facilities
0
10/97
10/01
02/06
02/10
10/13
10/17
Census date
•n The total number of juvenile offenders in residential placement facilities rose slightly from 1997 to
1999 and then decreased through 2017. The result was an overall decrease of 59% between
1997 and 2017.
•n The number of delinquents held in public facilities decreased 59% between 1997 and 2017, and
the number held in private facilities decreased 54%.
•n Between 1997 and 1999, the number of status offenders held in juvenile residential facilities
dropped sharply (31%). Between 1999 and 2006, the number of status offenders remained
relatively unchanged, then decreased 63% between 2006 and 2017. The result was an overall
decrease of 73% between 1997 and 2017.
•n The number of status offenders held in public facilities peaked in 2001 and then decreased 72%
by 2017. The number of status offenders held in private facilities increased 18% between 1999
and 2006, then decreased 64% between 2006 and 2017.
•n A greater number of delinquents were housed in public facilities than private facilities; however, a
greater number of status offenders were housed in private facilities than public.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 [machine-readable data files].
138
June 20205
Relative declines from 1997 to 2017 were greater for
committed youth than for detained youth
Offense profiles were
similar for detained and
committed youth
Delinquents accounted for 98% of detained
offenders and 95% of committed offenders in
2017. The offense profiles for detained and
committed offenders were very similar,
although the committed population had a
slightly larger proportion of youth held for
status offenses. Status offenders accounted
for 5% of committed youth and 2% of
detained youth.
Offense profile of juvenile offenders
in placement, 2017:
Most serious
offense
Total
Delinquency
Person
Crim. homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Agg. assault
Simple assault
Other person
Property
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Arson
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Public order
Weapons
Other public order
Technical violation
Status offense
Detained Committed
(15,660)
(26,972)
100%
98
41
4
4
11
10
8
4
21
7
5
5
1
4
5
1
4
12
6
6
19
2
100%
95
42
1
7
12
8
9
5
23
9
5
5
1
4
5
1
4
13
5
8
13
5
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of
rounding.
Between 1997 and 2017, the detained delinquency population decreased 43%
and the committed delinquency population decreased 64%
Offenders in juvenile facilities
30,000
Detained delinquents
Total
25,000
20,000
Public facilities
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
10/97
Private facilities
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
Offenders in juvenile facilities
80,000
10/13
10/17
Committed delinquents
70,000
60,000
Total
50,000
Public facilities
40,000
30,000
20,000
Private facilities
10,000
0
10/97
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
10/17
•n Despite a slight increase between 1997 and 1999 in the number of detained delinquents (those
held prior to adjudication or disposition who were awaiting a hearing in juvenile or criminal court
or those held after disposition who were awaiting placement elsewhere), the number of these
youth remained relatively stable between 1997 and 2007 and then decreased 36% between 2007
and 2017.
•n The number of youth in residential placement for an offense decreased 59% between 1997 and
2017. A 68% decrease in the number of committed delinquents held in public facilities during this
period accounted for more than half of the overall decline.
•n Between 1997 and 2017, declines were also evident in the number of detained and committed
status offenders (74% and 72%, respectively) (not shown).
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 [machine-readable data files].
6
139
National Report Series Bulletin
CJRP data identify the state where the offense was
committed and the state where the youth was held
Nationally, facilities reported that at least 88% of youth in residential placement on the 2017 census date had
committed their offense in the same state as the facility in which they were held
State of offense
(percentage of offenders)
State
Same as facility
U.S. total
88%
Alabama
82
Alaska
100
Arizona
75
Arkansas
86
California
96
Colorado
90
Connecticut
76
Delaware
85
District of Columbia
63
Florida
95
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Different from
facility
2%
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
State of offense
(percentage of offenders)
Unknown
10%
18
0
25
14
4
9
23
15
37
5
97
1
3
78*
85
94
86
64
99
100
100
100*
87
70
80
95
100
0*
12
0
0
30
0
0
0
0*
0
0
4
1
0
22*
3
6
14
6
1
0
0
0*
13
30
16
4
0
Same as facility
96%
89
89
99
100*
100
90
71
83
87
99
Different from
facility
4%
1
8
0
0*
0
0
0
0
3
1
Oklahoma
87
0
13
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
98
61
88
91
57
89
96
59
–
98
99
65
94
69
1
6
0
0
8
1
0
11
–
2
1
0
0
9
2
33
12
9
35
10
4
30
–
0
0
35
6
22
State
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Unknown
0%
11
3
1
0*
0
10
29
17
10
0
•n In 2017, information about the state where a youth committed an offense was unknown or otherwise not reported for 10% of all youth in residential
placement on the CJRP census date, but there is considerable variation across states.
*Percentage is based on a small denominator (fewer than 100 juveniles total) and may be unreliable.
– Too few juveniles (fewer than 20) to calculate a reliable percentage.
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machine-readable data files].
How State Data Are Presented in This Bulletin
The Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement (CJRP) data collection supports
two ways of summarizing state information.
The first is based on the state in which the
offense was committed (state of offense);
the second is based on the state where the
facility holding the youth is located (state of
facility). CJRP is an individual-level data
collection of youth in placement; therefore,
the state of offense has become the
primary method for presenting state data. In
most cases, the state of offense and the
state of facility are the same, but the
proportion varies by state. There are
instances, however, where the state of
offense is unknown for some youth or not
reported for any youth. CJRP tables
organized by state of offense cannot
properly account for these youth since there
is no way to determine where they
committed their offense. Therefore, these
youth are excluded from the state analyses
in such tables, and the exclusion is noted. In
2017, all youth for whom state of offense
was unknown (4,242) were held in private
facilities, and 85% of these youth were held
as part of a court-ordered commitment.
140
June 20207
The number of facilities per state varied considerably,
ranging from 2 to 134 on October 25, 2017
In the 2017 census, 21 states reported having more private facilities than public facilities
State of
offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Number of
facilities, 2017
Total Public Private
1,709
975
734
43
14
29
17
7
10
19
12
7
30
18
12
134
88
46
31
17
14
7
3
4
8
*
*
8
2
6
77
25
52
Number of
offenders, 2017
Total Public Private
43,580 30,896 12,684
804
489
315
207
174
33
531
519
12
585
528
54
5,463 4,938
525
993
915
78
99
3
99
129
*
*
93
87
6
2,712 1,182 1,530
Georgia
35
26
9
1,068
987
81
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
4
20
30
63
43
16
28
32
2
31
50
48
41
17
*
14
25
31
11
12
22
16
*
12
22
27
19
*
*
6
5
32
32
4
6
16
*
19
28
21
22
*
60
408
1,071
1,335
585
423
555
762
93
549
309
1,260
675
273
*
375
1,014
864
321
384
423
549
*
435
192
795
456
*
*
30
57
471
264
39
132
213
*
114
117
465
222
*
State of
offense
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Number of
facilities, 2017
Total Public Private
58
51
7
17
7
10
11
5
6
13
*
*
4
*
*
27
*
*
18
15
3
80
21
59
26
22
4
12
5
7
73
64
9
Number of
offenders, 2017
Total Public Private
780
732
48
183
138
45
486
264
219
588
*
*
69
*
*
585
*
*
318
306
15
870
402
465
366
366
0
108
75
33
2,079 1,908
171
28
17
11
426
381
45
39
100
11
21
18
26
89
29
2
41
32
35
49
16
25
23
1
9
10
17
71
14
*
*
*
10
22
6
14
77
10
12
8
9
18
15
*
*
*
25
27
10
909
1,791
123
546
150
537
3,963
222
18
1,062
834
474
630
183
714
756
66
408
87
384
3,549
192
*
*
*
231
465
153
195
1,038
57
135
63
153
414
30
*
*
*
243
162
30
•n Seven states had fewer than 10 facilities on the census date and only 2 had 100 or more. The average number of facilities for all states was 34 in 2017.
•n Although many states reported having more private than public facilities on the census date, 47 states indicated they had more offenders in their public
facilities than private in 2017.
•n The percent of offenders held at public facilities ranged from 42% to 100%.
*Detail is not displayed in states with one or two private facilities to preserve the privacy of individual facilities.
Notes: U.S. total includes 4,242 youth held in facilities for whom state of offense was not reported and 1 youth who committed an offense in a U.S. territory. Detail may not
sum to totals because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machine-readable data files].
8
141
National Report Series Bulletin
In 2017, 138 juvenile offenders were in placement for
every 100,000 juveniles in the U.S. population
Placement rates varied widely across states for both delinquent and status offenders
Placement rate per 100,000, 2017
State of offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Total
138
161
263
71
183
134
172
27
139
215
142
106
47
200
80
185
177
132
122
178
78
90
48
143
116
83
Delinquency
Public Private
96
36
96
55
221
38
69
2
†
158
14†
119
13
157†
14
27
0*
116
201
61†
98
44
180
76
118
97
119
91
124
75
72
29
83
76
81†
19
14*†
80
8
0*
15
4
57
77
12†
14†
44
0*
17
18
49
35
0*
Placement rate per 100,000, 2017
Status offense
Public Private
1
4†
1*
8
0*
0*
0*
0*
8†
3*†
2
0*
*†
2
0*
0*
0*
*
3
0*
*
0
0*†
†
1
0*
*
0
0*
0*
0*
6
1*
*
0
0*
2
0*
1*
1*
5
3*
0*
1*
9
3*
0*†
15†
6
0*
1*
0*
7
2
2*†
4
2
0*
State of offense
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
143
179
231
191
55
64
142
63
46
149
174
100
230
146
127
125
162
78
138
54
33
126
115
280
122
302
Delinquency
Public Private
123
7
135
41
126†
59
184
6†
38
64
134
29
45
95
158
89
180
61
65
91†
94
55†
123
46
27
123
107
129
89
233
14
0*
7
27
0*
29
13
11
49
72
59
29†
61†
17†
14
7
5*
1*
6
92
30
40†
Status offense
Public Private
10
2*
0*
3*
1*†
46
0*
0*†
*
0
2*
*
0
0*
*
1
0*
1
1*
8*
2
1*
1*
0*
0*
2*†
0*
2†
0*
1*
0*
7
0*
17
1
0*
1*
13
0*
2*†
6*†
5†
0*
0*
0*
0*
0*
2
1*
7
1*
50
1*
10*†
20
•n Whereas most delinquents are in public facilities, most status offenders are in private facilities. State residential placement rates based only on
delinquents in public facilities are very different from rates that include status offenders and offenders in private facilities. Of course, several factors
influence variations in state placement rates. Differences in states’ upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction, extended age of jurisdiction (i.e., how long
the juvenile justice system has jurisdiction over youth for dispositional purposes), provisions for transfer to criminal court, jurisdictions’ demographic
composition, offenders’ offense profiles, and bedspace availability in custodial facilities affect placement rates. Therefore, state placement rate
comparisons should be interpreted with caution.
•n In 24 states, the placement rate for delinquency offenders held in public facilities was greater than the national rate (96).
•n The placement rate for delinquency offenders held in public facilities ranged from 27 in Connecticut to 233 in Wyoming.
*Rate is based on fewer than 10 offenders.
†Interpret data with caution. In these states, 30% or more of the information for offense (i.e., delinquency or status) was imputed. For more information about imputation,
visit the methods section of the Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement data analysis tool, available at ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/asp/methods.asp.
Notes: Placement rate is the count of juvenile offenders in placement on the census date per 100,000 youth age 10 through the upper age of original juvenile court
jurisdiction in each state. U.S. total includes 4,242 youth in private facilities for whom state of offense was not reported and 1 youth who committed an offense in a U.S.
territory.
Data source: Authors’ analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machine-readable data files].
142
June 20209
In 2017, the national commitment rate was 1.7 times the
detention rate, but rates varied by state
In 18 states, the commitment rate was more than double the detention rate
State of offense
U.S. total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Placement rate per 100,000, 2017
Detained
Committed
49
85
62
77
95
164
39
28
65
116†
65
62
13
48
145
48
54
28
43
41
74†
59
66
35
62†
67
110†
14
90
69
92
51
19
157
38
102
115
65
76
114
53
35
26
107
68
34†
25
56
21
35
38†
48†
Detention rate
State of offense
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Placement rate per 100,000, 2017
Detained
Committed
32
109
91
79
71†
154†
79
110
10
43
26†
38
63
78
13
50
16
30
33†
112
74
99
54
44
40
185
40
104
34
87
29†
94†
84
78
44
33†
54
79
15
39
11*
22
66
57
31
80
71
207
31
90
69
233
Commitment rate
DC
0 to 29
30 to 48
49 to 97
98 to 145
DC
0 to 49
50 to 84
85 to 159
160 to 233
*Rate is based on fewer than 10 offenders.
†Interpret data with caution. In these states, 30% or more of the offender information for placement status (i.e., detained or committed) was imputed.
Notes: Placement rate is the count of juvenile offenders in placement on the census date per 100,000 youth age 10 through the upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction
in each state. U.S. total includes 4,242 youth in private facilities for whom state of offense was not reported and 1 youth who committed an offense in a U.S. territory.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machine-readable data files].
10
143
National Report Series Bulletin
Between 1997 and 2017, the number of offenders in
placement declined for all demographic groups
Youth ages 16 and 17
accounted for more than
half of offenders in
placement in 2017
With the exception of 1999, the proportion of
offenders ages 16 and 17 ranged from 50%
to 56% between 1997 and 2017. During that
period, the number of offenders in placement
declined 68% for youth younger than age 15,
65% for youth age 15, 59% for youth age 16,
and 50% each for youth ages 17 and 18–20.
The number of male and
female offenders in
placement decreased
between 1997 and 2017
Male offenders in placement outnumbered
female offenders for all years between 1997
and 2017. During that time, the decrease in
the number of male offenders outpaced the
decline in female offenders (down 59% and
54%, respectively). Despite the larger
decrease for males, the proportion of males
in placement remained level for all years,
ranging between 85% and 87%.
Black youth accounted for
at least 38% of offenders
in placement between
1997 and 2017
Minority youth in general accounted for the
largest proportion of youth in placement
between 1997 and 2017, ranging between
60% and 69%, with black youth accounting
for 38% to 42% of the placement population.
Across the data collection period, white youth
accounted for approximately one-third of
youth in placement. Since 1997, the number
of white youth decreased 64%, followed by
black youth (57%), Hispanic youth (53%), and
youth of other races (46%).
Between 1997 and 2017, the number of offenders in placement declined most
for youth younger than age 15, males, and white youth
Offenders in juvenile facilities
30,000
Age 16
25,000
20,000
Age 15
Age 17
15,000
Ages 18–20
10,000
Younger than 15
5,000
0
10/97
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
10/17
Offenders in juvenile facilities
100,000
80,000
Male
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
10/97
Female
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
10/17
Offenders in juvenile facilities
50,000
40,000
Black
30,000
White
20,000
10,000
0
10/97
Hispanic
Other race
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
10/17
•n The number of offenders in placement in 2017 was at the lowest level since at least 1997 for all
age, gender, and race groups.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machinereadable data files].
144
June 202011
Females accounted for a relatively small proportion of
the residential placement population
Females accounted for
15% of offenders in
residential placement
Male offenders dominate the juvenile justice
system. This is especially true of the
residential placement population. Males
represent half of the juvenile population and
are involved in approximately 70% of juvenile
arrests and delinquency cases that juvenile
courts handle each year, but they represented
85% of juvenile offenders in residential
placement in 2017. The proportion of female
juveniles in residential placement was slightly
greater for private facilities (16%) than for
public facilities (15%) and greater for
detained juveniles (18%) than committed
juveniles (13%). Females represented 20% of
all juveniles admitted to placement under a
diversion agreement. Although the number of
females in residential placement has declined
since 1997, their proportion of the placement
population has remained stable.
One-third of females in
residential placement were
held in private facilities
In 2017, private facilities held 31% of
females and 29% of males in juvenile
residential placement. The proportion of
females placed in private facilities varied
substantially by offense category: 72% of all
females held for a status offense were in
private facilities, as were 41% of those held
for drug offenses aside from trafficking, 35%
of those held for simple assault, and 24% of
those held for burglary or theft. In general for
both males and females, the less serious the
offense category, the greater the likelihood
the youth was in a private facility.
Females in residential
placement tended to be
younger than their male
counterparts
In 2017, 37% of females in residential
placement were younger than age 16,
compared with 33% of males. For females in
placement, the peak age was 16, accounting
for 27% of all females in placement facilities.
For males, the peak ages were 16 and 17
(26% each). There was a greater proportion
of offenders age 18 and older among males
(16%) than among females (10%).
Age profile of offenders, 2017:
Age
Total
Male
Female
Total
100%
12 and younger
2
13
4
14
10
15
18
16
26
17
26
18–20
15
100%
2
4
10
17
26
26
16
100%
2
4
11
20
27
26
10
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of
rounding.
A greater proportion of females than males were held for technical
violations or status offenses
Most serious offense
Total
Delinquency
Person
Violent Crime Index*
Other person
Property
Property Crime Index†
Other property
Drug
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Public order
Technical violation
Status offense
Offense profile for juvenile offenders
in residential placement, 2017
Total
Public facilities
Private facilities
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
97
91
99
96
93
79
42
35
45
37
37
30
30
15
33
17
23
9
12
20
11
19
14
21
23
17
22
19
24
14
19
13
19
14
20
10
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
4
6
6
8
1
0
1
1
1
0
4
6
3
5
5
8
13
9
13
9
16
8
14
24
15
26
10
19
3
9
1
4
7
21
•n Status offenders were 9% of females in residential placement in 2017—down from 21% in 1997.
•n Person offenders were 35% of females in residential placement in 2017—up from 25% in 1997.
•n Technical violations and status offenses were more common among females in placement than
among males. Person, property, and public order offenses were more common among males in
placement than among females.
*Violent Crime Index = criminal homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault.
†Property Crime Index = burglary, theft, auto theft, and arson.
Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machinereadable data files].
12
145
National Report Series Bulletin
Minority youth accounted for 67% of offenders in
residential placement in 2017
Blacks made up the
largest share of youth
offenders in placement
In 2017, the population of youth held in
residential placement for delinquency or
status offenses was 41% black, 33% white,
and 21% Hispanic. Youth of other races,
including those of two or more races,
accounted for 5% of youth in residential
placement.
Between 2007 and 2017, the population of
offenders dropped 50%. The declines,
however, did not affect all race/ethnicity
groups equally. Since 2007, the number of
white youth in residential placement for an
offense dropped 52%, compared with 49%
for minority youth.
Juvenile offenders in placement, 2017:
Race/ethnicity
Total
White
Minority
Black
Hispanic
American Indian
Asian
Two or more
Percent
change
2007– 1997–
Number 2017 2017
43,580
14,215
29,365
17,841
9,161
752
361
1,250
–50%
–52
–49
–50
–49
–49
–65
–2
–59%
–64
–55
–57
–53
–53
–84
122
In 2017, minority youth made up the majority
of both males and females in residential
placement (68% and 62%, respectively).
Blacks represented the largest racial
proportion among males (42%), and
whites were the largest proportion among
females (38%).
Black youth accounted for 63% of juveniles held for robbery and 52% of
those held for weapons offenses
Most serious offense
Total
Delinquency
Criminal homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Simple assault
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Weapons
Technical violation
Status offense
Racial/ethnic profile of juvenile offenders in placement, 2017
American
Total
White
Black
Hispanic Indian
Asian
100%
33%
41%
21%
2%
1%
100
32
42
21
2
1
100
21
47
28
1
1
26
16
1
1
100
54
100
11
63
21
1
1
100
23
47
25
2
1
100
37
38
19
2
0
46
100
30
18
2
1
100
36
43
16
1
1
100
28
44
24
2
1
100
29
38
32
0
0
100
46
27
21
3
0
100
17
52
26
1
1
100
33
35
26
2
1
54
27
12
2
1
100
In 2017, 10% of white youth in residential placement were held for
sexual assault, compared with 6% of Asian youth, 5% each of American
Indian youth and Hispanic youth, and 4% of black youth
Most serious offense
Total
Delinquency
Criminal homicide
Sexual assault
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Simple assault
Burglary
Theft
Auto theft
Drug trafficking
Other drug
Weapons
Technical violation
Status offense
Offense profile of juvenile offenders in placement, 2017
American
Total
White
Black
Hispanic Indian
Asian
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
96
94
97
98
96
97
2
1
2
3
1
3
4
5
5
6
6
10
11
4
17
11
5
13
9
6
10
11
9
10
8
9
8
8
10
4
9
8
7
7
11
11
5
5
5
4
3
5
5
4
5
5
5
7
1
1
1
1
0
0
4
6
3
4
6
2
5
3
7
6
3
4
15
15
13
19
21
11
6
3
2
4
3
4
Notes: Racial categories (i.e., white, black, American Indian, and Asian) do not include youth of Hispanic
ethnicity. The American Indian racial category includes Alaska Natives; the Asian racial category includes
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. Totals include persons of unspecified race. Detail may not add
to totals because of rounding.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machinereadable data files].
146
June 202013
On the 2017 census date, person offenders had been
committed or detained longer than other offenders
CJRP provides individuallevel data on time spent in
placement
Information on length of stay is key to
understanding the justice system’s handling
of juveniles in residential placement. Ideally,
length of stay would be calculated for
individual juveniles by totaling the days of
their stay in placement, from their initial
admission to their final release relating to a
particular case. These individual lengths of
placement would then be averaged for
different release cohorts of juveniles (cohorts
would be identified by year of release,
offense, adjudication status, or demographic
characteristics).
CJRP captures information on the number of
days since admission for each juvenile in
residential placement. These data represent
the number of days the juvenile had been in
the facility up to the census date. Because
CJRP data reflect only a juvenile’s placement
at one facility, the complete length of stay—
from initial admission to the justice system to
final release—cannot be determined.
Nevertheless, CJRP provides an overall profile
of the time juveniles had been in the facility
at the time of the census—a 1-day snapshot
of time in the facility.
Because CJRP data are reported for
individuals, averages can be calculated for
different subgroups of the population. In
addition, analysts can use the data to get a
picture of the proportion of residents
remaining after a certain number of days
(e.g., what percentage of youth have been
held longer than a year). This sort of analysis
provides juvenile justice policymakers with a
useful means of comparing the time spent in
placement for different categories of youth.
In 2017, 33% of committed offenders, but just 8% of detained offenders,
remained in placement 6 months after admission
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Committed
50%
40%
30%
Detained
20%
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission
•n Among detained offenders (those awaiting adjudication, disposition, or placement elsewhere), 79%
had been in the facility for at least a week, 62% for at least 15 days, and 43% for at least 30 days.
•n Among committed juveniles (those held as part of a court-ordered disposition), 81% had been in
the facility for at least 30 days, 69% for at least 60 days, and 58% for at least 90 days. After a full
year, 11% of committed offenders remained in placement.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machinereadable data files].
Youth’s average time in the facility varied by adjudication status, offense,
and facility type
Most serious offense
All offenses
Delinquency
Median days in placement
Committed
Detained
(all facilities)
Public
Private
23
104
128
23
104
128
Person
36
139
138
Property
18
90
125
Drugs
16
71
104
Public order
22
95
150
Technical violation
16
58
104
23
63
129
Status offense
•n Half of all youth committed to public facilities for an offense remained in placement after
104 days (128 for private facilities). In contrast, half of those detained for an offense
remained in placement after 23 days.
•n With the exception of those adjudicated for person offenses, youth committed to private
facilities had been in the facilities longer than those committed to public facilities.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machinereadable data files].
14
147
National Report Series Bulletin
In 2017, males tended to stay in facilities longer than females
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Male
20%
Female
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Detained
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Male
50%
40%
Female
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Committed
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission
•n After 30 days, 45% of detained males and 35% of detained females remained in residential placement.
•n After 60 days, 28% of detained males and 20% of detained females remained in residential placement.
•n After 180 days (approximately half a year), 34% of committed males and 25% of committed females remained in residential placement.
•n After a full year (365 days), 12% of committed males and 6% of committed females remained in residential placement.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machine-readable data files].
Minority youth were detained longer than white youth, but there was virtually no difference in the time in residential
placement between minority and white committed youth
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Minority
20%
White
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Detained
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission
Percentage of offenders remaining in placement
100%
90%
80%
70%
Minority
White
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Committed
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days since admission
•n Among youth detained for an offense, 38% of white youth had been in the facility at least 30 days, compared with 46% of minority youth.
•n Among youth committed for an offense, time in residential placement was virtually the same for white youth and minority youth.
•n After 180 days, approximately one-third of both white and minority youth committed for an offense remained in residential placement.
Data source: Author’s analysis of OJJDP’s Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 2017 [machine-readable data files].
CJRP Data Include the Number of Deaths in Custody
The Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement (CJRP) asked facilities if any
offenders died while in the facility’s legal
custody between October 1, 2016 and
September 30, 2017. In 2017, facilities
reported that 10 youth died while in their
care. While CJRP only collects the number
of youth who died while in residential
placement, the Juvenile Residential Facility
Census (JRFC, the companion data
collection to CJRP) collects information
about the demographics of youth who died
as well as the cause of death. The most
recent JRFC publication is available at
https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/library/publications/
juvenile-residential-facility-census-2016selected-findings.
148
June 202015
U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
8660 Cherry Lane
Laurel, MD 20707-4651
*NCJ~254498*
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
DOJ/OJJDP/GPO
PERMIT NO. G – 26
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
National Report Series Bulletin
Data sources
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008,
2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement for 1997,
1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 [machine-readable data
files]. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau (producer).
National Center for Health Statistics (prepared under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S.
Census Bureau), Vintage 2017 Postcensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United
States (April 1, 2010, July 1, 2010–July 1, 2017), by Year, County, Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2,
. . . , 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex [machine-readable data files
available online at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, released 6/27/18].
Visit OJJDP’s Statistical Briefing Book for More Juvenile
Placement Information
OJJDP’s online Statistical Briefing Book (SBB) offers access to a wealth of information about
juvenile crime and victimization and about youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Visit the
“Juveniles in Corrections” section of the SBB at ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/corrections/faqs.asp for the
latest information about juveniles in corrections. Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement is a data analysis tool that gives users quick access to national data on
the characteristics of youth held in residential placement facilities. Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP) questionnaires are available online by clicking SBB’s National Data
Sets tab and choosing CJRP in the dropdown menu.
NCJ 254498
Acknowledgments
This bulletin was written by Sarah Hockenberry,
Research Associate, with assistance from
Charles Puzzanchera, Senior Research
Associate, at the National Center for Juvenile
Justice, with funds provided by OJJDP and
managed by the National Institute of Justice to
support the National Juvenile Justice Data
Analysis Project.
This bulletin was prepared under grant number 2016–
JF–FX–K001 from the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), U.S. Department of
Justice. To ensure the efficiency and coordination of all
Office of Justice Programs research activities, the
juvenile justice research, evaluation, and statistical data
collection projects funded by OJJDP are managed by
the National Institute of Justice (NIJ).
Points of view or opinions expressed in this document
are those of the author and do not necessarily
represent the official position or policies of OJJDP, NIJ,
or the U.S. Department of Justice.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention is a component of the Office of Justice
Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice
Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the
National Institute of Justice; the Office for Victims of
Crime; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing,
Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking.
149
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Trends and characteristics of youth in
residential placement, 2017
The number of detained and committed youth in residential placement continues to decline
Relative declines from 1999 to 2017 were greater for
committed youth (65%) than for detained youth (45%)
In 2017, males, youth over age 15, and white youth accounted
for larger shares of the committed than the detained population
Number of youth in residential placement
120,000
100,000
Committed
15
18%
20%
11%
15%
Detained
60,000
Committed
40,000
43,580
28,576
Committed
Detained
15,660
Detained
Committed
10/01
02/06
02/10
Census date
10/13
26%
The offense profiles for detained and committed youth were
similar in 2017
Status
2%
Public
order
12%
Drugs
5%
Technical
violation
19%
Status
5%
Property
21%
Female
82%
18%
13%
Black
29%
45%
39%
Person
42%
22%
Status
23
16
Technical
violation
16
0
100%
State
Local
69%
40%
20%
Detained
Committed
139
121
75
40
60
80
100
Median days in placement
n Review FAQs about juveniles in corrections
n Analyze data with Easy Access to the Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement
n View the glossary of terms, methods, and data
118
83
ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb
Access more information on juveniles in placement
114
collection questionnaires
103
20
6%
20%
Committed youth
18
20%
Facility
operation:
40%
60%
40%
36
Public order
5%
Private
23
22
22%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Percent of youth in residential placement
In 2017, half of detained youth remained in placement 3 weeks
after admission; half of committed youth remained after 16 weeks
Person
Hispanic Other
In 2017, local facilities held the greatest proportion of
detained youth and the smallest proportion of committed youth
80%
Property
23%
Detained youth
Male
Note: Other race includes American Indian/Alaskan Natives, Asian/Pacific
Islanders, and youth of unknown race.
0%
Drugs
20%
9%
Technical
violation
13%
Property
6%
Percent of youth held
100%
Public
order
13%
Person
41%
All offenses
18-20
27%
29%
White
35%
0%
10/17
Note: Total includes detained youth, committed youth, and a small
number of youth in placement as part of a diversion agreement.
Drugs
5%
17
29%
87%
26,972
20,000
0
10/97
16
Total
77,835
80,000
Under 15
Detained
107,493
Detained
Committed
120
140
Notes: This publication was prepared by Charles Puzzanchera and
Sarah Hockenberry, National Center for Juvenile Justice, with funds
provided by OJJDP through grant #2016-JF-FX-K001. July 2019.
Data source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement [machine-readable
150
data files]. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau (producer).
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Highlights from the 2018 Juvenile
Residential Facility Census
The latest data reveal changes in where youth are placed and the screenings provided
The proportion of locally operated facilities has increased
steadily since 2000, while that of private facilities decreased
Percentage of residential placement offenders
50%
Percentage of juvenile residential facilities
100%
90%
80%
70%
61%
60%
58%
56%
53%
Since 2010, locally operated facilities have held more
juvenile offenders than state-operated facilities
50%
49%
46%
45%
40%
Private
45%
35%
60%
30%
50%
25%
40%
30%
22%
23%
25%
25%
17%
17%
18%
19%
28%
30%
19%
21%
31%
33%
20%
21%
35%
38%
Local
0%
22% State
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Percentage of facilities screening ALL youth
100%
95%
78%
80%
2018
2000
88%
90%
60%
20%
10%
21%
The proportion of facilities screening all youth for suicide
risk increased substantially between 2000 and 2018
70%
61%
5%
0%
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
The majority of facilities reported screening all or some
youth for service needs within one week of admission
Percentage of facilities screening ALL or SOME youth within 1 week
100%
95%
63%
59%
70%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
Substance
abuse
75%
Mental
health
0%
76%
64%
50%
50%
40%
Education
80%
60%
47%
Suicide
risk
69%
2018
2000
88%
90%
80%
75%
50%
0%
State-operated facility
15%
20%
10%
Locally operated facility
40%
Suicide
risk
Education
The number of deaths in facilities has decreased since
2000; suicide was the most common cause in most years
Substance
abuse
Mental
health
ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb
Number of deaths in facilities in year prior to census month
30
Access more information on residential
facilities and youth in placement
25
n Review FAQs about residential facility characteristics
n Analyze data with the Juvenile Residential Facility
20
15
All deaths
10
5
Suicide
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Census Databook
Note: This publication was prepared by Charles Puzzanchera and
Sarah Hockenberry, National Center for Juvenile Justice, under
cooperative agreement #2019-JX-FX-K001 awarded by the National
Institute of Justice with funding support from OJJDP. July 2020.
Data source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Juvenile Residential Facility Census [machine-readable data files].
151
Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau (producer).
CENSUS OF JUVENILES IN RESIDENTIAL PLACEMENT (CJRP)
NON RESPONSE CALL INSTRUCTIONS
2/26/2018
Questionnaires NPC will be requesting
CJ-14
Schedule of Operations
Week of 2/26/18 – Begin 1st round of calls
Week of 3/12/18– Begin 2nd round of calls
Material that will be provided to NPC
1) Blank PDF of CJ-14
2) Username and passwords for web submission
3) Section II excel template
4) NPC will use the assigned Non-Response listing (CRM) in GPS
Methods of Return
• Fax to NPC (NPC Fax Number: 1-888-262-3974)
• Web: https://respond.census.gov/cjrp (not possible for section 2 missing data)
• Mail:
US Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
NPC Tasks
• Call each facility and ask the respondent to submit the questionnaire.
• Document the results of that call in the “Actions” option of the CRM screen (ex.
“Left voice mail”, “busy signal”, “faxed/emailed the form”, “provided ID &
password for web” etc.). If additional notes are required please add in the
“Additional Notes” field on the check in screen
• Collect all data on Section 1 of the CJ-14 form for single facilities, if possible.
Call Guidelines
• Acceptable calling times are Monday through Friday 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. EST.
For west coast calls (PST), do not call before 11:00 a.m. EST, which would be
8:00 a.m. PST. For east coast calls, do not call facilities after 5:00 p.m. West coast
calls can be made until 8:00 a.m. EST, which is 5:00 p.m. PST.
• If you get a busy signal or there is no voicemail, call back at a different time, but
do not attempt more than three (3) times in the same day.
• If you reach a non working number send referral to on-site analyst as soon as
possible to facilitate research for another number.
152
Where to access the Non-Response / Sec. 2 Missing Data Listing:
GPS System/CRM Screen – Each workload is State assigned by Jamesbond ID
Methods of accepting data: fax, phone, and mail
Preferred method: For small units (30 offenders or less), get the information over the
phone, if possible.
Example of a Script
FOR SINGLE UNIT NON-RESPONSE
Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is … (your name)… and I’m calling
from the U.S. Census Bureau. I am calling with regards to the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement which was mailed to you in October 2017. We mailed a second
request for data, which was due on February 26, 2018. As of today, our records show
that we have not received the questionnaire from you.”
FOR MULTIUNIT NON-RESPONSE
Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is … (your name)… and I’m calling
from the U.S. Census Bureau. I am calling with regards to the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement which was mailed to you in October 2017. We mailed a second
request for data, which was due on February 26, 2018. As of today, our records show
that we have not received the questionnaire from one or more of your facilities. Can you
assist me with this request?”
Critical Items
We would like to collect ALL Section 1 data. However, if this is not possible, it is
important to collect
Section 1
Q. 6 What type of residential facility is the one listed on the front cover? (CJ-14 page 3)
Q. 7a through 11b (CJ-14 pages 3 through 5)
CALL SPECIFICS
If speaking to the respondent (for SINGLE FACILITIES ONLY): “Can you
or another staff member answer a few questions about your facility? It will only
take a few minutes of your time.”
If the respondent can answer the questions, begin with question 1a and continue to
question 20.
153
Read the questions in BOLD. Do not read information not in bold.
Here are a few examples:
Question 6. on CJ-14 Form – Modification to Question
6. What type of residential facility is the one listed on the front cover? Mark
(x) those that apply.
Detention center: A short-term facility that provides temporary care in a physically
restricting environment for juveniles in custody pending court disposition and, often, for
juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or placement
elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold juveniles committed for short periods of time as part of their
disposition (e.g., weekend detention).
Training school/Long-term secure facility: A specialized type of facility that provides
strict confinement and long-term treatment generally for post-adjudication committed
juvenile offenders. Includes training schools, juvenile correctional facilities, youth
development centers.
Reception or diagnostic center: A short-term facility that screens juvenile offenders
committed by the courts and assigns them to appropriate correctional facilities.
NPC Staff would read: “What type of residential facility is [name of facility]?”
Then read the types: Detention center, Training school/Long-term secure
facility, reception or diagnostic center, group home or halfway house, residential
treatment center, etc.
Question 12b. on CJ-14 Form
12b. What kind of treatment is provided INSIDE this facility? Mark (x) those
that apply.
NPC Staff would read: “12b. What kind of treatment is provided inside this
facility?”
Do not read any of the notes out loud. For example, Note C on page 4 says:
As a check, the sum of question 8 (persons 21 and older) and 9b (persons under
age 21) should equal the sum reported in question 7b (number of persons assigned
beds in the facility).
Do not read this note.
If the respondent answers the questions for Section 1: “Thank you for your
time and cooperation. We are also collecting data on juveniles with assigned beds
154
in your facility on October 25, 2017. Will you be able to submit Section 2 of this
questionnaire this week?
Ask the respondent if they have their questionnaire. If not, say “We will send one
right over. Is it best to fax you or email you?” [verify the fax number/email
address]. Refer unit to supervisor for email.
[ Prior to sending the questionnaire, place the 21 digit facility ID, Facility
Name, and Username on front cover of blank questionnaire/or pdf.
If being sent via email or fax - DO NOT ENTER PASSWORD!
If the respondent requests a hard copy of the questionnaire, verify the mailing
address and ask for a contact name. Enter all details above including Password.]
•
Use approved fax cover. Do not add additional notes.
If they ask what juveniles do we want/who are we collecting data for, say:
“We are collecting data on persons under age 21 who had assigned beds in this
facility at the end of the day on October 25, 2017 and were in your facility
because they were charged with or court-adjudicated for an offense.”
If speaking to the respondent and they cannot or will not answer questions
over the phone: “Will you be able to submit the questionnaire this week?”
If leaving a message: “Please give us a call on (your number) and let us know
when you’ll be able to submit the questionnaire to us”. If we don’t hear from you
then we’ll call back in a few days. If you’ve already submitted please disregard
this message.”
•
Three day leave voice message policy- call every day.
If the facility has been closed: “OK. What date did (facility name) close?” Also,
if the respondent is forthcoming with a date, ask why the facility closed (i.e., lost
contract, re-opened as a different type of facility, etc.) and note it.
If they provide a date on which they can submit the form: “Ok, I have that
documented and we’ll look for our questionnaire then. Thank you and have a
wonderful day.”
If they cannot provide a date to submit the form: “Ok ma’am/sir this was just a
reminder call. If we have not received your questionnaire in a couple of weeks
we’ll be calling back. Thank you and have a wonderful day.”
If they say they’ve already submitted: “Thank you for your submission and we
apologize for the burden. Do you remember when you submitted? And how did
you submit (fax, web, mail)? Ok, we will verify this information and get back
with you if we have any follow up questions. Thank you and have a wonderful
day.”
155
•
Check for submission-if submission is not recorded in one week, start
calling again.
If they need another questionnaire: “Sure, we will send one right over. Is it
best to fax you or email you?” [verify the fax number/email address] “Thank you,
I will be sending it in a few minutes. Please let me know if we can assist with
anything else. Have a wonderful day.” Refer unit to supervisor for email.
[ Prior to sending the questionnaire, place the 21 digit facility ID, Facility
Name, and Username on front cover of blank questionnaire/or pdf.
If being sent via email or fax- DO NOT ENTER PASSWORD!
If the respondent requests a hard copy of the questionnaire, verify the mailing
address and ask for a contact name. EnterAll Details above including Password.]
•
Use approved fax cover. Do no add additional notes.
If they need their User ID and Password to complete the questionnaire via the Web:
Direct the respondent to https://respond.census.gov/cjrp. Provide the user with their
username and password. Instruct the user that passwords are case-sensitive.
Also, remind central reporters that if they are submitting via the web and are
reporting for more than one facility they can only enter their email address on the
change password page when submitting for the first facility. They must skip over
the email address when entering data for the other facilities or they will get an
error message.
If speaking to someone who is not the respondent or cannot forward you to
the respondent (or the respondent’s voicemail): “Is there a good time to call
back (state the respondent’s name)?”
If yes: “Ok, thank you I will call back at that time”
If the respondent is no longer there: “Ok, do you know who has replaced them,
or who may have received the survey package when it was mailed out in mid
October?” [When they give you the name] “May I speak with that person?”
If the respondent is no longer there and the person on the phone can’t give
you any information: “Ok, thank you for your time, someone will be calling
your office later to follow up. Have a wonderful day”. [Refer as soon as possible
for HQ follow up.]
If the respondent says they want to complete the survey over the phone: Get a
date and time that would be convenient to call them back and inform the
respondent that someone will call them back to complete the form over the phone.
[Refer as soon as possible to collect this information.]
156
Make sure to document the outcome of each and every call that you make in the CRM
system.
The CRM notes will be reviewed by the Project Manager during NRFU, so provide clear
and concise details.
FOR MISSING SECTION 2 DATA
Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is … (your name)… and I’m calling
from the U.S. Census Bureau in regards to the Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement. We appreciate your response to Section 1 and would like to help you
complete the survey. Your data is critically important to our efforts to calculate national
statistics on juveniles.
We recently emailed/faxed you a copy of the CJPR form. If you received an email, then
you also received an excel template. Do you have those, or the original form mailed to
you?
Your original submission was complete through section 1, but was missing section 2.
Can you or another staff member provide demographic information on juveniles in your
facility? If you cannot easily access your data for the reference data of October 25, 2017,
we are more than happy to use data from today’s population.
If yes, and there are fewer than 20 juveniles, collect the data over the phone, if possible.
Otherwise, ensure that they have the CJRP form and instruct them to fax Sec. 2 to 1-888262-3974.
If the form was not faxed/mailed to the respondent:
Please take a moment to complete your submission using the form pdf or the excel
Template, whichever you prefer. Can you please provide a (fax number/email address)
so that I can send you the form? If you wish, I will be more than happy to take the
information over the phone."
Document the method of submission. If the respondent says they will send the
information, say, “We are asking all respondent to submit their Section 2 juvenile data by
by Monday, March 5th, 2018.
If respondents agree to provide Sec. 2 critical items over the phone, collect data on
these items:
157
Critical Data Items
Section 2
Q2. What is this person’s sex?
(Kid_Sex)
If respondent only provides a total number of offenders, ask: How many are male
vs. female?
Q3. What is this person’s date of birth?
(Kid_Birth_Month, Kid_Birth_Day, Kid_Birth_Year)
Q5. Which one of the following placed this person at this facility?
(Kid_placed)
If respondent only provides a total number of offenders, ask: Who places the
majority of the offenders in your facility?
Q6. Is the court, probation or law enforcement agency, or other agency referred to in
question 5 at the federal, tribal, state, county, or municipal level?
(Agency_Type)
Q7. What was the most serious offense for which this person was assigned a bed here on
October 28, 2015?
(Kid_Offense)
Q8. In which state or territory did this person commit the offense?
(Kid_Offense _Location)*
Q9. On October 25, 2017 , what was this
person’s court adjudication status?
(Kid_Adjudication_Status)
*If the facility cannot answer Q8./does not know which state juveniles committed the
offense, ask: In the last year have you had any youth in your facility who are placed
because of a delinquency or status offense (or law violation) committed in a state
OTHER THAN [state name]?
• If no – because all kids committed offenses in that state – then
Kid_Offense_Location_State = 2 All in State.
Thank you!
158
• If yes, then Kid_Offense_Location_State = 1 Multiple States
Do you have any idea what percentage of the kids are placed in your facility
because of offenses committed out of state?
Again, make sure to document the outcome of each and every call that you make in the
CRM system
The CRM notes will be reviewed by the Project Manager during NRFU, so provide clear
and concise details.
159
December 12, 2018
MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD
From:
Suzanne M. Dorinski1
Longitudinal Research, Evaluation, and Outreach Branch
Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division
Subject:
Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2017 Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement
This memorandum presents a streamlined version of the imputation methodology for the 2017 Census
of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP).
This document uses intentional white space to improve readability. The document is available in PDF
format, because the reader’s computer might not reproduce the original formatting.
This document also serves as a guide to the programmer who works on the 2019 CJRP. Notes to the
programmer are in brackets. The 2017 CJRP system is reusable for the 2019 CJRP. [The programs are in
the \\govs011fs\govs\cjrp\2017\Production subdirectory.]
The imputation methodology for the 2001 CJRP and earlier censuses used the section and question
numbers as variable names. It is very easy to make a typing mistake while using that convention. The
naming convention also makes it more difficult to read the program code and debug it. Starting with the
2013 CJRP, we assigned variable names that are more descriptive. Table 1 shows the naming
conventions used in the programs in the imputation system. The section and question number for each
item are in parentheses. The final record layout for the 2017 CJRP also includes descriptive variable
names, but the variable names do not always match the variable names used in the imputation system.
The variable names as assigned in the final record layout for 2017 are also included in parentheses.
The Economic Directorate of the U.S. Census Bureau regularly conducts quality audits of survey and
census programs. Some of the discussion in this document is based on feedback from the most recent
quality audit. Some parts of the discussion may not be of interest to the sponsor but are required for
the purposes of the quality audit.
1
Suzanne worked for years in the Public Sector Statistical Methods Branch in the Economic Statistical Methods
Division. She is permanently assigned to the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division as of September 30,
2018.
160
Table of Contents
Table 1. Naming conventions in the 2017 CJRP Imputation System ......................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 1. CJRP response method percentages over time .......................................................................... 6
Figure 2. CJRP response method counts over time ................................................................................... 6
Figure 3. CJRP and JRFC unit response rates over time............................................................................. 8
Summary of Changes during the 2017 Data Collection ................................................................................. 9
Table 2. Flag values in the processing system for the 2017 CJRP ............................................................. 9
Table 3. Flag values for OWNERSHIP_CHANGE_FLAG............................................................................. 10
Summary of the File .................................................................................................................................... 10
Table 4. Summary of the facilities on the 2017 final imputed file .......................................................... 10
Table 5. 2017 CJRP counts (nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia) .............. 10
Records Eligible for Imputation ................................................................................................................... 10
Table 6. Values for the 2017 status flag .................................................................................................. 11
Critical Item Facilities .................................................................................................................................. 11
Table 7. Values for the Critical Items Field .............................................................................................. 12
Item Response Rates ................................................................................................................................... 12
Table 8. 2017 CJRP Item Response Rates ................................................................................................ 13
Questionnaire Items Eligible for Imputation ............................................................................................... 14
Table 9. Items Eligible for Imputation ..................................................................................................... 14
Imputation Rates ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Table 10. CJRP Section I Item Imputation Rates by Year for Population Counts .................................... 15
Table 11. CJRP Imputation Rates for Check Box Items in Section I ......................................................... 15
Table 12. CJRP Section II Item Imputation Rates by Year ........................................................................ 16
Total Quantity Response Rates.................................................................................................................... 16
Table 13. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates by Year .......................................................................... 17
Figure 4. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates over Time ....................................................................... 19
Collapsed Facility Type Codes ...................................................................................................................... 19
161
Table 14. Hierarchy Used to Assign Collapsed Facility Type Code .......................................................... 20
Imputation Methodology for Section I Data ................................................................................................ 20
Missing data for check box questions ...................................................................................................... 20
Table 15. Section I Check Box Questions over Time................................................................................ 21
Missing data for population counts ......................................................................................................... 21
Imputation Methodology for Item Nonresponse in Section II Data ............................................................ 22
Changes in methodology over time ......................................................................................................... 22
Table 16. How We Impute Missing Offense Codes ................................................................................. 22
Randomly imputing the day of birth, month of birth, or day of admission ............................................. 23
Age and stay calculations ......................................................................................................................... 23
Hierarchical hot-deck imputation for item nonresponse......................................................................... 24
Imputation Methodology for Section II Data for Critical Item Facilities ...................................................... 24
Changes in methodology over time ......................................................................................................... 24
Background............................................................................................................................................... 25
Hierarchical hot-deck for critical item facilities ....................................................................................... 26
Quality Checks Performed After Imputation ............................................................................................... 26
Other Programming Notes .......................................................................................................................... 27
Caution When Comparing State Data over Time ......................................................................................... 28
Issues to Consider for the Next CJRP Collection .......................................................................................... 29
Future CJRP collections should have a dashboard during data collection ............................................... 29
Better editing needed for file uploads from Centurion ........................................................................... 29
Evaluate the collapsed facility types ........................................................................................................ 30
References................................................................................................................................................... 30
162
Table 1. Naming conventions in the 2017 CJRP Imputation System
Concept
Persons assigned to
beds
Persons assigned to
beds age 21 or older
Persons under age
21 assigned to beds
Persons under age
21 assigned to beds
due to offenses
Persons assigned to
beds for reasons
other than offenses
Juvenile offender’s
sex
Juvenile offender’s
birth date
Juvenile offender’s
race
Agency that placed
the juvenile
offender in the
facility
Juvenile offender’s
most serious
offense
Juvenile offender’s
adjudication status
Juvenile offender’s
date of admission
2017 CJRP
Total_2017
(G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS)
(S1Q7b)
Adults_2017
(G_NUM_21_OLDER)
(S1Q8)
Kids_2017
(G_NUM_21_UNDER)
(S1Q9b)
Kid_offenders_2017
(G_TOTAL_OFFENSE)
(S1Q10b)
Kid_nonoffenders_2017
(G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE)
(S1Q11b)
Kid_sex
(S2Q2)
Kid_birth_month
(S2Q3)
Kid_birth_day
(S2Q3)
Kid_birth_year
(S2Q3)
Kid_race
(S2Q4)
Kid_placed_by
(S2Q5)
2016 JRFC
Total_2016
(G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS)
(S1Q5b)
Adults_2016
(G_NUM_21_OLDER)
(S1Q6)
Kids_2016
(G_NUM_UNDER_21)
(S1Q7b)
Kid_offenders_2016
(G_TOTAL_OFFENSE)
(S1Q8b)
Kid_nonoffenders_2016
(G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE)
(S1Q9b)
2015 CJRP
Total_2015
(G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS)
(S1Q7b)
Adults_2015
(G_NUM_21_OLDER)
(S1Q8)
Kids_2015
(G_NUM_UNDER_21)
(S1Q9b)
Kid_offenders_2015
(G_TOTAL_OFFENSE)
(S1Q10b)
Kid_nonoffenders_2015
(G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE)
(S1Q11b)
Kid_offense
(S2Q7)
Kid_adjudication_status
(S2Q9)
Kid_admitted_month
(S2Q10)
Kid_admitted_day
(S2Q10)
Kid_admitted_year
(S2Q10)
163
Introduction
First conducted in 1997, the CJRP is a mail canvass census. The 2010 CJRP was the first collection to give
facilities the option to respond online. The CJRP asks juvenile residential custody facilities in the U.S. to
describe each youth assigned to a bed in the facility on the last Wednesday of October. Adult facilities,
or facilities exclusively for drug or mental health treatment, or facilities for abused or neglected children
are not included in the census. Normally conducted in odd-numbered years, the CJRP collection
scheduled for 2005 occurred in early 2006, and the collection scheduled for 2009 occurred in early 2010.
The reference date for the 2017 CJRP was Wednesday, October 25, 2017.
In 1997, CJRP replaced the Census of Public and Private Juvenile Detention, Correctional, and Shelter
Facilities, also known as the Children in Custody census, which began in the early 1970s. Previous
censuses collected data on the facilities and the juvenile offenders held in the facilities.
CJRP collects an individual record on each offender less than 21 years of age held in the residential
facility, with information on the juvenile’s sex, date of birth, race, agency or authority placing the
offender there, most serious offense, court adjudication status, and date of admission to the facility.
The Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC) is conducted in alternate years and collects more detailed
information about the facilities that hold juvenile offenders.
The National Center for Juvenile Justice, the research division of the National Council of Juvenile and
Family Court Judges, maintains the CJRP databook online. The databook contains a set of pre-defined
tables detailing the characteristics of juvenile offenders in residential placement facilities. Tables are
currently available for 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2015.
The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data holds the previous data files, where they are part of the
restricted access collection. For more information, see http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/.
The project sponsor is the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)2. The Public
Sector Statistical Methods Branch (PSSMB) of Economic Statistical Methods Division is responsible for
imputation in the CJRP, while the Criminal Justice Branch (CJB) of Economic Reimbursable Surveys
Division is responsible for data collection and editing.
2
As of October 22, 2018, the juvenile justice research function that had been part of OJJDP has moved to the
National Institute of Justice. See https://www.nij.gov/about/director/Pages/muhlhausen-juvenile-justiceresearch-comes-to-nij.aspx for more details.
164
CJRP method of response over time (percentages)
63.1
Percent of Total Frequency
60
49.7
47.8
39.0
40
32.3
28.1
20
1.0
0
Completed mail
0.0
2.4
0.0
Mail other
3.4
3.6
1.0
Fax
8.8
7.7
5.0
4.1
2.9
Phone
Email
Web
Method of return
2013
2015
2017
Figure 1. CJRP response method percentages over time
CJRP method of response over time (counts)
1,250
Frequency
1,000
750
1,156
1,225
1,118
907
755
546
500
250
24
0
Completed mail
0
Mail other
0
57
80
116
70
20
Fax
206
180
Phone
80
67
Email
Web
Method of return
2013
2015
2017
Figure 2. CJRP response method counts over time
165
A facility is temporarily out-of-scope when they do not hold juveniles on the reference date.
A facility is permanently out-of-scope for one of several reasons:
The facility is no longer a residential facility (might have converted to day treatment only).
The facility is a duplicate of a record already on the data file.
The facility has changed from public to private, or private to public. When this happens, the
facility ID changes, and the previous facility ID is out-of-scope.3
The facility no longer holds any juveniles (only handles adults).
The facility no longer holds any offenders (juveniles are all voluntary placements, or in the
facility because of neglect, abuse, dependency, or abandonment).
There were 2,101 in-scope facilities on reference day. 1,696 of the 2,101 facilities responded to the
2017 CJRP, for an 80.7 percent unit response rate. 337 refused to participate in the 2017 CJRP, but we
imputed records for the nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The unit response rate is
Unit response rate = ∑
Completed
(Completed + Refusals + Critical Items + Missing part of Section 2)
based on the value of the CheckInStatus code for each facility.
Figure 3 shows the unit response rates for CJRP and JRFC over time.
The extraordinary number of critical item facilities in the 2007 CJRP (676) explains the 76.1 percent unit
response rate for that year.
3
This is boilerplate language from previous data collection cycles. The analysts report that when a facility changed
from public to private, or private to public, they coded the facility as permanently closed so that the ID was no
longer active in the Justice Agency List and on the next cycle’s universe. No facility IDs were changed during the
2017 CJRP.
166
CJRP and JRFC unit response rates over time
96.0
95
Unit response rate
91.5
90.0
89.6
90
88.5
87.6
87.0
88.3
87.2
87.4
88.0
88.4
86.6
85
80
92.2
80.0
80.7
76.1
75
2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2006 2007 2008 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP JRFC CJRP
Survey year
Figure 3. CJRP and JRFC unit response rates over time
[The programs 2017_CJRP_unit_response.sas and JRFC_and_CJRP_unit_response_rates_over_time.sas
calculate the unit response rates and generates the graphic display. The program
online_response_rates_over_time.sas calculates the method of return values and generates the graphic
displays.]
The 2017 questionnaire has two sections: Section I, which collects general information about the facility,
and Section II, which collects individual person data for juvenile offenders held at the facility.
This document includes the response rates and describes the imputation methodology that we used to
make complete data sets for analytical purposes. The following section gives a brief description of the
changes during the 2017 data collection cycle. We summarize the numbers of facilities and records on
the 2017 imputed file in the section titled “Summary of the File”.
Next we describe the records eligible for imputation. Then we discuss the critical item facilities, which
were only able to respond to a critical subset of the requested data. The section on item response rates
is followed by the section that covers the items that were eligible for imputation.
The discussion of imputation rates includes comparisons to rates from prior years.
Exercise caution when using State data over time. There was a marked increase in high imputation rates
for 2007. The exact imputation rates by State for 2007 are in Attachment G of the 2007 imputation
documentation. Attachment B of this document shows the exact imputation rates by State for 2017.
Highlighted Items have imputation rates that exceed 30 percent; exercise caution when using these
167
data. Attachment C shows the items within each State with imputation rates of more than 30 percent
for the period from 1997 through 2017.
Several sections describe the imputation methodology, followed by a section that discusses the quality
checks performed after the imputations. The section on other programming notes will be useful when
running the imputations for the next collection. There’s a section of cautions on comparing state data
over time, followed by issues to consider for the next collection. The references are the last section
before the attachments.
Summary of Changes during the 2017 Data Collection
The changes during the 2017 data collection included:
We added a new permanent ID for each facility.
The flags from the GPS processing system make it easier to distinguish between reported 0s and
the default 0 for missing data.
There are some new values for flag values from the GPS processing system.
We added an OWNERSHIP_FLAG_CHANGE field to the file.
We added a new permanent ID for each facility to the imputed file. The new permanent ID is NewID,
the first field in the imputed file. The traditional 21 character ID used for both CJRP and JRFC has
information about the facility embedded in the ID. The third digit of the traditional ID is 8 for private
facilities. When a facility changes from private to public or vice versa, the third digit of the traditional ID
changes, but other parts of the ID may change as well. The facility name may also change, which makes
it difficult to link facilities across years. While we have tried to use fuzzy matching to link facilities across
years based on facility name and address, that approach has limitations. If a central reporter reports for
the facility, the address we have for the facility may be that of the central reporter, which could be in a
different state than the facility. The new permanent ID will make it easier to link facilities across years in
the future.
The flags from the GPS processing system make it easier to distinguish between reported 0s and the
default 0 for missing data. In the 2015 CJRP, the value of C meant that the analyst changed the value.
The processing system now uses A to indicate that a value has been adjusted. See Table 2 for more
details. If the item is imputed, the value of the flag is updated to show the imputation method.
Table 2. Flag values in the processing system for the 2017 CJRP
Flag value
A
I
M
R
Meaning of the flag value
The value has been adjusted in the processing system.
The value has been initialized in the processing system. 0 values with a flag of I are
missing data.
The value has been changed in the processing system by a machine edit.
The value has been reported.
It is important for facilities to maintain a unique ID for several reasons. First, it has become increasingly
difficult to match facilities based on changing IDs. When conducting longitudinal analysis, it is extremely
time-consuming attempting to identify facilities with changing IDs, who may or may not have a facility
168
name change. Second, it is difficult to match facilities for the purpose of imputing data, when some of
the facility IDs do not match past records. For this reason, Census has kept the facility IDs the same for
the 2017 CJRP data collection, but noted facilities where the ownership has changed from public to
private or from private to public. The values of the OWNERSHIP_CHANGE_FLAG are explained below in
Table 3.
Table 3. Flag values for OWNERSHIP_CHANGE_FLAG
Flag value
0
1
2
3
Meaning of the flag value
3rd digit of the ID is consistent with answer to ownership question.
3rd digit of the ID is 8 (private), reported public ownership.
3rd digit of the ID is not 8 (public), reported private ownership.
Ownership question not answered.
Summary of the File
Table 4. Summary of the facilities on the 2017 final imputed file
80
23
49
20
11
2,070
2,253
permanently closed facilities
temporarily closed facilities
out-of-scope facilities
tribal facilities
territorial facilities
nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia
facilities on the 2017 CJRP final imputed file
Table 5. 2017 CJRP counts (nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia)
57,039
649
56,390
43,580
12,810
2,070
people in residential placement
adults
juveniles
juvenile offenders
juvenile nonoffenders
nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia
[The program summarize_imputed_file_counts.sas produces the counts in this section.]
Records Eligible for Imputation
In previous versions of CJRP, we imputed missing data for all facilities and all offender records. Starting
with the 2010 CJRP, OJJDP requested that we not impute missing data for tribal facilities or for offenders
in tribal facilities.
[Tribal facilities face special challenges, which is one reason that we do not impute them. The reader is
directed to “From Broken Homes to a Broken System”, written by Sari Horwitz and published in the
169
Washington Post on November 28, 2014, and accessible online at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/11/28/from-broken-homes-to-a-broken-system/.]
The 2010 CJRP was the first cycle to attempt to collect data from facilities in American Samoa, Guam,
Northern Marianas Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. OJJDP and Census agreed that we would
not impute missing data for territorial facilities or for offenders in territorial facilities.
The 2017 CJRP has a 2017 status flag in column 2126. Table 6 shows the values of the status flag.
Records eligible for imputation in the 2017 CJRP are those that are open and in-scope and have the 2017
status flag set to 1, 2, or 3.
Note that the file contains records for facilities that are permanently closed (CheckInStatus = 4),
temporarily closed (CheckInStatus = 5), or out-of-scope (CheckInStatus = 6).
Table 6. Values for the 2017 status flag
2017 status flag value
1
2
3
4
5
Description
State-operated public facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia
Locally-operated public facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia
Private facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia
Tribal facility (missing data are not imputed)
Territorial facility (missing data are not imputed)
Critical Item Facilities
In follow-up interviewing, CJB attempted to collect as much data as possible to fill in both sections of the
questionnaire. The following data items were critical:
Section I:
Question 6 (type of facility)
Questions 7a and 7b (total persons assigned to beds in the facility)
Question 8 (number of persons age 21 or older assigned to beds in the facility)
Questions 10a and 10b (number of offenders under age 21 assigned to beds in the facility)
Questions 11a and 11b (number of nonoffenders under age 21 assigned to beds in the facility)
Section II:
Question 2 (whether facility is all-male, all-female, or holds both sexes)
Question 5 (placement agency)
Question 6 (placement agency’s government level)
Question 7 (offense code)
Question 8 (state or territory where offense committed)
Question 9 (adjudication status)
Table 7 shows the values for the critical items field.
170
Table 7. Values for the Critical Items Field
Critical Items
field value
blank
0
1
2
3
4
Meaning
Not eligible for imputation.
Facility is neither a critical item facility nor a refusal.
Facility responded only to the critical items.
Facility responded to Section I of the questionnaire, but date of birth, offense, and
date of admission are missing for all records in Section II of the questionnaire.
Facility is a refusal; we imputed all the data on the file for that facility.
Special handling is required to impute juvenile offenders in these facilities.
The critical items field is column 1963 on the data file.
Facilities with the critical items field set to 1 have only one record per facility on the edited file, and the
information in Section II for these facilities is used to generate the juvenile offender roster for each
facility.
In the 2017 CJRP final imputed file, facilities with the critical items field set to 2 provided an offender
roster, but birth date, offense, and admission date was missing for every offender. We fill in the missing
data for the offenders by considering the whole facility, to minimize using the same donor repeatedly.
Refusal facilities are also imputed in the same manner as facilities with the critical items field set to 1, to
minimize the number of records within a facility imputed using the same donor.
There was one facility requiring special handling for the 2017 CJRP. The facility uploaded a PDF in
Centurion for the facility. The PDF contained the age and sex for most of the offenders. An analyst
keyed the data into a template, calculating the year of birth as 2017 – age.
Item Response Rates
We calculated the item response rates for the 2017 CJRP by looking at the flag values after imputation.
2,070 nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia held juveniles on reference day.
The calculations consider skip patterns. If a facility was skipped out of a question on the form, they were
not counted as an item nonrespondent. For example, if the facility answered No to the question asking if
they held juveniles on reference day for reasons other than offenses (question 11a in Section I), they
were not considered an item nonrespondent for question 11b because they were instructed to skip
question 11b.
Flag values of R or A count as a response. Any other flag value is nonresponse. Note that the
denominators for Section I and Section II items are different. For Section I, the denominator of the
response rate is 2,070 facilities. For Section II, the denominator of the response rate is 43,580 juvenile
offenders. Table 8 shows the item response rates for the 2017 CJRP.
171
Table 8. 2017 CJRP Item Response Rates
Variable
Response rate
Variable
Response rate
Larger_Agency
84.5
G_LOCKED_REASON
84.4
G_OWN
84.3
G_SECURITY
83.6
G_OWN_LEVEL
84.3
G_OUTSIDE_DOORS
84.3
G_OPERATOR
84.3
L_DEATHS
84.0
G_OPERATOR_LEVEL
84.3
L_DEATHS_TOTAL
84.0
FACILITY
85.0
Kid_Sex
81.5
G_ASSIGNED_BEDS
84.3
Kid_Birth_Month
81.4
G_NUM_ASSIGNED_BEDS
84.3
Kid_Birth_Day
81.4
G_NUM_21_OLDER
84.3
Kid_Birth_Year
81.7
G_UNDER_21
84.3
Age
81.3
G_NUM_UNDER_21
84.3
Kid_Race
81.0
G_UNDER_21_OFFENSE
84.4
Kid_Placed_By
80.0
G_TOTAL_OFFENSE
84.4
Agency_Type
79.2
G_NONOFFENSE
84.3
Kid_Offense
75.4
G_TOTAL_NONOFFENSE
84.3
Kid_Offense_Location
79.4
G_ONSITE_TREATMENT
84.4
Kid_Adjudication_Status
76.0
G_TREATMENT_TYPE
84.4
Kid_Admitted_Month
80.8
G_FOSTER_CARE
84.4
Kid_Admitted_Day
80.8
G_INDEPENDENT_LIVING
84.5
Kid_Admitted_Year
80.8
G_OVERFLOW
84.5
Stay
80.7
G_LOCKED_ROOM
84.4
[The program CJRP_response_rates.sas produces the data in this section.]
172
Questionnaire Items Eligible for Imputation
The following items were eligible for imputation in the 2017 CJRP. See the notes at the end of Table 9
for descriptions of the codes used in the imputation methods column.
Table 9. Items Eligible for Imputation
Question
Questions 1a, 1b
Questions 2a, 2b, and 3
Questions 4a, 4b, and 5
Question 6
Question 7a, 7b
Question 8
Questions 9a, 9b
Questions 10a, 10b
Questions 11a, 11b
Questions 12a, 12b
Question 13
Question 14
Question 15
Questions 16a, 16b
Question 17
Questions 18a, 18b, 18c
Concept
Section I
Facility part of larger agency
Who owns the facility
Who operates the facility
Type of facility
Total persons assigned to beds in the facility
Number of persons age 21 or older assigned to beds
Number of persons under age 21 assigned to beds
Number of offenders under age 21 assigned to beds
Number of nonoffenders under age 21 assigned to beds
On-site residential treatment
Foster care
Independent living
Overflow detention population
Locked sleeping rooms
Secure doors
Locked outside doors
Section II
Juvenile offender’s sex
Juvenile offender’s birth date
Juvenile offender’s race
Placement agency
Juvenile offender’s most serious offense code
Location where juvenile offender committed offense
Juvenile offender’s adjudication status
Juvenile offender’s date of admission to the facility
Imputation
Methods
E
B, E
B, E
B, E
A
C, D, H
A
C, D, H
C, D, H
B, E
B, E
B, E
A, B, E
B, E
B, E
B, E
Question 2
F
Question 3
F, G
Question 4
F
Question 5
F
Question 7
F
Question 8
I
Question 9
F
Question 10
F, G
NOTES:
A – Data derived from response to other variables (flag=2).
B – Data pulled forward from prior year JRFC (flag=20).
C – Data imputed using growth rate applied to prior year CJRP data (flag=21).
D – Data imputed using growth rate applied to prior year JRFC data (flag=22).
E – Data pulled forward from prior year CJRP (flag=25).
F – Data imputed using hot-deck (flag=26).
G – Month or day was randomly assigned (flag=27).
H – Data imputed using mean value (flag=28).
I – Offense location assigned based on facility report that all offenders committed offense in the state
where the facility is located (flag=29).
173
Imputation Rates
Table 10 and Table 11 show the facility imputation rates for Section I. The facility imputation rate is
Number of facilities with imputed data for Section I item
x 100.
Number of facilities eligible for imputation in CJRP data file
The facility imputation rate is not necessarily the same as the nonresponse rate.
Table 10. CJRP Section I Item Imputation Rates by Year for Population Counts
Item
Total persons
Adults
Juveniles
Juvenile offenders
Juvenile nonoffenders
2003
0
0
0
0
0
2006
0
0
0
0
0
Percent Imputed By Year
2007
2010
2011
2013
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
0.3
7.1
4.6
7.6
2015
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
2017
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.7
Table 11. CJRP Imputation Rates for Check Box Items in Section I
Item
Larger agency
Own
Own level
Operator
Operator level
On-site treatment
Treatment type
Foster care
Independent living
Facility type
Overflow
Locked room
Locked reason
Security
Outside locked
Outside doors
Percent imputed 2013
5.0
8.0
8.0
5.9
5.9
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.5
6.5
8.6
9.1
9.1
5.6
8.9
8.9
Percent imputed 2015
5.8
8.2
8.2
8.6
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.4
9.0
8.4
8.4
8.4
9.2
8.4
8.4
Percent imputed 2017
9.2
14.2
14.2
14.6
14.6
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
15.0
14.5
14.3
14.3
13.8
14.4
14.4
Table 12 shows the item imputation rates for Section II. The item imputation rate is
Number of juvenile offender records with imputed data for item
x 100.
Number of juvenile offender records eligible for imputation in CJRP data file
174
The item imputation rates for Section II are the same as the item nonresponse rates.
Table 12. CJRP Section II Item Imputation Rates by Year
Item
Sex
Birth month
Birth day
Birth year
Race
Placed by
Offense
Adjudication status
Admitted month
Admitted day
Admitted year
2003
2.9
10.2
10.2
10.1
11.0
2.4
12.5
4.9
9.8
9.8
9.6
2006
3.5
10.8
10.8
10.8
11.1
2.5
13.1
5.7
10.8
10.9
10.8
Percent Imputed By Year
2007
2010
2011
2013
7.5
7.1
6.1
13.2
20.3
11.5
11.6
16.6
20.3
11.8
11.7
16.6
20.3
11.4
11.6
16.7
20.6
11.3
11.6
18.5
2.8
8.0
7.0
14.0
23.2
14.0
15.0
21.3
8.5
9.1
8.9
20.6
20.3
11.3
12.4
17.1
20.3
11.6
12.5
17.1
20.3
11.3
12.4
17.9
2015
9.3
10.7
10.7
10.8
9.8
10.4
14.7
15.1
10.1
10.1
10.3
2017
18.5
18.6
18.6
18.3
19.0
20.0
24.6
24.0
19.2
19.2
19.2
There are 43,580 juvenile offender records eligible for imputation (offenders held in nontribal facilities
in the 50 states and the District of Columbia) on the imputed file. 12,895 (29.6%) of those offender
records have at least one Section II item imputed.
Each item has an imputation flag on the imputed file. See the record layout for the explanation of the
imputation flag values.
PSSMB calculates the age of the juvenile offender. The age imputation flag is set to 26 or 27 when any
part of the birth date (month, day, or year) has been imputed.
PSSMB calculates the length of stay of the juvenile offender. The length of stay imputation flag is set to
26 or 27 when any part of the admission date (month, day, or year) has been imputed.
Total Quantity Response Rates
The total quantity response rate (TQRR) shows how much of the quantity estimate was reported. The
total quantity response rate is
Estimate using only data reported by facilities
x 100.
Estimate using both reported and imputed data
Table 13 shows the TQRRs for CJRP from 2003 to 2017. Figure 4 displays the TQRRs graphically. Note
that since we don’t impute for juvenile deaths, the TQRR is 100 percent.
175
Table 13. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates by Year
Reported
Count
Imputed
Count
Quantity
Estimate
Total
Quantity
Response
Rate
Reported
Records
Imputed
Records
Total
Facilities
Item
Response
Rate
total_2017
1,649
421
2,070
79.7
43,573
13,466
57,039
76.4
adults_2017
1,722
348
2,070
83.2
592
57
649
91.2
kids_2017
1,655
415
2,070
80.0
43,246
13,144
56,390
76.7
kid_offenders_2017
1,588
482
2,070
76.7
32,333
11,247
43,580
74.2
kid_nonoffenders_2017
1,665
405
2,070
80.4
8,946
3,864
12,810
69.8
l_deaths_total_2017
1,728
342
2,070
83.5
11
0
11
100.0
total_2015
1,975
206
2,181
90.6
55,756
5,163
60,919
91.5
adults_2015
1,975
206
2,181
90.6
327
3
330
99.1
kids_2015
1,975
206
2,181
90.6
55,429
5,160
60,589
91.5
kid_offenders_2015
1,975
206
2,181
90.6
44,912
3,131
48,043
93.5
kid_nonoffenders_2015
1,975
206
2,181
90.6
10,517
2,029
12,546
83.8
l_deaths_total_2015
1,969
212
2,181
90.3
18
0
18
100.0
total_2013
2,090
173
2,263
92.4
60,151
5,605
65,756
91.5
adults_2013
2,092
171
2,263
92.4
347
20
367
94.6
kids_2013
2,090
173
2,263
92.4
59,804
5,585
65,389
91.5
kid_offenders_2013
2,094
169
2,263
92.5
50,300
3,848
54,148
92.9
kid_nonoffenders_2013
2,090
173
2,263
92.4
9,520
1,721
11,241
84.7
total_2011
2,332
113
2,445
95.4
71,073
3,971
75,044
94.7
adults_2011
2,332
113
2,445
95.4
283
9
292
96.9
kids_2011
2,332
113
2,445
95.4
70,790
3,962
74,752
94.7
kid_offenders_2011
2,332
113
2,445
95.4
58,355
3,068
61,423
95.0
kid_nonoffenders_2011
2,332
113
2,445
95.4
12,435
894
13,329
93.3
total_2010
2,463
187
2,650
92.9
79,490
5,739
85,229
93.3
adults_2010
2,463
187
2,650
92.9
400
0
400
100.0
kids_2010
2,463
187
2,650
92.9
79,090
5,739
84,829
93.2
kid_offenders_2010
2,463
187
2,650
92.9
66,317
4,476
70,793
93.7
kid_nonoffenders_2010
2,463
187
2,650
92.9
12,773
1,263
14,036
91.0
Survey Item
176
Reported
Count
Imputed
Count
Quantity
Estimate
Total
Quantity
Response
Rate
Reported
Records
Imputed
Records
Total
Facilities
Item
Response
Rate
total_2007
2,902
9
2,911
99.7
103,433
467
103,900
99.6
adults_2007
2,902
9
2,911
99.7
696
0
696
100.0
kids_2007
2,902
9
2,911
99.7
102,737
467
103,204
99.5
kid_offenders_2007
2,902
9
2,911
99.7
86,636
291
86,927
99.7
kid_nonoffenders_2007
2,902
9
2,911
99.7
16,101
176
16,277
98.9
total_2006
3,069
0
3,069
100.0
111,373
0
111,373
100.0
adults_2006
3,069
0
3,069
100.0
630
0
630
100.0
kids_2006
3,069
0
3,069
100.0
110,743
0
110,743
100.0
kid_offenders_2006
3,069
0
3,069
100.0
92,854
0
92,854
100.0
kid_nonoffenders_2006
3,069
0
3,069
100.0
17,889
0
17,889
100.0
total_2003
3,478
0
3,478
100.0
121,422
0
121,422
100.0
adults_2003
3,478
0
3,478
100.0
1,489
0
1,489
100.0
kids_2003
3,478
0
3,478
100.0
119,933
0
119,933
100.0
kid_offenders_2003
3,478
0
3,478
100.0
98,277
0
98,277
100.0
kid_nonoffenders_2003
3,478
0
3,478
100.0
21,656
0
21,656
100.0
Survey Item
177
CJRP Total Quantity Reponses Rates over Time
2003
100
2006
100 100 100 100 100
2007
100 100 100 100 100
99.5 100 98.9 99.7 99.6
80
60
Total quantity response rate
40
20
0
100
2010
93.2
100
2011
2013
94.7 96.9 93.3 95 94.7
91 93.7 93.3
91.5 94.6
80
84.7
92.9 91.5
60
40
20
0
100
2015
91.5
99.1
83.8
80
93.5 91.5
2017
100
100
91.2
76.7
76.4
69.8 74.2
60
40
20
0
um
hs s
at ed e
de to b ns e
ile d
ffe ns
en ne r o ffe
uv s ig fo no rs
d
lj
o
y
ta as ne r n 1
To ber s ig fo > 2
d s
s
um a ne d
N ber s ig be
d
s
um a ne 21
N ber s ig <
d
s
um a ne
N er ig
s
b
s
hs s
um a
N er
at ed e
b
de to b ns e
um
ile d
ffe ns
N
en ne r o ffe
uv s ig fo no rs
d
lj
o
y
ta as ne r n 1
To ber s ig fo > 2
d s
s
um a ne d
N ber s ig be
d
s
um a ne 21
N ber s ig <
d
s
um a ne
N er ig
s
b
s
hs s
um a
N er
at ed e
b
de to b ns e
um
ile d
ffe ns
N
en ne r o ffe
uv s ig fo no rs
d
lj
o
y
ta as ne r n 1
To ber s ig fo > 2
d s
s
um a ne d
N ber s ig be
d
s
um a ne 21
N ber s ig <
d
s
um a ne
N ber s ig
s
um r a
be
N
N
Survey item
Figure 4. CJRP Total Quantity Response Rates over Time
[The program tabulate_nonresponse_over_time.sas produces the tables for Section I and Section II item
imputation rates. The program CJRP_total_quantity_response_rates.sas produces the table and the
graphic for the total quantity response rates.]
Collapsed Facility Type Codes
For imputation purposes, we need to assign a collapsed facility type code (Cat) to every facility. Cat is
the variable on the 2017 CJRP file that contains the collapsed facility type code (column 2128). We only
178
assign Cat codes to nontribal facilities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the 2017 CJRP file,
because we did not impute the tribal facilities or the territorial facilities.
The following procedure assigned the 2017 Cat code:
Check to see if the facility checked at least one facility type box for the 2017 CJRP. If so, the 2017
answers were used to assign the Cat code.
If none of the 2017 CJRP facility type answers were checked, pull forward the 2016 JRFC
answers, if at least one box was checked.
If none of the 2017 CJRP facility type answers were checked, and none of the 2016 JRFC answers
were checked, pull forward the 2015 CJRP answers, if at least one box was checked.
We assigned the collapsed facility type based on the hierarchy shown in Table 14. If the facility
checked more than one box, the box listed highest in the table determines the collapsed facility
type code. If an agency checks boxes that indicate that it is both a reception center and a
training school, the assigned code is training school, since training school is higher up in the
hierarchy than reception center is.
The CJB analysts provided guidance in assigning the collapsed facility type if only the 10th box,
G_FAC_OTHER, was checked.
Table 14. Hierarchy Used to Assign Collapsed Facility Type Code
Cat
Collapsed Facility Type
3
0
2
5
Training School
Detention Center
Reception / Diagnostic Center
Ranch, Camp, or Farm
1
Shelter
6
Halfway House / Group Home
Check box on 2017 form
[Section I Question 6]
2 (G_FAC_TRAINING)
1 (G_FAC_DETENTION)
3 (G_FAC_RECEPTION)
6 (G_FAC_BOOTCAMP)
7 (G_FAC_RANCH)
8 (G_FAC_RUNAWAY)
9 (G_FAC_OTHER_SHELTER)
4 (G_FAC_HOME)
5 (G_FAC_RESIDENTIAL)
[The program assign_collapsed_facility_type.sas creates the Cat code.]
Imputation Methodology for Section I Data
Section I contains both check box questions and questions about population counts. The methods used
to impute Section I data are described in more detail below.
Missing data for check box questions
If the question was not answered for the 2017 CJRP, but was asked on either the 2016 JRFC or the 2015
CJRP, we pulled forward answers if they were provided on the prior year file. If no prior year data
179
existed for that question, we left the answer as refusal or don’t know and set the imputation flag to
show that the value is refusal or don’t know.
Table 15 shows the 2017 CJRP questions imputed, and whether or not the item was on the prior JRFC or
the prior CJRP. Note that we imputed some questions as groups, so that the skip patterns would be
preserved.
The 2017 CJRP processing system had flags for the check box questions. The processing system
defaulted all values to 0. The flag is set to I when the value is initialized in the processing system.
Values of 0 with flags of I should be imputed. Values of 0 with flags of R or A are reported or adjusted,
and do not need to be imputed.
On the “mark all that apply” questions, we assume that if at least one box was checked, the question
was answered completely. If none of the boxes are checked, we attempt to impute an answer.
Table 15. Section I Check Box Questions over Time
2017 CJRP Question
1a, 1b – Facility part of larger agency?
2a, 2b, 3 – Who owns this facility?
4a, 4b, 5 – Who operates this facility?
12a, 12b – On-site residential treatment
13 – Facility provides foster care?
14 – Facility provides independent living arrangements?
15 – Facility house overflow detention population?
16a, 16b – Juveniles locked in sleeping rooms?
17 – Facility have security features to confine juveniles?
18a, 18b, 18c – Outside doors locked?
On 2016 JRFC?
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
On 2015 CJRP?
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Missing data for population counts
We calculated the average 1-year growth rates by imputation cell for facilities that reported the
population counts (persons age 21 or older assigned to beds, offenders under age 21 assigned to beds,
and nonoffenders under age 21 assigned to beds) in both the 2017 CJRP and the 2016 JRFC.
We calculated the average 2-year growth rates by imputation cell for facilities that reported the
population counts in both the 2017 CJRP and the 2015 CJRP.
The imputation cell is all facilities within a given state and Cat (collapsed facility type) code. If there are
fewer than 15 respondents or less than 70 percent response in the imputation cell, we collapse the
imputation cell to the national level.
If the population count is missing in the 2017 CJRP, but the facility has a value for the item in the 2016
JRFC, we impute the 2017 value by applying the 1-year growth rate to the 2016 value and then rounding
to a whole number.
180
If the population count is missing in the 2017 CJRP, and the facility does not have a reported value for
the item in the 2016 JRFC, but does have a reported value for the item in the 2015 CJRP, we impute the
2017 value by applying the 2-year growth rate to the 2015 value and then rounding to a whole number.
If the population count is missing in the 2017 CJRP, and the facility does not have a reported value for
the item in either the 2016 JRFC or the 2015 CJRP, we impute the 2017 value by rounding the mean
value reported in the imputation cell in 2017 to a whole number.
If the number of persons under age 21 assigned to beds is missing, we derive the value by summing the
values of the number of offenders under age 21 assigned to beds and the number of nonoffenders
under age 21 assigned to beds.
If the total persons assigned to beds is missing, we derive the value by summing the values of the
number of persons age 21 or older assigned to beds and the number of persons under age 21 assigned
to beds.
In all cases, the imputation flags are set to show the method used to impute the value.
[The program impute_counts.sas does the Section I population imputations. The program
impute_section_1_check_boxes.sas does the Section I imputations for the check box questions.]
Imputation Methodology for Item Nonresponse in Section II Data
Changes in methodology over time
The basic methodology for dealing with item nonresponse is still the hierarchical hot-deck, used in the
2003, 2006, and 2007 CJRP collections. In 2007, we imputed juvenile offenders in tribal facilities
separately from juvenile offenders in all other facilities. Starting in 2010, we do not impute juvenile
offenders in tribal facilities or territorial facilities. Juvenile offenders in tribal facilities or territorial
facilities are not eligible to be donors for juvenile offenders in nontribal facilities in the 50 states and
District of Columbia.
If the offense code is missing, the imputation system fills in the missing offense based on the code
provided in the juvenile offender record. Code 97 indicates an unknown offense for both underage
persons and adults, code 98 indicates an unknown offense for underage persons only, and code 99
indicates an unknown offense. In previous years of CJRP, we used that missing offense code to guide the
acceptable imputed offense code imputations. See Table 16 to understand how we impute missing
offense codes.
Table 16. How We Impute Missing Offense Codes
Missing
offense
code
97
98
99
Acceptable imputed offense code
Offenses against property, offenses against persons, drug-related offenses, offenses
against the public order, or probation or parole violation (offense codes 10 through 50)
Offenses for underage persons only (offense codes 60 through 69)
Any valid offense code (offense codes 10 through 69)
181
Status offenders are juveniles who have committed offenses for underage persons only. The Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act prohibits the placement of status offenders in secure facilities in
most instances. For the purposes of CJRP, we consider a facility that checks either the detention center
or the training school facility type box to be a secure facility. We have imputed some status offenders in
secure facilities in previous CJRP collections, but no longer do so. To prevent this from happening in the
2010 CJRP and future collections, we review the missing offense codes for offenders in facilities that
checked either the detention center or training school facility type boxes, and we force the missing
offense code to be 97, which means that the imputed offense will not be a status offense.
We note that secure facilities have reported juveniles with status offenses. We do not have an edit that
verifies that a secure facility holds status offenders. In discussions with OJJDP and various stakeholders,
we decided that we would accept reported data as is. 103 secure facilities in the 2017 CJRP final
imputed file reported 303 status offenders.
Randomly imputing the day of birth, month of birth, or day of admission
The first missing items that we impute are:
Kid_admitted_day if both kid_admitted_month and kid_admitted_year were reported,
Kid_birth_month if kid_birth_day missing but kid_birth_year is reported, and
Kid_birth_day if both kid_birth_month and kid_birth_year are not missing.
When a facility reports both kid_admitted_month and kid_admitted_year, but kid_admitted_day is
missing, we impute kid_admitted_day randomly by selecting a day based on kid_admitted_month. This
prevents the imputation of days that do not exist, such as February 30th.
Age and stay calculations
The reference date of the questionnaire is October 25, 2017. Some facilities may report based on an
alternative reference date. If an alternative reference date is used, the alternative reference date fields
contains the date (columns 1964 through 1965 for alternative reference month, columns 1968 through
1969 for alternative reference day and columns 1972 through 1975 for alternative reference year).
We calculate an age for all records where it is possible to do so. If the facility is reporting based on an
alternative reference date, we calculate the age of the juvenile offender as of the alternative reference
date; otherwise, we calculate the age of the juvenile offender as of October 25, 2017.
End users calculate a length of stay variable, based on the date that the juvenile offender enters the
facility. If a facility is reporting based on an alternative reference date, we calculate the length of stay as
of the alternative reference date; otherwise, we calculate the stay as of October 25, 2017. We calculate
length of stay for all records where it is possible to do so.
[The imputation of kid_admitted_day when we have reported kid_admitted_month and
kid_admitted_year, the imputation of kid_birth_month and / or kid_birth_day when kid_birth_year is
reported, and the calculation of age and stay when possible is performed in the program
create_preimputation_data_set.sas.]
182
Hierarchical hot-deck imputation for item nonresponse
The imputation methodology for item nonresponse in Section II data is hierarchical hot-deck. We match
the record requiring imputation to a pool of records where none of the information is missing, and then
we select a donor record. We replace the missing values in the record requiring imputation with the
values from the donor record. We first try to match on all available information. If we do not find a
match, we make the match less restrictive until we find a donor record.
The definition of records where none of the information is missing includes those records for which we
only imputed kid_birth_month, kid_birth_day, or kid_admitted_day. These records are considered
eligible donors because if kid_birth_year is not imputed, we have a good idea of how old the offender is,
and if kid_admitted_month and kid_admitted_year are not imputed, we have a good idea of how long
the offender has been held in the facility.
The available information for matching is the Cat code, the state where the facility is located, and any
reported data for kid_sex, age, kid_race, kid_placed_by, kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status, and
length of stay.
When imputing kid_adjudication_status, those records with kid_adjudication_status = 8 (convicted in
adult criminal court) are never part of the pool of potential donors. We confirmed with the sponsor that
there should not be imputed values of 8 (convicted in adult criminal court) on the final data file.
The advantage of the hierarchical hot-deck method is that imputed values should be consistent with the
rest of the juvenile offender record, because the donor is a juvenile offender record that has passed the
edits.
Imputation Methodology for Section II Data for Critical Item Facilities
Changes in methodology over time
The basic methodology used for dealing with nonresponse in critical item facilities is the same as it was
in the 2003 and 2006 CJRP collections. For the 2007 CJRP, we imputed juvenile offenders in tribal
facilities separately from juvenile offenders in nontribal facilities. Beginning with the 2010 CJRP, Census
was instructed not to impute juvenile offenders in tribal facilities. The 2010 CJRP was also the first time
that we collected data from territorial facilities. It was decided that we would not impute juvenile
offenders in territorial facilities.
We introduced a new classification of critical item facility in 2007. We noticed in the 2006 CJRP that
some facilities would provide a roster of juvenile offenders, but not much information about the
individual offenders. If the date of birth, offense, and date of admission are missing for all the juvenile
offenders in a facility, we really do not have much information to work with.
If we try to impute those records as merely having item nonresponse, we run the risk of using the same
donor repeatedly within the facility, creating what looks like duplicate records in the facility. To
minimize that risk, we now handle such facilities like critical item facilities, and have assigned them a
code of 2 (Facility responded to Section I of the questionnaire, but date of birth, offense, and date of
admission are missing for all records in Section II of the questionnaire) in the critical item field.
183
We introduced a new classification of critical item facility in 2013. Some facilities refused to fill out
section II for their juvenile offenders. Instead, the analysts collected percentage distributions for some
characteristics (percentage of offenders by sex, percentage of offenders by race, percentage of
offenders by offense code, etc.) of the juvenile offenders. Unfortunately, the imputation system was not
designed to impute missing data this way. The analysts had to generate records that matched those
percentages, and then we created special programs to impute those records appropriately. Those
records have the critical item field set to 4. One facility required special handling in the 2017 CJRP.
Background
The edited file has one record per critical item facility if the critical item field is set to 1 (Facility
responded only to the critical items) or 3 (Facility is a refusal; all data on the file for that facility has been
imputed if the facility is a nontribal facility in the 50 states or District of Columbia).
If the critical item facility holds juvenile offenders, the Section II data on the record refers to all the
juveniles held by that facility. The analysts in CJB tried to find out as much as possible about the types of
juveniles held in critical item facilities.
If kid_sex = 1 in Section II of the critical item facility record, that means that the facility only holds males,
while kid_sex = 2 means that the facility only holds females, and kid_sex = 3 means that the facility holds
both males and females.
Some critical item facilities were unable to indicate for which types of offenses that they held offenders,
so kid_offense = 88 or 99 for those critical item facilities. Some critical item facilities were able to
indicate that they held offenders for offense codes applicable to both underage persons and adults, so
kid_offense = 97 for those critical item facilities. Some critical item facilities were able to indicate that
they held offenders for those offense codes applicable to underage persons only, so kid_offense = 98 for
those critical item facilities.
We generate the required number of juvenile offender records for each critical item facility and assign
record_identifier to each juvenile offender record for the critical item facility. We number the records
sequentially within the facility. We also replicate the available reported information for each juvenile
offender record within the critical item facility.
If we know that the facility only holds males or only holds females, we do not consider kid_sex imputed.
The edited file may have multiple records if the critical item field is set to 2 (Facility responded to
Section 1 of the questionnaire, but date of birth, offense, and date of admission are missing for all
records in Section II of the questionnaire). For example, the facility may have two sets of offenders
placed in the facility by two different types of authorities. If date of birth, offense, and date of admission
are missing for all the offenders in that facility, we do not have much information to work with. We
handle these facilities as critical item facilities rather than item nonresponse facilities to minimize the
amount of duplication in the imputed data.
The edited file may have multiple records if the critical item field is set to 4 (Special handling is required
to impute juvenile offenders in these facilities, CJB collected percentage distributions on selected
offender characteristics). The juvenile offender records in these facilities are missing date of birth and
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date of admission, and thus look similar. Because the reported values are not distinct, these records
require special handling, so that we do not impute multiple records that look like duplicates within the
facility.
Hierarchical hot-deck for critical item facilities
We modified the hierarchical hot-deck methodology used for item nonresponse for critical item
facilities. Instead of finding a matching donor pool for an individual juvenile offender record, we find a
donor pool for the critical item facility and then randomly select donors from the pool without
replacement. This modified version of the hierarchical hot-deck requires that the donor pool have at
least as many juvenile offenders as the critical item facility. This requirement ensures we do not
duplicate the imputed juvenile offender records for the critical item facility within the facility.
The available information for matching is the Cat code, the state where the facility is located, and any
reported data for kid_sex, age, kid_race, kid_placed_by, kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status, and stay.
When imputing kid_adjudication_status, those records with kid_adjudication_status = 08 (convicted in
adult criminal court) are never part of the pool of potential donors. OJJDP does not want any imputed
values of convicted in adult criminal court on the imputed file.
The advantage of the hierarchical hot-deck method is that imputed values should be consistent with the
rest of the juvenile offender record, since the donor record is a juvenile offender record that has passed
all the edits.
In the 2003 and 2006 CJRP files, we only used the top two levels of the hierarchical hot-deck for critical
item facilities. For the 2007 CJRP, we used as many as four levels of the hierarchical hot-deck for critical
item facilities. We had to use four levels in states with large numbers of juvenile offenders held in critical
item facilities where the facility reported a relatively uncommon value for who placed the juvenile in the
facility. In the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 CJRP files, we only used the top two levels of the
hierarchical hot-deck for critical item facilities.
Quality Checks Performed After Imputation
The program final_qc_check.sas runs after the imputation system, to check that all flags are properly set
and that all imputed fields have valid values. Specifically, the program checks the following:
We assigned collapsed facility type. (We use collapsed facility type as a matching variable in the
hierarchical hot deck.)
No juvenile offender is 21 or older on the final file.
Every juvenile offender has a nonnegative value for length of stay.
All character variables have valid values.
None of the juvenile characteristics eligible for imputation is missing.
The number of juvenile offender records is the same as the number of juvenile offenders given
in Section I of the questionnaire.
The number of juveniles plus the number of adults is the same as the total given in Section I of
the questionnaire.
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The number of juvenile offenders plus the number of juvenile nonoffenders is the same as the
number of juveniles given in Section I of the questionnaire.
The answer to “Any persons assigned to beds?” is consistent with the total assigned to beds.
The answer to “Any persons under age 21 assigned to beds?” is consistent with juvenile count.
The answer to “Any persons under age 21 assigned to beds because they were charged with or
court-adjudicated for an offense?” is consistent with juvenile offender count.
The answer to “Any persons under age 21 have assigned beds for reasons other than offenses?”
is consistent with juvenile nonoffender count.
All facility records have values for total, adults, juveniles, juvenile offenders, and juvenile
nonoffenders.
We did not impute an adult adjudication status when the offense is one for underage persons
only.
Other Programming Notes
The 2017 CJRP took about an hour to run in the Census Bureau’s vDesk SAS Plus virtual environment,
with email, Skype for Business, and Windows Explorer closed. The author has a Census-issued laptop as
part of the desk sharing initiative. SAS 9.4M4 is installed on the Census-issued laptop, but the author
has found that running times are significantly slower compared to the vDesk SAS Plus virtual
environment.
We used SAS 9.4M4 while processing the 2017 CJRP. One SAS program is used as a driver and calls 271
SAS programs in sequence. 18 new programs were written for the 2017 CJRP to handle new patterns of
nonresponse in Section II that had not been observed in previous cycles. Attachment D shows the
nonresponse patterns for the juvenile roster data. Note that there are some patterns where only part of
the birth date or part of the admission date is missing.
The SAS driver program routes all the output to an HTML file, and routes the log to an alternate file. We
use a log scanning program to check the log for errors, warnings, or notes that indicate issues that
should be investigated.
Control.sas sets up a SAS data set that stores the values for macro variables used in the find___.sas and
match___.sas programs. This arrangement makes the hierarchical hot-deck programs much easier to
use over time. Instead of hard coding the survey year or missing values for each item in Section II in the
hot-deck programs, the programs get the macro variable values from the SAS data set.
Control.sas also includes the seed for the random number generator. By storing the seed in a SAS data
set, we can rerun the imputation system at any time and get the same results. The SAS programs that
use the seed for the random number generator also update the seed and store it, so we use a different
seed in each program that needs random numbers.
The programs that create the data sets for the current year CJRP, the prior year CJRP, and the prior year
JRFC are specific to each year, so we have to edit them for each census. 2017_edited_qa.sas checks the
edited file for any unusual values before imputation. The program lists problems that need to be
resolved before imputation, such as the number of juvenile offender records for a given facility not
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matching the reported number of juvenile offenders in Section I for that facility. The program produces
an Excel spreadsheet for the analysts to review, with different issues listed on different tabs within the
spreadsheet. Once the issue is resolved, the program prints a note to the tab on the spreadsheet
indicating that the problem is not an issue for the current year.
Juvenile_offender_item_nonresponse_patterns.sas creates a listing showing the nonresponse patterns
for juvenile offender records in facilities that reported more than the critical items.
Juvenile_offender_item_imputation_report.sas opens the file
juvenile_offender_item_imputation_report.txt. The text file shows the results of the hierarchical hotdeck from each find___.sas program.
Critical_item_kid_imputation_report.sas opens the file critical_item_kid_imputation_report.txt. The text
file shows the results of the hierarchical hot-deck from each match___.sas program.
Impute_critical_item_kids.sas generates the correct number of juvenile offender records for each critical
item facility and creates a listing showing the nonresponse patterns for juvenile offender records in
critical item facilities.
Three SAS programs run checks on the final imputed file to ensure that the imputation processing
system has successfully completed.
[The program CJRP_Section_II_patterns_of_nonresponse.sas produces Attachment D.]
Caution When Comparing State Data over Time
In the 2003 CJRP documentation, we noted that critical item facilities held 84.6 percent of all juvenile
offenders in DC, which meant that we imputed an unusually large percentage of the data in DC for 2003.
In 2007, critical item facilities held 95.7 percent of all juvenile offenders in DC. We do not recommend
comparing juvenile offenders held in DC facilities across the 2003, 2006, 2007, and 2010 data
collections, due to extreme levels of missing data for the juvenile offenders.
Attachments A and B show some high levels of juvenile roster item imputation for 2017. Arkansas,
Colorado, DC, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia,
and Wyoming had more than 30 percent of their juvenile offenders in facilities that only reported critical
items. States with 30 percent or more imputation by item included Arkansas (all items), Colorado (all
items), Connecticut (kid_sex, kid_birth_month, kid_birth_day, kid_race), DC (all items), Florida
(kid_offense), Indiana (kid_adjudication_status, kid_admitted_month, kid_admitted_day,
kid_admitted_year), Mississippi (all items), Nebraska (kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status), New York
(kid_offense, kid_adjudication_status, kid_admitted_month, kid_admitted_day, kid_admitted_year),
Pennsylvania (all items), South Carolina (all items), South Dakota (all items), Tennessee (all items), Utah
(all items), West Virginia (all items), and Wyoming (all items).
Users should be aware the differences in DC data from 2003 to 2006 might be due in part to the high
levels of imputation for DC in 2003, and from 2006 to 2007 due to high levels of imputation for DC in
2007, and from 2007 to 2010 due to high levels of imputation for DC in 2007. Similarly, the differences in
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Colorado, Illinois, Rhode Island, and Wyoming data from 2003 to 2006 may be due in part to high levels
of imputation for those states in 2006.
The differences in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Mississippi,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming from 2006
to 2007 may be due in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2007.
The differences in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Vermont, and West Virginia from 2007 to 2010 may be due
in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2010.
The differences in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Nevada, and West Virginia from 2010 to 2011 may be due in
part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2011.
The differences in Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming from 2011 to 2013 may be due in part to high levels
of imputation for those states in 2013.
The differences in Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, South Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and
Wyoming from 2013 to 2015 may be due in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2015.
The differences in Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming from 2015 to
2017 may be due in part to high levels of imputation for those states in 2017.
Attachment C shows items by state for the 1997 through 2017 CJRP data collections. If the item
imputation rate was 30 percent or more for a given year, we show the year in the cell of the table.
[The program nonresponse_by_state.sas produces Attachments A and B, while the program
2017_data_quality_concerns.sas produces Attachment C.]
Issues to Consider for the Next CJRP Collection
Future CJRP collections should have a dashboard during data collection
The GPS system should have a dashboard during data collection, so that the analysts can monitor the
amount of critical item facilities and the amount of missing data on the juvenile offender roster.
Substantial missing data at the state level is an issue for any sub-national analysis performed on the final
imputed file. Item response rates should be available to the sponsor long before the final imputed file
and documentation are delivered.
Better editing needed for file uploads from Centurion
More facilities are uploading files through Centurion, rather than keying the items in Section II in
Centurion. We recommended this to reduce the burden on the respondents. The down side is that data
is not necessarily in the column that Census is expecting it. We noticed the problem during imputation
processing. Invalid values for offense code turned out to be codes for adjudication status. Some
facilities reported birth dates as admission dates.
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Evaluate the collapsed facility types
As mentioned in the imputation methodology documentation for the 2016 JRFC, the collapsed facility
types of ranch, camp, or farm and reception / diagnostic center have declined since the 2003 CJRP.
There were 33 facilities with the collapsed facility type of ranch, camp, or farm open in the 50 states and
the District of Columbia in the 2017 CJRP and 16 facilities with the collapsed facility type of reception /
diagnostic center.
8 facilities with the collapsed facility type of ranch, camp, or farm were missing values for juvenile
nonoffenders. Only 2 of those facilities reported juvenile nonoffenders, so the imputation cell collapsing
criteria failed. We imputed the juvenile nonoffenders for that collapsed facility type by subtracting
juvenile offenders from the number of juveniles held.
References
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook, currently online at
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “How to impute section I data,” memo dated January 8, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “How to calculate age on individual juvenile data records in 2003 CJRP,” memo
dated February 25, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “How to impute for item nonresponse on juvenile offender records in 2003 CJRP,”
memo dated April 1, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2003 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY,” memo dated December 1, 2004.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2006 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY,” memo dated March 22, 2007.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2007 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY,” memo dated January 15, 2009.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2010 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated May 13, 2011.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2011 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated June 7, 2013.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2013 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated June 26, 2015.
Dorinski, Suzanne M. “Documentation of the Imputation Methodology for the 2015 Census of Juveniles
in Residential Placement,” memo dated January 25, 2017.
Horwitz, Sari. “From Broken Homes to a Broken System”, published in the Washington Post on
November 28, 2014, and accessible online at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/11/28/from-broken-homes-to-a-broken-system/.
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Wilson, Reid. “Juvenile prison populations fall as states’ changes take effect”, published February 1,
2015 in the Washington Post, available online at
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2015/01/29/states-see-marked-drop-in-juvenileprison-populations-as-reforms-take-hold/.
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| File Type | application/pdf |
| Author | OneFormUser |
| File Modified | 2021-08-18 |
| File Created | 2021-08-12 |