BLS Employment Situation

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, March 10, 2023

USDL-23-0436

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — FEBRUARY 2023
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 311,000 in February, and the unemployment rate edged
up to 3.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains occurred in
leisure and hospitality, retail trade, government, and health care. Employment declined in information
and in transportation and warehousing.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
February 2021 – February 2023

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
seasonally adjusted, February 2021 – February 2023

Percent

Thousands

7.0

1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Feb-21 May-21 Aug-21 Nov-21 Feb-22 May-22 Aug-22 Nov-22 Feb-23

Feb-21 May-21 Aug-21 Nov-21 Feb-22 May-22 Aug-22 Nov-22 Feb-23

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
Both the unemployment rate, at 3.6 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.9 million,
edged up in February. These measures have shown little net movement since early 2022. (See table
A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Hispanics (5.3 percent) increased in
February. The unemployment rates for adult men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.2 percent), teenagers
(11.1 percent), Whites (3.2 percent), Blacks (5.7 percent), and Asians (3.4 percent) changed little over
the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
The number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs increased by 223,000 in
February to 2.8 million. (See table A-11.)
The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 343,000 to 2.3 million in February,
offsetting a decrease in the prior month. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27
weeks or more), at 1.1 million, changed little in February and accounted for 17.6 percent of the total
unemployed. (See table A-12.)
In February, the labor force participation rate was little changed at 62.5 percent, and the
employment-population ratio held at 60.2 percent. These measures have shown little net change since
early 2022 and remain below their pre-pandemic February 2020 levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent,
respectively). (See table A-1.)
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, was essentially
unchanged in February. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were
working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See
table A-8.)
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at 5.1
million in February. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively
looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table
A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force was little changed at 1.4 million in February. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over the
month at 363,000. (See Summary table A.)
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 311,000 in February, compared with the average
monthly gain of 343,000 over the prior 6 months. In February, notable job gains occurred in leisure and
hospitality, retail trade, government, and health care. Employment declined in information and in
transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1.)
Leisure and hospitality added 105,000 jobs in February, similar to the average monthly gain of 91,000
over the prior 6 months. Food services and drinking places added 70,000 jobs in February, and
employment continued to trend up in accommodation (+14,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality
is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 410,000, or 2.4 percent.
Employment in retail trade rose by 50,000 in February, reflecting a gain in general merchandise
retailers (+39,000). Retail trade employment is little changed on net over the year.
-2-

Government employment increased by 46,000 in February, about the same as the average monthly gain
of 44,000 over the prior 6 months. Employment in local government continued to trend up in February
(+37,000). Overall, employment in government is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by
376,000, or 1.6 percent.
Employment in professional and business services continued to trend up in February (+45,000), with a
gain of 12,000 in management, scientific, and technical consulting services. Employment in professional
and business services had increased by an average of 35,000 per month over the prior 6 months.
Health care added 44,000 jobs in February, compared with the average monthly increase of 54,000 over
the prior 6 months. In February, job growth occurred in hospitals (+19,000) and in nursing and
residential care facilities (+14,000).
Construction employment grew by 24,000 in February, in line with the average monthly growth of
20,000 over the prior 6 months.
Employment in social assistance rose by 19,000 in February, similar to the average monthly gain of
22,000 over the prior 6 months.
In February, the information industry lost 25,000 jobs. Employment continued to trend down in motion
picture and sound recording industries (-9,000) and in telecommunications (-3,000). Employment in
information has decreased by 54,000 since November 2022.
Transportation and warehousing lost 22,000 jobs in February, including 9,000 in truck transportation.
Employment in transportation and warehousing is down by 42,000 since October 2022.
Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; financial activities; and
other services.
In February, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 8 cents, or
0.2 percent, to $33.09. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.6 percent.
In February, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose
by 13 cents, or 0.5 percent, to $28.42. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.5
hours in February. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.2 hour to 40.3 hours, and
overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour to 33.9 hours. (See
tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for December was revised down by 21,000, from
+260,000 to +239,000, and the change for January was revised down by 13,000, from +517,000 to
+504,000. With these revisions, employment gains in December and January combined were 34,000
lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from

-3-

businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of
seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for March is scheduled to be released on Friday, April 7, 2023, at 8:30
a.m. (ET).

-4-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Change from:
Jan. 2023Feb. 2023

Feb.
2023

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,324
163,862
62.2
157,590
59.8
6,272
3.8
99,463

264,844
164,966
62.3
159,244
60.1
5,722
3.5
99,878

265,962
165,832
62.4
160,138
60.2
5,694
3.4
100,130

266,112
166,251
62.5
160,315
60.2
5,936
3.6
99,861

150
419
0.1
177
0.0
242
0.2
-269

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

3.8
3.5
3.6
10.3
3.3
6.6
3.0
4.5

3.5
3.1
3.2
10.4
3.0
5.7
2.4
4.1

3.4
3.2
3.1
10.3
3.1
5.4
2.8
4.5

3.6
3.3
3.2
11.1
3.2
5.7
3.4
5.3

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.8

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

3.2
4.5
4.4
3.7
2.2

2.8
5.0
3.6
2.9
1.9

2.8
4.5
3.7
2.9
2.0

2.9
5.8
3.6
3.2
2.0

0.1
1.3
-0.1
0.3
0.0

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

3,004
964
1,971
429

2,629
825
1,767
497

2,529
884
1,817
531

2,752
891
1,847
515

223
7
30
-16

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

2,142
1,803
726
1,691

2,233
1,639
826
1,069

1,946
1,785
890
1,111

2,289
1,845
805
1,057

343
60
-85
-54

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

4,137
2,726
1,061
20,706

3,878
2,648
911
21,628

4,050
2,685
999
22,083

4,067
2,840
859
21,856

17
155
-140
-227

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,477
392

1,260
410

1,354
342

1,396
363

42
21

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

904
897
121
5
79
37
10
-23.9
27
776
27.3
168.8
74.1
1.0
7
41
142
57.4
109
95.8
162
43
7

239
232
36
4
26
6
23
9.5
-17
196
9.6
26.7
0.3
-0.7
-9
4
23
-55.0
71
73.1
58
13
7

504
386
51
3
35
13
-1
-5.1
14
335
8.9
33.9
16.3
-2.1
-20
5
53
15.3
107
75.6
114
19
118

311
265
20
0
24
-4
0
0.2
-4
245
11.1
50.1
-21.5
-1.1
-25
-1
45
6.8
74
62.8
105
9
46

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

612
598

284
253

344
282

351
294

Category

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

49.7
48.2
81.5

34.7
$31.63
$1,097.56
112.3
1.0
169.8
1.0

84.6
84.0

49.8
48.4
81.3

34.4
$32.92
$1,132.45
114.2
-0.1
179.7
0.3

64.0
52.8

Jan.
2023p

49.8
48.4
81.3

34.6
$33.01
$1,142.15
115.2
0.9
181.8
1.2

68.0
51.4

Feb.
2023p

49.8
48.4
81.3

34.5
$33.09
$1,141.61
115.1
-0.1
182.0
0.1

56.0
47.2

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 666,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
employees and for production and nonsupervisory
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
defined as production and related employees in
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,324
163,725
62.2
156,942
59.6
6,782
4.1
99,600
5,299

265,962
165,070
62.1
158,692
59.7
6,378
3.9
100,892
5,466

266,112
166,178
62.4
159,713
60.0
6,465
3.9
99,934
4,987

263,324
163,862
62.2
157,590
59.8
6,272
3.8
99,463
5,392

264,535
164,646
62.2
158,593
60.0
6,053
3.7
99,890
5,681

264,708
164,527
62.2
158,527
59.9
6,000
3.6
100,181
5,528

264,844
164,966
62.3
159,244
60.1
5,722
3.5
99,878
5,176

265,962
165,832
62.4
160,138
60.2
5,694
3.4
100,130
5,314

266,112
166,251
62.5
160,315
60.2
5,936
3.6
99,861
5,103

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128,296
87,271
68.0
83,460
65.1
3,812
4.4
41,024

129,998
87,842
67.6
84,120
64.7
3,723
4.2
42,156

130,072
88,382
67.9
84,666
65.1
3,717
4.2
41,689

128,296
87,389
68.1
84,071
65.5
3,318
3.8
40,907

128,897
87,772
68.1
84,559
65.6
3,212
3.7
41,126

128,983
87,793
68.1
84,557
65.6
3,236
3.7
41,189

129,050
87,864
68.1
84,880
65.8
2,984
3.4
41,186

129,998
88,334
67.9
85,186
65.5
3,147
3.6
41,665

130,072
88,474
68.0
85,266
65.6
3,208
3.6
41,597

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119,669
84,390
70.5
80,918
67.6
3,472
4.1
35,280

121,283
84,872
70.0
81,524
67.2
3,348
3.9
36,412

121,346
85,363
70.3
82,048
67.6
3,315
3.9
35,983

119,669
84,264
70.4
81,293
67.9
2,971
3.5
35,405

120,225
84,606
70.4
81,776
68.0
2,829
3.3
35,619

120,301
84,525
70.3
81,698
67.9
2,827
3.3
35,776

120,360
84,694
70.4
82,033
68.2
2,661
3.1
35,666

121,283
85,084
70.2
82,324
67.9
2,760
3.2
36,199

121,346
85,210
70.2
82,407
67.9
2,803
3.3
36,136

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135,028
76,453
56.6
73,483
54.4
2,971
3.9
58,575

135,963
77,228
56.8
74,572
54.8
2,656
3.4
58,736

136,040
77,796
57.2
75,047
55.2
2,749
3.5
58,245

135,028
76,473
56.6
73,519
54.4
2,954
3.9
58,555

135,638
76,874
56.7
74,033
54.6
2,841
3.7
58,764

135,725
76,734
56.5
73,970
54.5
2,764
3.6
58,991

135,795
77,102
56.8
74,364
54.8
2,738
3.6
58,692

135,963
77,498
57.0
74,952
55.1
2,546
3.3
58,465

136,040
77,777
57.2
75,049
55.2
2,728
3.5
58,264

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126,631
73,650
58.2
70,931
56.0
2,718
3.7
52,981

127,546
74,308
58.3
71,921
56.4
2,387
3.2
53,238

127,613
74,823
58.6
72,354
56.7
2,470
3.3
52,790

126,631
73,482
58.0
70,810
55.9
2,672
3.6
53,149

127,204
73,752
58.0
71,218
56.0
2,534
3.4
53,452

127,283
73,532
57.8
71,088
55.9
2,444
3.3
53,750

127,345
73,930
58.1
71,531
56.2
2,398
3.2
53,416

127,546
74,379
58.3
72,104
56.5
2,275
3.1
53,167

127,613
74,606
58.5
72,189
56.6
2,417
3.2
53,007

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,024
5,685
33.4
5,094
29.9
592
10.4
11,339

17,133
5,890
34.4
5,247
30.6
643
10.9
11,242

17,153
5,992
34.9
5,311
31.0
680
11.4
11,161

17,024
6,116
35.9
5,487
32.2
628
10.3
10,908

17,107
6,288
36.8
5,598
32.7
690
11.0
10,819

17,124
6,469
37.8
5,740
33.5
729
11.3
10,655

17,139
6,343
37.0
5,680
33.1
662
10.4
10,796

17,133
6,368
37.2
5,710
33.3
658
10.3
10,765

17,153
6,435
37.5
5,719
33.3
716
11.1
10,718

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

202,875
126,014
62.1
121,402
59.8
4,612
3.7
76,861

204,062
126,133
61.8
121,675
59.6
4,458
3.5
77,928

204,118
126,754
62.1
122,285
59.9
4,470
3.5
77,364

202,875
126,026
62.1
121,850
60.1
4,175
3.3
76,849

203,522
126,180
62.0
122,063
60.0
4,117
3.3
77,342

203,617
125,902
61.8
121,807
59.8
4,094
3.3
77,716

203,684
126,408
62.1
122,556
60.2
3,852
3.0
77,276

204,062
126,699
62.1
122,776
60.2
3,924
3.1
77,362

204,118
126,756
62.1
122,738
60.1
4,017
3.2
77,362

65,987
70.5
63,583
67.9
2,404
3.6

65,973
69.8
63,596
67.3
2,377
3.6

66,225
70.1
63,842
67.6
2,383
3.6

65,833
70.3
63,843
68.2
1,990
3.0

66,032
70.3
64,026
68.2
2,006
3.0

65,759
70.0
63,767
67.9
1,992
3.0

66,045
70.3
64,189
68.3
1,856
2.8

66,118
70.0
64,210
68.0
1,908
2.9

66,083
69.9
64,125
67.9
1,958
3.0

55,501
57.3
53,737
55.5
1,764
3.2

55,601
57.2
53,977
55.6
1,624
2.9

55,932
57.6
54,309
55.9
1,623
2.9

55,326
57.2
53,591
55.4
1,734
3.1

55,340
57.0
53,691
55.3
1,649
3.0

55,174
56.8
53,562
55.1
1,611
2.9

55,461
57.1
53,918
55.5
1,543
2.8

55,637
57.3
54,093
55.7
1,544
2.8

55,733
57.4
54,142
55.7
1,591
2.9

4,525
36.3
4,082
32.7
444
9.8

4,559
36.5
4,101
32.9
458
10.0

4,597
36.8
4,133
33.1
463
10.1

4,867
39.0
4,416
35.4
451
9.3

4,807
38.5
4,346
34.8
462
9.6

4,969
39.7
4,478
35.8
491
9.9

4,902
39.2
4,449
35.5
453
9.2

4,944
39.6
4,472
35.8
472
9.5

4,940
39.6
4,471
35.8
469
9.5

34,004
21,003
61.8
19,566
57.5
1,437
6.8
13,001

34,487
21,544
62.5
20,335
59.0
1,209
5.6
12,943

34,519
21,770
63.1
20,488
59.4
1,282
5.9
12,749

34,004
21,139
62.2
19,751
58.1
1,388
6.6
12,865

34,237
21,247
62.1
19,988
58.4
1,259
5.9
12,990

34,272
21,365
62.3
20,139
58.8
1,226
5.7
12,907

34,301
21,418
62.4
20,189
58.9
1,229
5.7
12,883

34,487
21,697
62.9
20,535
59.5
1,162
5.4
12,790

34,519
21,893
63.4
20,654
59.8
1,239
5.7
12,626

9,887
68.4
9,200
63.7
687
6.9

10,038
68.2
9,461
64.2
577
5.8

10,153
68.9
9,593
65.1
560
5.5

9,960
68.9
9,323
64.5
637
6.4

9,783
67.2
9,269
63.7
514
5.3

9,947
68.3
9,408
64.6
539
5.4

9,956
68.3
9,446
64.8
510
5.1

10,115
68.7
9,579
65.0
535
5.3

10,218
69.3
9,700
65.8
518
5.1

10,527
61.6
9,874
57.8
653
6.2

10,790
62.6
10,276
59.6
514
4.8

10,876
63.0
10,301
59.7
575
5.3

10,536
61.7
9,899
58.0
637
6.0

10,696
62.2
10,080
58.6
616
5.8

10,633
61.8
10,077
58.6
556
5.2

10,679
62.0
10,093
58.6
586
5.5

10,804
62.6
10,301
59.7
504
4.7

10,877
63.0
10,319
59.8
558
5.1

589
23.8
491
19.9
98
16.6

716
28.5
599
23.9
118
16.4

741
29.5
594
23.6
147
19.9

644
26.1
529
21.4
115
17.8

768
30.8
639
25.7
128
16.7

785
31.4
654
26.2
131
16.7

784
31.4
650
26.0
134
17.1

778
31.0
655
26.1
123
15.8

797
31.7
635
25.2
163
20.4

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Feb.
2022
16,782
10,567
63.0
10,256
61.1
311
2.9
6,215

Jan.
2023
17,541
11,196
63.8
10,856
61.9
340
3.0
6,345

Feb.
2023
17,444
11,371
65.2
10,982
63.0
389
3.4
6,073

Feb.
2022
16,782
10,566
63.0
10,248
61.1
318
3.0
6,216

Oct.
2022
17,129
11,106
64.8
10,781
62.9
325
2.9
6,023

Nov.
2022
16,980
10,995
64.8
10,704
63.0
291
2.6
5,984

Dec.
2022
17,005
10,918
64.2
10,654
62.7
265
2.4
6,086

Jan.
2023
17,541
11,240
64.1
10,926
62.3
313
2.8
6,301

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Feb.
2023
17,444
11,348
65.1
10,962
62.8
386
3.4
6,096

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

45,816
30,449
66.5
28,991
63.3
1,458
4.8
15,367

47,010
31,131
66.2
29,430
62.6
1,701
5.5
15,879

47,103
31,507
66.9
29,640
62.9
1,866
5.9
15,597

45,816
30,496
66.6
29,139
63.6
1,357
4.5
15,319

46,459
30,725
66.1
29,430
63.3
1,295
4.2
15,734

46,545
30,600
65.7
29,382
63.1
1,218
4.0
15,944

46,624
30,893
66.3
29,611
63.5
1,281
4.1
15,731

47,010
31,153
66.3
29,737
63.3
1,416
4.5
15,857

47,103
31,444
66.8
29,789
63.2
1,655
5.3
15,659

16,678
80.3
15,964
76.9
713
4.3

16,834
78.8
15,875
74.3
958
5.7

16,951
79.2
15,912
74.3
1,038
6.1

16,702
80.4
16,081
77.5
622
3.7

16,653
79.1
16,000
76.0
653
3.9

16,526
78.4
15,925
75.5
601
3.6

16,725
79.2
16,047
76.0
677
4.0

16,795
78.6
16,073
75.2
722
4.3

16,882
78.8
16,036
74.9
846
5.0

12,425
59.7
11,809
56.7
616
5.0

13,024
61.1
12,391
58.1
633
4.9

13,120
61.5
12,465
58.4
655
5.0

12,403
59.6
11,808
56.7
595
4.8

12,655
59.9
12,185
57.7
469
3.7

12,637
59.7
12,179
57.6
458
3.6

12,785
60.3
12,307
58.1
478
3.7

13,024
61.1
12,447
58.4
577
4.4

13,085
61.3
12,460
58.4
626
4.8

1,346
31.8
1,218
28.8
129
9.6

1,274
29.4
1,164
26.9
110
8.7

1,436
33.1
1,262
29.1
173
12.1

1,391
32.9
1,250
29.5
141
10.1

1,417
33.0
1,245
29.0
173
12.2

1,438
33.4
1,279
29.7
159
11.0

1,383
32.0
1,257
29.1
126
9.1

1,334
30.8
1,217
28.1
116
8.7

1,477
34.0
1,294
29.8
183
12.4

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,647
45.2
8,141
42.5
507
5.9

8,829
46.1
8,267
43.1
562
6.4

8,850
46.7
8,198
43.2
652
7.4

8,976
46.9
8,574
44.8
402
4.5

9,141
46.6
8,574
43.7
567
6.2

8,901
45.6
8,506
43.5
395
4.4

8,885
45.6
8,443
43.4
442
5.0

8,814
46.0
8,417
43.9
397
4.5

9,165
48.3
8,629
45.5
536
5.8

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,577
56.2
34,793
53.5
1,784
4.9

35,983
56.1
34,457
53.7
1,526
4.2

35,852
56.0
34,441
53.8
1,411
3.9

36,550
56.2
34,935
53.7
1,615
4.4

35,070
55.9
33,692
53.7
1,378
3.9

35,192
55.7
33,816
53.5
1,377
3.9

35,605
56.2
34,339
54.2
1,266
3.6

36,189
56.4
34,836
54.3
1,353
3.7

35,850
56.0
34,574
54.0
1,276
3.6

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,337
63.5
33,931
61.0
1,406
4.0

35,952
63.2
34,859
61.3
1,093
3.0

35,869
63.4
34,594
61.2
1,275
3.6

35,423
63.7
34,122
61.4
1,301
3.7

35,806
62.7
34,734
60.8
1,071
3.0

35,880
62.9
34,748
60.9
1,133
3.2

35,789
62.7
34,735
60.8
1,054
2.9

36,082
63.5
35,046
61.7
1,036
2.9

35,962
63.6
34,796
61.5
1,167
3.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62,734
73.3
61,375
71.7
1,359
2.2

62,863
72.7
61,526
71.1
1,338
2.1

63,848
73.1
62,530
71.6
1,318
2.1

62,017
72.5
60,679
70.9
1,338
2.2

63,312
72.7
62,089
71.3
1,223
1.9

63,041
72.5
61,781
71.1
1,260
2.0

63,150
72.7
61,947
71.3
1,203
1.9

62,854
72.7
61,591
71.2
1,263
2.0

63,140
72.3
61,858
70.9
1,282
2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Feb.
2022

Men
Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Women
Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18,469
8,971
48.6
8,686
47.0
285
3.2
9,498

18,002
8,683
48.2
8,462
47.0
221
2.5
9,319

16,448
7,770
47.2
7,540
45.8
230
3.0
8,678

15,967
7,600
47.6
7,393
46.3
207
2.7
8,367

2,021
1,202
59.5
1,146
56.7
56
4.6
819

2,035
1,083
53.2
1,069
52.5
14
1.3
952

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,814
3,840
79.8
3,718
77.2
122
3.2
974

4,989
4,004
80.3
3,894
78.0
111
2.8
985

3,911
3,178
81.3
3,088
79.0
90
2.8
733

4,070
3,381
83.1
3,283
80.7
98
2.9
689

904
662
73.3
630
69.8
32
4.8
241

919
623
67.8
611
66.5
12
2.0
295

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,264
2,433
74.6
2,376
72.8
57
2.3
831

2,947
2,148
72.9
2,098
71.2
50
2.3
799

2,810
2,104
74.9
2,063
73.4
42
2.0
706

2,510
1,831
72.9
1,781
70.9
50
2.7
679

453
329
72.6
314
69.1
16
4.7
124

437
317
72.5
317
72.5
0
0.0
120

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,345
985
15.5
939
14.8
46
4.7
5,360

6,077
820
13.5
809
13.3
11
1.4
5,257

6,093
943
15.5
901
14.8
42
4.5
5,150

5,820
815
14.0
803
13.8
11
1.4
5,005

252
42
16.7
38
15.1
4
–
210

257
6
2.1
6
2.1
0
–
251

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,046
1,713
42.3
1,652
40.8
61
3.5
2,333

3,989
1,711
42.9
1,662
41.7
49
2.8
2,278

3,634
1,545
42.5
1,488
41.0
56
3.7
2,089

3,567
1,574
44.1
1,526
42.8
47
3.0
1,993

412
168
40.8
164
39.8
4
2.5
244

422
137
32.5
136
32.2
1
0.9
285

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

235,694
152,438
64.7
146,175
62.0
6,263
4.1
83,256

238,871
155,307
65.0
149,259
62.5
6,049
3.9
83,564

107,147
78,383
73.2
74,906
69.9
3,477
4.4
28,763

109,483
79,747
72.8
76,361
69.7
3,387
4.2
29,735

128,548
74,055
57.6
71,269
55.4
2,786
3.8
54,493

129,389
75,560
58.4
72,898
56.3
2,662
3.5
53,829

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

Persons with no disability
Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

32,014
7,250
22.6
6,613
20.7
637
8.8
24,764

32,611
7,786
23.9
7,214
22.1
572
7.3
24,825

231,310
156,474
67.6
150,329
65.0
6,145
3.9
74,835

233,501
158,392
67.8
152,498
65.3
5,894
3.7
75,109

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,079
38.0
2,780
34.3
299
9.7
5,025

3,256
41.9
3,007
38.7
249
7.6
4,516

78,013
82.4
74,747
78.9
3,266
4.2
16,702

79,093
82.2
75,778
78.7
3,316
4.2
17,162

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

2,905
35.3
2,624
31.9
281
9.7
5,330

3,245
38.6
2,966
35.3
279
8.6
5,164

68,898
71.5
66,316
68.8
2,582
3.7
27,444

69,610
72.4
67,277
70.0
2,333
3.4
26,508

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,266
8.1
1,209
7.7
57
4.5
14,409

1,285
7.8
1,241
7.6
44
3.4
15,146

9,563
23.8
9,265
23.0
298
3.1
30,689

9,688
23.6
9,443
23.0
245
2.5
31,439

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Feb.
2022

Men
Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Women
Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

44,718
29,229
65.4
28,138
62.9
1,092
3.7
15,489

46,470
30,827
66.3
29,518
63.5
1,309
4.2
15,643

21,761
16,758
77.0
16,173
74.3
585
3.5
5,003

22,743
17,464
76.8
16,705
73.4
759
4.3
5,279

22,957
12,471
54.3
11,965
52.1
506
4.1
10,486

23,727
13,363
56.3
12,813
54.0
550
4.1
10,364

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

218,606
134,495
61.5
128,805
58.9
5,691
4.2
84,110

219,642
135,351
61.6
130,194
59.3
5,157
3.8
84,291

106,534
70,513
66.2
67,287
63.2
3,226
4.6
36,021

107,328
70,919
66.1
67,961
63.3
2,958
4.2
36,410

112,071
63,982
57.1
61,518
54.9
2,464
3.9
48,089

112,314
64,433
57.4
62,234
55.4
2,199
3.4
47,881

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

2,262
1,457
771
34
154,681
145,611
21,375
124,235
572
123,663
9,002
69

2,145
1,428
682
35
156,547
147,532
21,968
125,564
669
124,895
8,952
63

2,251
1,456
755
40
157,461
148,238
21,951
126,287
592
125,696
9,173
50

2,363
1,524
800
–
155,033
146,140
20,928
124,966
–
124,266
9,185
–

2,206
1,495
692
–
156,570
147,109
21,211
126,102
–
125,460
9,261
–

2,228
1,492
715
–
156,344
147,381
21,084
126,468
–
125,819
8,970
–

2,311
1,496
791
–
156,818
147,886
21,683
126,169
–
125,538
9,036
–

2,245
1,485
720
–
157,645
148,822
21,548
126,981
–
126,248
9,217
–

2,346
1,521
781
–
157,743
148,723
21,501
126,967
–
126,261
9,338
–

4,349
2,946
1,089
21,301

4,498
3,114
993
22,096

4,285
3,079
868
22,494

4,137
2,726
1,061
20,706

3,664
2,535
867
21,297

3,688
2,546
826
21,226

3,878
2,648
911
21,628

4,050
2,685
999
22,083

4,067
2,840
859
21,856

4,278
2,900
1,084
20,894

4,401
3,057
983
21,683

4,146
2,975
850
22,074

4,103
2,688
1,054
20,316

3,578
2,487
862
20,950

3,623
2,497
819
20,844

3,810
2,611
892
21,211

3,959
2,646
988
21,674

3,964
2,750
842
21,453

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

156,942
5,094
2,082
3,012
151,849
13,609
138,240
100,923
35,052
34,443
31,427
37,317

158,692
5,247
2,033
3,215
153,444
14,336
139,108
101,921
35,343
34,904
31,674
37,188

159,713
5,311
1,992
3,319
154,401
14,638
139,763
102,681
35,751
35,179
31,751
37,082

157,590
5,487
2,284
3,212
152,102
13,831
138,445
101,159
35,151
34,536
31,471
37,287

158,593
5,598
2,200
3,387
152,994
13,780
139,160
101,509
35,296
34,611
31,601
37,651

158,527
5,740
2,241
3,500
152,787
13,759
138,845
101,400
35,073
34,777
31,550
37,446

159,244
5,680
2,371
3,312
153,564
13,834
139,477
101,848
35,066
34,983
31,799
37,630

160,138
5,710
2,265
3,462
154,428
14,705
139,834
102,366
35,594
35,010
31,762
37,468

160,315
5,719
2,200
3,534
154,597
14,831
139,939
102,838
35,799
35,243
31,796
37,100

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83,460
2,542
1,014
1,528
80,918
6,891
74,027
53,898
18,667
18,566
16,665
20,129

84,120
2,596
907
1,689
81,524
7,144
74,379
54,269
18,717
18,752
16,801
20,110

84,666
2,618
912
1,706
82,048
7,355
74,693
54,765
19,087
18,859
16,819
19,928

84,071
2,778
1,122
1,661
81,293
7,055
74,444
54,228
18,794
18,691
16,743
20,216

84,559
2,783
1,034
1,752
81,776
7,144
74,548
54,106
18,701
18,649
16,756
20,442

84,557
2,859
1,059
1,809
81,698
7,071
74,451
54,119
18,548
18,761
16,810
20,332

84,880
2,847
1,109
1,748
82,033
7,080
74,767
54,370
18,629
18,798
16,943
20,396

85,186
2,862
1,039
1,838
82,324
7,354
75,036
54,708
18,916
18,896
16,896
20,328

85,266
2,859
1,020
1,851
82,407
7,484
75,070
55,033
19,167
18,965
16,901
20,037

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73,483
2,551
1,068
1,483
70,931
6,718
64,213
47,025
16,385
15,878
14,762
17,188

74,572
2,651
1,125
1,526
71,921
7,192
64,729
47,651
16,627
16,152
14,873
17,078

75,047
2,693
1,080
1,614
72,354
7,283
65,070
47,916
16,664
16,320
14,932
17,154

73,519
2,710
1,162
1,551
70,810
6,776
64,001
46,930
16,358
15,845
14,728
17,071

74,033
2,815
1,167
1,635
71,218
6,636
64,612
47,403
16,596
15,963
14,845
17,209

73,970
2,881
1,182
1,691
71,088
6,688
64,394
47,281
16,525
16,016
14,740
17,113

74,364
2,833
1,262
1,564
71,531
6,755
64,711
47,477
16,436
16,185
14,857
17,233

74,952
2,848
1,226
1,624
72,104
7,351
64,798
47,658
16,678
16,114
14,866
17,140

75,049
2,860
1,179
1,683
72,189
7,347
64,868
47,805
16,633
16,278
14,895
17,063

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,572
36,146
9,958

45,927
36,569
10,154

46,414
37,152
9,696

45,571
35,916
–

45,624
36,179
–

45,988
36,322
–

46,209
36,472
–

46,119
36,490
–

46,387
36,883
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130,712
26,230

131,175
27,516

132,173
27,540

131,783
25,811

132,179
26,413

132,300
26,115

132,299
26,794

132,577
27,400

133,184
27,089

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,557
4.8

7,877
5.0

8,041
5.0

7,430
4.7

7,519
4.7

7,676
4.8

8,046
5.1

8,001
5.0

7,904
4.9

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,291
9,772

6,560
9,635

6,435
9,928

–
9,985

–
9,953

–
9,686

–
9,827

–
9,937

–
10,119

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,272
628
256
362
5,644
1,121
4,641
3,477
1,502
1,175
799
1,130

5,694
658
277
384
5,035
1,116
4,020
3,136
1,459
927
750
874

5,936
716
216
488
5,219
1,103
4,235
3,242
1,447
936
858
957

3.8
10.3
10.1
10.1
3.6
7.5
3.2
3.3
4.1
3.3
2.5
2.9

3.7
11.0
9.8
11.9
3.4
6.9
3.0
3.2
4.0
2.9
2.8
2.4

3.6
11.3
11.5
11.3
3.3
6.8
3.0
3.2
4.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

3.5
10.4
8.4
12.2
3.2
7.3
2.8
2.9
3.8
2.4
2.3
2.7

3.4
10.3
10.9
10.0
3.2
7.1
2.8
3.0
3.9
2.6
2.3
2.3

3.6
11.1
9.0
12.1
3.3
6.9
2.9
3.1
3.9
2.6
2.6
2.5

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,318
347
111
234
2,971
600
2,464
1,794
756
636
401
670

3,147
387
183
207
2,760
620
2,225
1,722
856
484
382
504

3,208
405
131
275
2,803
646
2,251
1,738
773
532
434
512

3.8
11.1
9.0
12.4
3.5
7.8
3.2
3.2
3.9
3.3
2.3
3.2

3.7
12.1
11.7
12.6
3.3
7.2
2.9
3.1
3.9
2.6
2.8
2.3

3.7
12.5
15.6
10.9
3.3
7.7
2.9
3.0
4.1
2.4
2.6
2.6

3.4
10.2
9.3
11.3
3.1
7.3
2.8
2.8
3.9
2.3
2.1
2.7

3.6
11.9
15.0
10.1
3.2
7.8
2.9
3.1
4.3
2.5
2.2
2.4

3.6
12.4
11.4
12.9
3.3
7.9
2.9
3.1
3.9
2.7
2.5
2.5

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,954
281
145
128
2,672
521
2,178
1,683
746
539
398
502

2,546
271
93
177
2,275
496
1,795
1,414
604
443
368
386

2,728
311
86
213
2,417
457
1,984
1,503
674
405
425
482

3.9
9.4
11.1
7.6
3.6
7.1
3.3
3.5
4.4
3.3
2.6
2.9

3.7
9.8
8.0
11.1
3.4
6.6
3.1
3.3
4.0
3.2
2.7
2.5

3.6
10.0
7.4
11.7
3.3
5.9
3.0
3.3
4.1
2.9
2.8
2.3

3.6
10.7
7.6
13.2
3.2
7.3
2.8
3.0
3.7
2.5
2.5
2.6

3.3
8.7
7.1
9.8
3.1
6.3
2.7
2.9
3.5
2.7
2.4
2.2

3.5
9.8
6.8
11.2
3.2
5.9
3.0
3.0
3.9
2.4
2.8
2.7

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

871
858
557

837
710
403

885
766
514

1.9
2.3
5.3

1.9
2.2
5.7

2.0
2.0
4.9

1.8
2.1
3.6

1.8
1.9
3.8

1.9
2.0
5.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,223
1,085

4,634
1,078

4,863
1,117

3.8
4.0

3.7
3.9

3.5
4.4

3.4
3.9

3.4
3.8

3.5
4.0

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

3,473
1,164
2,309
1,641
668
964
1,971
374

3,226
1,238
1,987
1,330
657
881
1,807
465

3,249
1,117
2,132
1,482
650
892
1,862
462

3,004
879
2,125
1,551
574
964
1,971
429

2,695
853
1,842
1,267
575
861
1,873
494

2,761
806
1,956
1,351
605
829
1,798
558

2,629
814
1,815
1,339
476
825
1,767
497

2,529
734
1,795
1,257
538
884
1,817
531

2,752
816
1,935
1,380
555
891
1,847
515

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

51.2
17.2
34.0
14.2
29.1
5.5

50.6
19.4
31.2
13.8
28.3
7.3

50.3
17.3
33.0
13.8
28.8
7.1

47.2
13.8
33.4
15.1
30.9
6.7

45.5
14.4
31.1
14.5
31.6
8.3

46.4
13.5
32.9
13.9
30.2
9.4

46.0
14.2
31.7
14.4
30.9
8.7

43.9
12.7
31.2
15.3
31.5
9.2

45.8
13.6
32.2
14.8
30.8
8.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

2.1
0.6
1.2
0.2

2.0
0.5
1.1
0.3

2.0
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.8
0.6
1.2
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.7
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.5
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.7
0.5
1.1
0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,980
2,158
2,644
879
1,765

2,358
1,965
2,055
926
1,129

2,130
2,247
2,089
957
1,131

2,142
1,803
2,418
726
1,691

2,215
1,774
1,987
817
1,169

2,244
1,694
2,036
821
1,215

2,233
1,639
1,895
826
1,069

1,946
1,785
2,001
890
1,111

2,289
1,845
1,862
805
1,057

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.0
9.9

19.1
8.4

19.1
8.9

26.2
9.3

20.8
8.4

21.4
8.8

19.5
8.9

20.4
9.1

19.3
8.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29.2
31.8
39.0
13.0
26.0

37.0
30.8
32.2
14.5
17.7

32.9
34.7
32.3
14.8
17.5

33.7
28.3
38.0
11.4
26.6

37.1
29.7
33.2
13.7
19.6

37.6
28.4
34.1
13.7
20.3

38.7
28.4
32.9
14.3
18.5

33.9
31.1
34.9
15.5
19.4

38.2
30.8
31.1
13.4
17.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

156,942
67,754

159,713
69,986

6,782
1,490

6,465
1,406

4.1
2.2

3.9
2.0

29,131
38,624
24,228
31,383
14,927
16,456

30,137
39,848
25,292
30,220
14,185
16,035

638
852
1,400
1,311
565
747

632
774
1,295
1,327
596
731

2.1
2.2
5.5
4.0
3.6
4.3

2.1
1.9
4.9
4.2
4.0
4.4

14,091
963
8,286
4,842

14,190
946
8,474
4,769

917
119
664
134

902
85
713
104

6.1
11.0
7.4
2.7

6.0
8.2
7.8
2.1

19,485
7,993
11,492

20,025
8,380
11,645

1,270
413
856

1,073
421
651

6.1
4.9
6.9

5.1
4.8
5.3

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

6,782
5,479
29
677
497
324
174
983
409
91
246
737
754
849
207
144
386
399

6,465
5,218
17
708
464
268
196
1,039
377
87
227
801
611
693
194
105
374
306

4.1
4.2
5.0
6.7
3.2
3.3
3.1
4.9
5.1
3.7
2.4
3.9
3.0
6.6
3.5
9.4
1.8
3.9

3.9
4.0
3.0
6.6
3.0
2.6
3.6
5.4
4.5
3.2
2.2
4.2
2.4
5.2
3.1
7.1
1.7
3.0

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

1.6

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.7

4.1

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.6

4.4

4.1

4.1

4.1

3.9

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.8

5.0

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.2

4.2

4.4

7.6

7.4

7.3

7.2

6.7

6.7

6.5

6.6

6.8

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Feb.
2022

Men
Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Women
Feb.
2023

Feb.
2022

Feb.
2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

99,600
5,299
1,496
393
1,103

99,934
4,987
1,420
361
1,059

41,024
2,493
749
214
535

41,689
2,514
771
202
569

58,575
2,806
747
178
569

58,245
2,472
649
159
490

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,557
4.8
4,243
1,993
288
997

8,041
5.0
4,415
2,051
388
1,142

3,682
4.4
2,286
696
173
508

4,014
4.7
2,379
824
236
562

3,875
5.3
1,957
1,297
115
489

4,027
5.4
2,036
1,227
152
580

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

149,606
127,338
20,523

155,344
132,746
21,377

152,836
130,512
21,062

153,955
131,234
21,156

151,010
128,928
20,906

154,535
132,204
21,461

155,039
132,590
21,512

155,350
132,855
21,532

Change
from:
Jan.2023 Feb.2023p
311
265
20

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

574
45.1
529.2
111.1
174.3
39.6
41.9

626
45.5
580.5
118.0
183.9
40.8
43.2

622
46.4
575.1
117.3
180.3
40.9
43.4

622
46.4
575.9
117.1
181.9
41.1
43.5

583
44.7
538.2
111.9
180.4
39.6
42.3

628
45.7
582.4
117.2
186.5
41.1
43.5

631
46.2
585.1
118.1
186.3
41.0
43.7

631
45.9
584.7
118.0
187.4
41.1
43.7

0
-0.3
-0.4
-0.1
1.1
0.1
0.0

92.8
243.8

99.9
278.6

96.0
277.5

97.3
276.9

98.5
245.9

102.0
278.7

101.6
280.7

102.5
279.3

0.9
-1.4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

7,349
1,682.9
886.9
796.0
972.1
4,693.7
2,196.9
2,496.8

7,763
1,773.2
928.2
845.0
1,040.2
4,949.3
2,301.4
2,647.9

7,549
1,751.1
911.0
840.1
986.5
4,811.1
2,235.1
2,576.0

7,613
1,756.6
915.9
840.7
1,009.0
4,846.9
2,262.9
2,584.0

7,669
1,732.2
910.6
821.6
1,061.5
4,875.1
2,274.1
2,601.0

7,859
1,785.9
934.3
851.6
1,081.5
4,991.4
2,324.8
2,666.6

7,894
1,798.0
937.3
860.7
1,085.9
5,009.9
2,325.3
2,684.6

7,918
1,800.9
938.5
862.4
1,093.6
5,023.3
2,336.5
2,686.8

24
2.9
1.2
1.7
7.7
13.4
11.2
2.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . .
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

12,600

12,988

12,891

12,921

12,654

12,974

12,987

12,983

-4

7,835
424.6

8,107
429.2

8,052
426.8

8,069
426.0

7,859
425.7

8,096
429.3

8,095
429.0

8,095
428.0

0
-1.0

406.5
360.7
1,412.5
1,087.9

428.9
368.6
1,448.6
1,124.6

423.5
364.3
1,443.8
1,121.0

424.9
365.0
1,444.0
1,123.3

420.5
360.2
1,417.5
1,089.9

432.4
366.5
1,449.4
1,123.0

434.1
365.4
1,450.9
1,124.0

435.6
365.0
1,449.8
1,124.4

1.5
-0.4
-1.1
0.4

1,072.9

1,102.4

1,096.0

1,100.8

1,074.3

1,100.7

1,100.8

1,103.6

2.8

160.0

168.2

167.0

167.1

160.0

167.4

167.3

167.8

0.5

85.6

84.5

83.7

84.4

85.7

85.2

84.1

84.6

0.5

377.0

393.8

391.9

392.6

377.5

393.9

394.3

394.3

0.0

419.6

423.4

421.0

423.9

420.0

422.0

422.3

423.8

1.5

30.7

32.5

32.4

32.8

31.1

32.3

32.8

33.1

0.3

397.9
1,668.2
971.9

403.9
1,792.0
1,060.0

405.1
1,769.8
1,040.2

403.7
1,780.4
1,045.1

399.0
1,664.9
967.8

405.2
1,782.4
1,048.1

406.7
1,776.3
1,043.0

406.6
1,777.6
1,043.2

-0.1
1.3
0.2

382.3
621.0

374.7
634.4

369.8
631.4

369.3
631.9

382.0
625.1

373.2
634.3

372.5
635.7

369.7
635.1

-2.8
-0.6

4,765
1,664.6
98.3
105.4
93.4
360.5
373.8

4,881
1,725.4
96.0
102.3
92.6
359.0
385.5

4,839
1,709.2
96.0
103.3
92.2
356.8
377.7

4,852
1,715.1
94.1
103.1
92.9
356.0
378.9

4,795
1,675.7
99.1
105.8
93.5
361.5
377.2

4,878
1,717.3
96.0
102.6
91.9
358.7
381.5

4,892
1,726.2
96.7
103.6
93.7
357.3
381.3

4,888
1,725.1
95.0
103.5
92.4
356.2
382.1

-4
-1.1
-1.7
-0.1
-1.3
-1.1
0.8

100.9
890.6

102.0
915.2

100.2
909.9

101.6
915.7

104.5
890.3

104.0
916.1

104.4
914.7

105.4
917.2

1.0
2.5

747.5

755.4

750.2

748.1

745.9

754.7

755.8

751.1

-4.7

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Change
from:
Jan.2023 Feb.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

330.2

347.8

343.2

346.6

341.7

355.3

358.4

360.3

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

106,815

111,369

109,450

110,078

108,022

110,743

111,078

111,323

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,294

29,506

28,749

28,635

28,561

28,767

28,824

28,862

1.9
245
38

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . .
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . .

5,847.2
3,227.2
2,119.1
500.9

6,032.5
3,331.1
2,175.6
525.8

5,989.0
3,316.4
2,151.1
521.5

6,009.6
3,326.7
2,157.2
525.7

5,882.0
3,238.8
2,138.8
504.4

6,028.8
3,330.0
2,174.6
524.2

6,037.7
3,336.3
2,176.3
525.1

6,048.8
3,341.3
2,179.3
528.2

11.1
5.0
3.0
3.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. .
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . .
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . .
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . .
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . .

15,351.8
1,976.4
1,244.6
166.4

15,868.1
2,019.7
1,257.3
172.7

15,454.3
2,003.7
1,249.5
168.7

15,406.7
2,009.7
1,253.2
170.5

15,564.1
1,992.6
1,247.9
174.3

15,477.8
2,026.1
1,259.7
178.6

15,511.7
2,027.2
1,259.4
179.0

15,561.8
2,026.7
1,258.8
178.4

50.1
-0.5
-0.6
-0.6

565.4

589.7

585.5

586.0

570.4

587.7

588.8

589.5

0.7

1,388.9
3,161.8

1,386.9
3,259.9

1,357.3
3,232.4

1,361.8
3,235.8

1,426.8
3,169.4

1,416.4
3,231.9

1,411.6
3,244.8

1,408.6
3,249.3

-3.0
4.5

923.3
468.5
454.8
3,179.5
956.7

906.0
462.6
443.4
3,269.2
1,038.0

885.6
451.7
433.9
3,114.6
952.3

874.8
446.2
428.6
3,121.6
924.8

929.6
470.9
454.2
3,240.6
989.2

877.5
448.2
426.7
3,068.4
917.4

881.6
447.4
427.9
3,079.0
923.3

882.1
446.6
427.4
3,118.2
937.9

0.5
-0.8
-0.5
39.2
14.6

2,222.8
1,110.7
1,011.0

2,231.2
1,139.7
1,055.6

2,162.3
1,118.9
1,051.4

2,196.8
1,108.6
1,050.8

2,251.4
1,111.9
1,025.6

2,151.0
1,114.1
1,055.4

2,155.7
1,109.0
1,060.4

2,180.2
1,110.8
1,061.8

24.5
1.8
1.4

1,102.6

1,239.9

1,169.0

1,131.7

1,137.8

1,153.0

1,160.0

1,166.8

6.8

1,497.6

1,591.2

1,521.4

1,511.9

1,529.8

1,535.0

1,538.1

1,537.5

-0.6

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,546.1
478.9
145.2
59.5
1,542.0

7,049.5
520.5
148.7
64.5
1,611.0

6,754.3
522.3
148.6
63.0
1,586.4

6,670.0
523.8
148.6
63.9
1,575.8

6,563.3
482.7
145.8
61.4
1,564.9

6,704.9
523.6
148.8
65.7
1,607.1

6,721.2
526.6
149.1
66.2
1,608.4

6,699.7
528.0
148.9
67.0
1,599.9

-21.5
1.4
-0.2
0.8
-8.5

415.7
50.6
24.0
777.4
1,129.6
1,923.2

444.0
48.1
27.5
820.7
1,383.6
1,980.9

443.0
47.3
23.6
813.6
1,165.1
1,941.4

444.7
47.9
23.7
810.6
1,094.7
1,936.3

405.0
51.1
29.7
776.4
1,132.9
1,913.4

428.7
47.9
31.2
809.0
1,109.5
1,933.4

436.5
48.0
30.6
816.4
1,104.5
1,934.9

433.5
48.4
30.6
812.4
1,101.6
1,929.4

-3.0
0.4
0.0
-4.0
-2.9
-5.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

549.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,974

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

555.5
3,139

551.7
3,050

549.0
3,044

551.2
2,992

555.3
3,120

553.2
3,100

552.1
3,075

-1.1
-25

430.0
912.1
355.6
655.4

470.1
955.5
359.9
662.7

417.8
938.1
354.8
651.8

421.3
934.1
353.2
651.9

444.3
916.6
354.3
654.3

461.7
952.3
359.6
658.1

451.1
946.5
357.4
654.8

442.2
941.4
354.5
652.1

-8.9
-5.1
-2.9
-2.7

445.7

490.0

485.7

484.1

445.6

486.7

487.1

483.1

-4.0

175.6

200.8

201.7

199.2

176.6

201.3

203.0

201.6

-1.4

8,931
6,629.1
21.1

9,132
6,716.2
21.8

9,049
6,682.3
21.7

9,047
6,675.1
21.9

8,982
6,634.4
21.1

9,101
6,691.7
21.8

9,106
6,694.7
21.9

9,105
6,684.5
22.0

-1
-10.2
0.1

2,705.8

2,684.9

2,678.0

2,672.9

2,705.3

2,681.3

2,679.5

2,672.8

-6.7

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Change
from:
Jan.2023 Feb.2023p

1,755.4
1,366.4
613.8
336.6

1,784.7
1,376.9
579.5
320.7

1,782.7
1,376.1
576.9
318.4

1,786.3
1,379.8
569.8
316.8

1,754.6
1,364.6
615.2
335.5

1,783.4
1,376.6
577.6
320.3

1,783.3
1,376.0
578.5
317.7

1,786.4
1,377.3
571.7
314.7

3.1
1.3
-6.8
-3.0

1,020.3
2,881.9
2,302.3
1,776.2
504.4

1,073.5
2,936.0
2,416.1
1,855.6
537.7

1,065.3
2,917.3
2,366.4
1,825.0
519.5

1,066.2
2,914.1
2,371.9
1,826.3
523.5

1,025.7
2,882.3
2,347.4
1,804.4
520.9

1,068.3
2,920.3
2,409.2
1,844.9
541.8

1,071.3
2,922.0
2,410.9
1,851.1
537.4

1,071.9
2,917.8
2,420.3
1,855.0
542.8

0.6
-4.2
9.4
3.9
5.4

Credit intermediation and related Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

21.7

22.8

21.9

22.1

22.1

22.5

22.4

22.5

0.1

22,086

22,907

22,474

22,630

22,306

22,814

22,867

22,912

45

10,332.2
1,163.6

10,750.7
1,190.0

10,697.0
1,174.5

10,773.7
1,174.2

10,302.6
1,169.0

10,713.5
1,180.4

10,741.2
1,181.2

10,760.7
1,182.7

19.5
1.5

1,157.3

1,130.5

1,164.8

1,213.1

1,072.8

1,131.7

1,137.2

1,136.7

-0.5

1,557.8
144.8

1,645.5
159.3

1,629.6
155.5

1,631.4
158.0

1,578.5
146.7

1,644.7
157.2

1,650.3
158.2

1,654.9
159.8

4.6
1.6

2,411.5

2,492.2

2,481.4

2,482.8

2,416.3

2,493.4

2,486.8

2,484.4

-2.4

1,737.3

1,850.9

1,830.9

1,846.9

1,744.9

1,832.2

1,845.2

1,857.1

11.9

864.4

914.5

910.3

917.3

870.9

913.9

917.7

921.4

3.7

474.7

493.9

489.1

490.4

474.9

493.3

495.3

494.3

-1.0

820.8
2,464.8

873.9
2,523.7

860.9
2,511.5

859.6
2,508.3

828.6
2,475.1

866.7
2,516.3

869.4
2,519.5

869.5
2,520.6

0.1
1.1

9,289.3
8,829.3
569.4
153.3
3,858.5
3,112.0
823.2

9,632.1
9,147.9
610.0
158.7
3,945.7
3,147.1
784.8

9,265.3
8,789.4
606.6
159.2
3,720.5
2,944.4
772.7

9,347.8
8,866.3
612.9
160.0
3,770.3
2,998.0
764.2

9,528.5
9,061.5
574.5
154.1
3,902.3
3,148.7
820.4

9,584.0
9,101.6
612.8
158.4
3,839.5
3,037.9
766.2

9,606.4
9,121.2
615.0
159.3
3,840.4
3,053.2
766.3

9,630.4
9,142.0
619.1
160.3
3,851.3
3,060.0
763.1

24.0
20.8
4.1
1.0
10.9
6.8
-3.2

160.1
936.8
2,015.1
312.9

179.2
979.2
2,151.1
339.2

178.0
967.9
2,053.2
331.3

177.2
966.1
2,080.9
334.7

164.9
942.1
2,183.1
320.2

180.9
970.9
2,230.2
342.8

181.9
979.2
2,237.6
341.5

180.8
975.5
2,247.9
344.1

-1.1
-3.7
10.3
2.6

460.0

484.2

475.9

481.5

467.0

482.4

485.2

488.4

3.2

24,078
3,852.0
20,225.9
16,064.1
8,007.8
2,772.6
1,003.4
1,062.0
1,019.0
323.1
1,506.8

24,960
3,920.4
21,039.2
16,660.1
8,314.9
2,877.4
1,031.4
1,114.6
1,058.2
321.1
1,575.7

24,749
3,779.0
20,970.1
16,585.5
8,256.5
2,851.2
1,027.3
1,106.4
1,058.1
321.8
1,556.9

25,111
4,035.2
21,076.1
16,657.4
8,289.1
2,857.7
1,024.0
1,117.9
1,059.2
324.8
1,572.9

23,996
3,732.8
20,263.5
16,098.5
8,020.8
2,778.3
1,004.9
1,063.1
1,019.1
323.5
1,513.3

24,827
3,856.3
20,970.2
16,591.3
8,272.8
2,855.9
1,031.2
1,110.2
1,053.0
320.4
1,567.7

24,934
3,888.4
21,045.8
16,644.1
8,294.2
2,862.3
1,028.8
1,114.1
1,060.2
322.2
1,571.2

25,008
3,899.8
21,108.6
16,688.3
8,305.3
2,864.1
1,027.9
1,120.7
1,059.4
324.3
1,576.5

74
11.4
62.8
44.2
11.1
1.8
-0.9
6.6
-0.8
2.1
5.3

320.9
5,099.1

336.5
5,262.8

334.8
5,247.6

332.6
5,273.2

318.7
5,105.7

334.4
5,245.3

335.3
5,258.5

332.4
5,277.9

-2.9
19.4

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Change
from:
Jan.2023 Feb.2023p

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,957.2
1,335.3

3,082.4
1,382.1

3,081.4
1,379.8

3,095.1
1,382.8

2,972.0
1,343.3

3,073.2
1,375.9

3,091.4
1,381.4

3,105.1
1,386.8

13.7
5.4

596.2

623.5

620.3

620.6

597.4

621.7

623.8

623.4

-0.4

874.5
151.2
4,161.8
2,756.2

923.0
153.8
4,379.1
2,912.0

926.6
154.7
4,384.6
2,917.1

936.5
155.2
4,418.7
2,938.9

880.0
151.3
4,165.0
2,759.4

921.2
154.4
4,378.9
2,913.6

930.7
155.5
4,401.7
2,926.8

940.3
154.6
4,420.3
2,941.3

9.6
-0.9
18.6
14.5

199.7
268.1
937.8

211.1
274.1
981.9

211.2
273.1
983.2

212.6
275.6
991.6

199.3
272.0
934.3

208.9
275.1
981.3

210.9
278.1
985.8

210.6
278.5
990.0

-0.3
0.4
4.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

14,864
2,013.6

15,947
2,241.7

15,638
2,142.5

15,844
2,191.9

15,536
2,241.8

16,316
2,397.8

16,430
2,408.2

16,535
2,429.6

105
21.4

433.2

487.5

446.0

474.8

476.9

513.4

513.5

520.5

7.0

139.4

161.8

152.3

153.8

153.1

164.8

166.0

167.5

1.5

1,441.0
12,850.6
1,612.9
11,237.7

1,592.4
13,705.5
1,770.5
11,935.0

1,544.2
13,495.2
1,751.7
11,743.5

1,563.3
13,651.6
1,775.4
11,876.2

1,611.8
13,294.2
1,710.8
11,583.4

1,719.6
13,918.1
1,846.2
12,071.9

1,728.7
14,021.3
1,860.6
12,160.7

1,741.6
14,105.6
1,875.0
12,230.6

12.9
84.3
14.4
69.9

5,588
1,366.9
1,435.7

5,778
1,410.8
1,520.9

5,741
1,403.9
1,508.9

5,767
1,412.1
1,513.2

5,649
1,380.2
1,454.2

5,798
1,417.7
1,521.6

5,817
1,420.7
1,532.5

5,826
1,424.9
1,531.8

9
4.2
-0.7

Industry

Health care - Continued

1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,785.6

2,846.4

2,827.7

2,841.8

2,814.3

2,859.1

2,864.0

2,869.0

5.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

22,268
2,860
2,251.4
608.5
5,183
2,553.5
2,629.1
14,225
7,975.4
6,249.1

22,598
2,890
2,277.9
611.7
5,167
2,511.3
2,655.5
14,541
8,114.9
6,426.5

22,324
2,871
2,271.6
599.2
5,066
2,413.5
2,652.8
14,387
7,995.0
6,391.6

22,721
2,884
2,280.0
604.1
5,269
2,603.7
2,665.1
14,568
8,153.9
6,414.2

22,082
2,874
2,266.8
607.5
5,088
2,447.4
2,640.7
14,120
7,745.9
6,373.6

22,331
2,874
2,278.8
595.5
5,087
2,421.5
2,665.8
14,370
7,868.1
6,501.6

22,449
2,881
2,283.2
597.5
5,162
2,492.4
2,669.5
14,406
7,888.7
6,517.3

22,495
2,888
2,287.4
600.9
5,164
2,488.1
2,676.3
14,443
7,911.8
6,531.3

46
7
4.2
3.4
2
-4.3
6.8
37
23.1
14.0

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.7
40.3
45.4
39.4
40.7
41.0
40.1
33.6
34.2
39.2
30.4
38.0
42.2
36.9
37.5
36.8
33.5
25.9
32.2

34.4
39.7
45.5
38.6
40.1
40.6
39.4
33.3
34.1
38.7
30.2
38.4
41.8
36.5
37.4
36.4
33.3
25.3
32.3

34.6
40.2
46.2
39.2
40.5
41.0
39.8
33.6
34.3
38.9
30.4
38.6
41.9
36.6
37.4
36.6
33.5
25.8
32.3

34.5
40.0
45.7
39.0
40.3
40.9
39.4
33.4
34.1
38.8
30.1
38.5
42.1
36.4
37.3
36.6
33.4
25.5
32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.6
3.6
3.5

2.9
3.1
2.7

3.1
3.1
3.0

3.0
3.1
2.8

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$31.63
31.89
35.55
33.97
30.48
31.97
27.99
31.57
27.26
34.66
22.67
27.37
46.25
45.55
40.75
37.95
31.29
19.49
28.34

$32.92
33.11
36.64
35.60
31.47
32.96
28.92
32.88
28.23
35.87
23.45
28.17
48.44
47.74
42.42
39.53
32.58
20.78
29.37

$33.01
33.25
36.76
35.67
31.63
33.14
29.06
32.96
28.39
36.29
23.54
28.24
48.74
47.77
42.47
39.70
32.68
20.77
29.50

$33.09
33.28
36.87
35.76
31.62
33.16
28.98
33.04
28.55
36.16
23.81
28.40
48.84
48.05
42.65
39.76
32.63
20.83
29.51

$1,097.56
1,285.17
1,613.97
1,338.42
1,240.54
1,310.77
1,122.40
1,060.75
932.29
1,358.67
689.17
1,040.06
1,951.75
1,680.80
1,528.13
1,396.56
1,048.22
504.79
912.55

$1,132.45
1,314.47
1,667.12
1,374.16
1,261.95
1,338.18
1,139.45
1,094.90
962.64
1,388.17
708.19
1,081.73
2,024.79
1,742.51
1,586.51
1,438.89
1,084.91
525.73
948.65

$1,142.15
1,336.65
1,698.31
1,398.26
1,281.02
1,358.74
1,156.59
1,107.46
973.78
1,411.68
715.62
1,090.06
2,042.21
1,748.38
1,588.38
1,453.02
1,094.78
535.87
952.85

$1,141.61
1,331.20
1,684.96
1,394.64
1,274.29
1,356.24
1,141.81
1,103.54
973.56
1,403.01
716.68
1,093.40
2,056.16
1,749.02
1,590.85
1,455.22
1,089.84
531.17
953.17

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Jan.
2023 Feb.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112.3
96.0
83.2
104.2
92.7
90.7
96.0
116.8
106.7
101.7
96.3
143.3
100.6
100.9
110.3
128.4
131.3
114.8
104.9

114.2
97.1
89.8
104.6
93.6
92.5
95.9
118.7
107.2
102.9
95.1
147.9
100.4
104.0
111.5
129.9
135.0
117.8
108.0

115.2
98.5
91.6
106.7
94.6
93.4
97.2
120.2
108.0
103.6
96.0
149.1
100.3
103.6
111.6
130.9
136.4
120.9
108.3

115.1
98.1
90.6
106.4
94.1
93.2
96.1
119.7
107.5
103.5
95.3
148.2
100.6
102.2
111.3
131.2
136.4
120.3
108.5

-0.1
-0.4
-1.1
-0.3
-0.5
-0.2
-1.1
-0.4
-0.5
-0.1
-0.7
-0.6
0.3
-1.4
-0.3
0.2
0.0
-0.5
0.2

1

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Jan.
2023 Feb.
2023p

169.8
138.4
118.7
153.7
131.3
128.8
136.3
179.3
156.9
147.5
144.4
199.5
153.8
163.6
175.4
197.4
197.6
180.5
162.9

179.7
145.3
132.1
161.8
137.0
135.5
140.8
189.7
163.2
154.4
147.5
212.0
160.7
176.8
184.5
208.0
211.6
197.5
173.8

181.8
148.1
135.2
165.3
139.2
137.5
143.3
192.5
165.4
157.3
149.4
214.2
161.5
176.3
184.8
210.6
214.4
202.7
175.2

182.0
147.6
134.1
165.4
138.4
137.3
141.4
192.2
165.6
156.6
150.1
214.1
162.3
174.9
185.1
211.3
214.1
202.2
175.5

0.1
-0.3
-0.8
0.1
-0.6
-0.1
-1.3
-0.2
0.1
-0.4
0.5
0.0
0.5
-0.8
0.2
0.3
-0.1
-0.2
0.2

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

74,996
62,197
4,783
75
1,076
3,632
1,920
1,712
57,414
11,236
1,784.3
7,548.8
1,765.1
137.9
1,174
5,012
10,344
18,424
8,200
3,024
12,799

76,965
63,943
4,965
81
1,111
3,773
2,018
1,755
58,978
11,327
1,845.6
7,514.4
1,823.3
144.0
1,265
5,071
10,502
19,106
8,599
3,108
13,022

77,209
64,128
4,970
82
1,115
3,773
2,017
1,756
59,158
11,346
1,849.5
7,521.0
1,830.5
144.5
1,262
5,075
10,547
19,157
8,651
3,120
13,081

77,362
64,251
4,980
82
1,119
3,779
2,020
1,759
59,271
11,373
1,858.5
7,530.7
1,838.8
144.5
1,251
5,064
10,586
19,195
8,677
3,125
13,111

49.7
48.2
22.9
12.9
14.0
28.7
24.4
35.7
53.2
39.3
30.3
48.5
26.9
25.0
39.2
55.8
46.4
76.8
52.8
53.5
58.0

49.8
48.4
23.1
12.9
14.1
29.1
24.9
36.0
53.3
39.4
30.6
48.5
27.2
25.9
40.5
55.7
46.0
77.0
52.7
53.6
58.3

49.8
48.4
23.1
13.0
14.1
29.1
24.9
35.9
53.3
39.4
30.6
48.5
27.2
26.1
40.7
55.7
46.1
76.8
52.7
53.6
58.3

49.8
48.4
23.1
13.0
14.1
29.1
25.0
36.0
53.2
39.4
30.7
48.4
27.4
26.2
40.7
55.6
46.2
76.8
52.5
53.6
58.3

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

105,064
14,939
442
5,644
8,853
5,426
3,427
90,125
24,169
4,687.5
13,258.1
5,784.7
438.4
2,376
6,766
17,882
20,903
13,447
4,582

107,475
15,393
471
5,798
9,124
5,624
3,500
92,082
24,212
4,793.8
13,148.2
5,828.6
441.4
2,484
6,845
18,140
21,594
14,088
4,719

107,851
15,437
477
5,824
9,136
5,627
3,509
92,414
24,279
4,798.6
13,189.1
5,850.5
440.3
2,465
6,858
18,162
21,708
14,210
4,732

108,046
15,440
477
5,824
9,139
5,634
3,505
92,606
24,358
4,811.7
13,243.4
5,864.0
438.8
2,449
6,864
18,180
21,776
14,239
4,740

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.2
41.2
47.0
40.2
41.5
41.7
41.2
33.0
34.3
39.3
30.7
37.8
42.0
36.8
37.4
36.4
32.6
24.8
31.2

33.8
40.3
46.7
39.3
40.6
40.9
40.0
32.8
34.0
38.7
30.2
38.0
42.7
36.0
37.1
36.3
32.5
24.4
31.3

34.1
40.7
47.6
39.9
40.9
41.1
40.4
33.0
34.4
38.9
30.8
38.3
42.7
36.1
37.2
36.4
32.7
24.6
31.3

33.9
40.6
46.8
39.9
40.7
41.1
40.0
32.8
34.1
38.8
30.5
37.9
43.0
36.1
37.3
36.3
32.6
24.2
31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

4.5
4.6
4.3

3.6
3.7
3.4

3.8
3.8
3.7

3.7
3.8
3.5

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$26.98
27.42
31.97
31.63
24.56
25.64
22.83
26.88
23.49
28.70
19.40
25.25
40.95
37.27
31.35
31.96
28.40
17.23
24.48

$28.21
28.72
33.41
33.22
25.67
26.85
23.73
28.10
24.53
29.93
20.09
26.38
43.38
38.81
32.91
33.31
29.65
18.39
25.30

$28.29
28.91
33.39
33.42
25.83
26.95
23.99
28.17
24.64
30.00
20.23
26.60
43.35
38.94
32.93
33.46
29.76
18.32
25.35

$28.42
28.95
33.14
33.57
25.80
26.98
23.86
28.31
24.79
30.03
20.34
26.87
43.52
39.17
33.28
33.62
29.76
18.42
25.40

$922.72
1,129.70
1,502.59
1,271.53
1,019.24
1,069.19
940.60
887.04
805.71
1,127.91
595.58
954.45
1,719.90
1,371.54
1,172.49
1,163.34
925.84
427.30
763.78

$953.50
1,157.42
1,560.25
1,305.55
1,042.20
1,098.17
949.20
921.68
834.02
1,158.29
606.72
1,002.44
1,852.33
1,397.16
1,220.96
1,209.15
963.63
448.72
791.89

$964.69
1,176.64
1,589.36
1,333.46
1,056.45
1,107.65
969.20
929.61
847.62
1,167.00
623.08
1,018.78
1,851.05
1,405.73
1,225.00
1,217.94
973.15
450.67
793.46

$963.44
1,175.37
1,550.95
1,339.44
1,050.06
1,108.88
954.40
928.57
845.34
1,165.16
620.37
1,018.37
1,871.36
1,414.04
1,241.34
1,220.41
970.18
445.76
797.56

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Jan.
2023 Feb.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119.7
94.1
110.4
113.6
84.3
85.0
83.2
126.7
116.0
109.3
103.2
165.5
94.2
99.8
119.1
145.3
145.3
122.2
100.3

121.1
94.8
116.9
114.1
85.0
86.4
82.5
128.7
115.2
110.1
100.7
167.6
96.4
102.1
119.5
147.0
149.6
125.9
103.6

122.6
96.0
120.7
116.4
85.8
86.9
83.5
129.9
116.9
110.8
103.0
169.6
96.1
101.6
120.1
147.6
151.3
128.0
103.9

122.1
95.8
118.6
116.4
85.4
87.0
82.6
129.4
116.3
110.8
102.4
168.2
96.5
100.9
120.5
147.3
151.4
126.2
104.4

-0.4
-0.2
-1.7
0.0
-0.5
0.1
-1.1
-0.4
-0.5
0.0
-0.6
-0.8
0.4
-0.7
0.3
-0.2
0.1
-1.4
0.5

1

Feb.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023p

Feb.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Jan.
2023 Feb.
2023p

215.9
157.9
205.3
194.0
135.5
136.1
134.2
233.6
194.8
185.2
171.7
266.0
161.0
184.1
229.7
276.2
272.3
239.0
178.8

228.2
166.7
227.1
204.7
142.8
144.8
138.3
248.0
202.0
194.5
173.4
281.5
174.5
196.1
242.0
291.2
292.8
263.0
191.0

231.7
170.0
234.3
210.0
144.9
146.2
141.6
251.1
205.9
196.2
178.7
287.1
174.0
195.8
243.3
293.7
297.3
266.4
191.9

231.8
169.8
228.6
210.9
144.1
146.5
139.3
251.3
206.0
196.4
178.6
287.7
175.3
195.7
246.7
294.6
297.3
264.0
193.2

0.0
-0.1
-2.4
0.4
-0.6
0.2
-1.6
0.1
0.0
0.1
-0.1
0.2
0.7
-0.1
1.4
0.3
0.0
-0.9
0.7

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.