BLS Employment Situation April 2023

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 5, 2023

USDL-23-0871

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2023
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 253,000 in April, and the unemployment rate changed
little at 3.4 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued to trend
up in professional and business services, health care, leisure and hospitality, and social assistance.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
April 2021 – April 2023

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
seasonally adjusted, April 2021 – April 2023

Percent

Thousands

7.0

1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
Apr-21

Jul-21

Oct-21

Jan-22

Apr-22

Jul-22

Oct-22

Jan-23

Apr-23

Apr-21

Jul-21

Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22

Jul-22

Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
Both the unemployment rate, at 3.4 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.7 million,
changed little in April. The unemployment rate has ranged from 3.4 percent to 3.7 percent since March
2022. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.3 percent), adult women
(3.1 percent), teenagers (9.2 percent), Whites (3.1 percent), Blacks (4.7 percent), Asians (2.8 percent),
and Hispanics (4.4 percent) showed little or no change in April. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
The number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs decreased by 307,000 in April
to 2.6 million. (See table A-11.)
The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks decreased by 406,000 to 1.9 million in April. The
number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) changed little over the month at
1.2 million and accounted for 20.6 percent of the total unemployed. (See table A-12.)
Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.4
percent, were unchanged in April. These measures remain below their pre-pandemic February 2020
levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent, respectively). (See table A-1.)
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 3.9 million, was little changed in
April. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job increased by 346,000 over the
month to 5.3 million. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively
looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table
A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force increased by 191,000 to 1.5 million in April. These individuals wanted and were
available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was little changed over the
month at 364,000. (See Summary table A.)
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 253,000 in April, compared with the average monthly
gain of 290,000 over the prior 6 months. In April, employment continued to trend up in professional and
business services, health care, leisure and hospitality, and social assistance. (See table B-1.)
In April, employment continued to trend up in professional and business services (+43,000). Over the
prior 6 months, the average monthly gain in the industry was 25,000. In April, professional, scientific,
and technical services added 45,000 jobs. Employment in temporary help services continued to trend
down over the month (-23,000) and is down by 174,000 since its peak in March 2022.
Employment in health care increased by 40,000 in April, compared with the average monthly gain of
47,000 over the prior 6 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health
care services (+24,000), nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000), and hospitals (+7,000).
Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in April (+31,000), largely in food
services and drinking places (+25,000). Leisure and hospitality had added an average of 73,000 jobs per

-2-

month over the prior 6 months. Employment in this industry remains below its pre-pandemic February
2020 level by 402,000, or 2.4 percent.
In April, social assistance added 25,000 jobs, in line with the average monthly gain of 21,000 over the
prior 6 months. Individual and family services added 21,000 jobs over the month.
Employment in financial activities increased by 23,000 in April, with gains in insurance carriers and
related activities (+15,000) and in real estate (+9,000). Employment in financial activities changed little
in the first 3 months of this year.
Government employment continued its upward trend in April (+23,000). Government had added an
average of 52,000 jobs per month over the prior 6 months. Overall, employment in government is below
its February 2020 level by 301,000, or 1.3 percent.
Employment in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction rose by 6,000 in April and has risen by
102,000 since a recent low in February 2021. Nearly all of the April job gain occurred in support
activities for mining.
Employment was little changed over the month in other major industries, including construction,
manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, transportation and warehousing, information, and
other services.
In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 16 cents, or
0.5 percent, to $33.36. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.4 percent.
In April, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by
11 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $28.62. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.4 hours in
April. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 40.2 hours, and overtime remained
at 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down by 78,000, from
+326,000 to +248,000, and the change for March was revised down by 71,000, from +236,000 to
+165,000. With these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 149,000 lower than
previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and
government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 2, 2023, at 8:30
a.m. (ET).

-3-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Change from:
Mar. 2023Apr. 2023

Apr.
2023

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,559
163,950
62.2
157,982
59.9
5,968
3.6
99,609

266,112
166,251
62.5
160,315
60.2
5,936
3.6
99,861

266,272
166,731
62.6
160,892
60.4
5,839
3.5
99,541

266,443
166,688
62.6
161,031
60.4
5,657
3.4
99,755

171
-43
0.0
139
0.0
-182
-0.1
214

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

3.6
3.5
3.2
10.2
3.2
5.9
3.1
4.2

3.6
3.3
3.2
11.1
3.2
5.7
3.4
5.3

3.5
3.4
3.1
9.8
3.2
5.0
2.8
4.6

3.4
3.3
3.1
9.2
3.1
4.7
2.8
4.4

-0.1
-0.1
0.0
-0.6
-0.1
-0.3
0.0
-0.2

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

3.0
5.4
3.8
3.1
2.0

2.9
5.8
3.6
3.2
2.0

2.9
4.8
4.0
3.0
2.0

2.9
5.4
3.9
2.9
1.9

0.0
0.6
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

2,850
794
1,856
516

2,752
891
1,847
515

2,949
845
1,665
492

2,642
790
1,761
531

-307
-55
96
39

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

2,242
1,630
526
1,474

2,289
1,845
805
1,057

2,272
1,733
734
1,104

1,866
1,915
679
1,156

-406
182
-55
52

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

4,034
2,653
1,052
20,841

4,067
2,840
859
21,856

4,102
2,873
882
21,433

3,903
2,760
817
21,796

-199
-113
-65
363

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,626
458

1,396
363

1,289
351

1,480
364

191
13

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

254
226
67
9
6
52
33
13.4
19
159
24.9
-37.4
33.2
0.1
17
37
-18
-55.4
55
44.3
36
11
28

248
193
18
1
14
3
1
3.8
2
175
6.7
48.0
-17.7
-1.1
-8
0
21
-9.6
64
54.5
57
5
55

165
123
-17
2
-11
-8
-5
2.6
-3
140
1.0
-19.5
13.8
1.7
6
-1
23
-18.9
60
47.7
40
15
42

253
230
33
7
15
11
10
5.8
1
197
-2.2
7.7
10.6
1.0
1
23
43
-23.3
77
64.2
31
5
23

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

524
515

320
259

295
223

222
182

Category

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

49.7
48.3
81.5

34.6
$31.94
$1,105.12
112.5
-0.2
171.9
0.2

68.8
72.2

49.8
48.3
81.3

34.5
$33.11
$1,142.30
115.0
-0.1
182.0
0.1

58.2
49.3

Mar.
2023p

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.4
$33.20
$1,142.08
114.7
-0.3
182.1
0.1

57.0
47.2

Apr.
2023p

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.4
$33.36
$1,147.58
114.9
0.2
183.3
0.7

57.4
45.1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 666,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
employees and for production and nonsupervisory
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
defined as production and related employees in
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,559
163,449
62.0
157,991
59.9
5,458
3.3
100,110
5,712

266,272
166,783
62.6
160,741
60.4
6,043
3.6
99,489
4,646

266,443
166,221
62.4
161,075
60.5
5,146
3.1
100,222
5,145

263,559
163,950
62.2
157,982
59.9
5,968
3.6
99,609
5,854

264,844
164,966
62.3
159,244
60.1
5,722
3.5
99,878
5,176

265,962
165,832
62.4
160,138
60.2
5,694
3.4
100,130
5,314

266,112
166,251
62.5
160,315
60.2
5,936
3.6
99,861
5,103

266,272
166,731
62.6
160,892
60.4
5,839
3.5
99,541
4,925

266,443
166,688
62.6
161,031
60.4
5,657
3.4
99,755
5,271

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128,411
87,041
67.8
83,922
65.4
3,119
3.6
41,371

130,150
88,958
68.4
85,420
65.6
3,538
4.0
41,192

130,234
88,437
67.9
85,534
65.7
2,903
3.3
41,797

128,411
87,281
68.0
83,989
65.4
3,292
3.8
41,130

129,050
87,864
68.1
84,880
65.8
2,984
3.4
41,186

129,998
88,334
67.9
85,186
65.5
3,147
3.6
41,665

130,072
88,474
68.0
85,266
65.6
3,208
3.6
41,597

130,150
88,999
68.4
85,776
65.9
3,223
3.6
41,151

130,234
88,686
68.1
85,611
65.7
3,075
3.5
41,548

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119,780
84,157
70.3
81,324
67.9
2,834
3.4
35,623

121,415
85,876
70.7
82,654
68.1
3,222
3.8
35,539

121,488
85,396
70.3
82,743
68.1
2,653
3.1
36,092

119,780
84,200
70.3
81,236
67.8
2,963
3.5
35,581

120,360
84,694
70.4
82,033
68.2
2,661
3.1
35,666

121,283
85,084
70.2
82,324
67.9
2,760
3.2
36,199

121,346
85,210
70.2
82,407
67.9
2,803
3.3
36,136

121,415
85,696
70.6
82,816
68.2
2,880
3.4
35,718

121,488
85,439
70.3
82,661
68.0
2,778
3.3
36,049

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135,148
76,409
56.5
74,069
54.8
2,339
3.1
58,739

136,122
77,825
57.2
75,320
55.3
2,505
3.2
58,297

136,209
77,784
57.1
75,541
55.5
2,243
2.9
58,425

135,148
76,669
56.7
73,993
54.7
2,676
3.5
58,479

135,795
77,102
56.8
74,364
54.8
2,738
3.6
58,692

135,963
77,498
57.0
74,952
55.1
2,546
3.3
58,465

136,040
77,777
57.2
75,049
55.2
2,728
3.5
58,264

136,122
77,732
57.1
75,115
55.2
2,617
3.4
58,390

136,209
78,002
57.3
75,420
55.4
2,582
3.3
58,207

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126,749
73,418
57.9
71,348
56.3
2,069
2.8
53,331

127,684
74,860
58.6
72,606
56.9
2,253
3.0
52,825

127,761
74,818
58.6
72,824
57.0
1,994
2.7
52,943

126,749
73,508
58.0
71,144
56.1
2,365
3.2
53,241

127,345
73,930
58.1
71,531
56.2
2,398
3.2
53,416

127,546
74,379
58.3
72,104
56.5
2,275
3.1
53,167

127,613
74,606
58.5
72,189
56.6
2,417
3.2
53,007

127,684
74,612
58.4
72,284
56.6
2,328
3.1
53,072

127,761
74,868
58.6
72,575
56.8
2,293
3.1
52,893

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,030
5,874
34.5
5,319
31.2
555
9.5
11,156

17,173
6,048
35.2
5,480
31.9
568
9.4
11,125

17,194
6,007
34.9
5,508
32.0
499
8.3
11,187

17,030
6,242
36.7
5,603
32.9
640
10.2
10,788

17,139
6,343
37.0
5,680
33.1
662
10.4
10,796

17,133
6,368
37.2
5,710
33.3
658
10.3
10,765

17,153
6,435
37.5
5,719
33.3
716
11.1
10,718

17,173
6,423
37.4
5,792
33.7
631
9.8
10,750

17,194
6,382
37.1
5,796
33.7
586
9.2
10,813

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

202,982
125,320
61.7
121,625
59.9
3,694
2.9
77,663

204,186
126,976
62.2
122,698
60.1
4,278
3.4
77,210

204,261
126,873
62.1
123,300
60.4
3,574
2.8
77,388

202,982
125,623
61.9
121,549
59.9
4,074
3.2
77,359

203,684
126,408
62.1
122,556
60.2
3,852
3.0
77,276

204,062
126,699
62.1
122,776
60.2
3,924
3.1
77,362

204,118
126,756
62.1
122,738
60.1
4,017
3.2
77,362

204,186
126,933
62.2
122,831
60.2
4,102
3.2
77,253

204,261
127,174
62.3
123,224
60.3
3,950
3.1
77,087

65,546
70.0
63,615
67.9
1,931
2.9

66,467
70.3
64,180
67.9
2,288
3.4

66,340
70.2
64,496
68.2
1,844
2.8

65,497
69.9
63,471
67.8
2,026
3.1

66,045
70.3
64,189
68.3
1,856
2.8

66,118
70.0
64,210
68.0
1,908
2.9

66,083
69.9
64,125
67.9
1,958
3.0

66,304
70.2
64,287
68.0
2,018
3.0

66,299
70.1
64,363
68.1
1,936
2.9

55,143
56.9
53,794
55.5
1,348
2.4

55,812
57.4
54,203
55.8
1,609
2.9

55,825
57.4
54,463
56.0
1,361
2.4

55,217
57.0
53,655
55.4
1,561
2.8

55,461
57.1
53,918
55.5
1,543
2.8

55,637
57.3
54,093
55.7
1,544
2.8

55,733
57.4
54,142
55.7
1,591
2.9

55,656
57.3
53,994
55.6
1,661
3.0

55,882
57.5
54,304
55.9
1,578
2.8

4,630
37.1
4,216
33.8
415
9.0

4,696
37.6
4,316
34.5
381
8.1

4,709
37.7
4,340
34.7
369
7.8

4,910
39.4
4,423
35.5
487
9.9

4,902
39.2
4,449
35.5
453
9.2

4,944
39.6
4,472
35.8
472
9.5

4,940
39.6
4,471
35.8
469
9.5

4,973
39.8
4,550
36.4
423
8.5

4,993
39.9
4,557
36.4
436
8.7

34,055
21,176
62.2
19,992
58.7
1,184
5.6
12,880

34,550
22,062
63.9
20,938
60.6
1,124
5.1
12,488

34,583
21,756
62.9
20,809
60.2
947
4.4
12,827

34,055
21,205
62.3
19,956
58.6
1,249
5.9
12,851

34,301
21,418
62.4
20,189
58.9
1,229
5.7
12,883

34,487
21,697
62.9
20,535
59.5
1,162
5.4
12,790

34,519
21,893
63.4
20,654
59.8
1,239
5.7
12,626

34,550
22,152
64.1
21,037
60.9
1,114
5.0
12,399

34,583
21,790
63.0
20,766
60.0
1,025
4.7
12,793

9,955
68.8
9,343
64.5
612
6.1

10,353
70.2
9,776
66.3
577
5.6

9,986
67.6
9,540
64.6
447
4.5

9,962
68.8
9,354
64.6
608
6.1

9,956
68.3
9,446
64.8
510
5.1

10,115
68.7
9,579
65.0
535
5.3

10,218
69.3
9,700
65.8
518
5.1

10,400
70.5
9,860
66.8
539
5.2

10,005
67.8
9,556
64.7
449
4.5

10,573
61.8
10,090
59.0
482
4.6

10,991
63.6
10,541
61.0
450
4.1

11,082
64.1
10,658
61.6
423
3.8

10,559
61.7
10,019
58.6
540
5.1

10,679
62.0
10,093
58.6
586
5.5

10,804
62.6
10,301
59.7
504
4.7

10,877
63.0
10,319
59.8
558
5.1

10,986
63.6
10,522
60.9
464
4.2

11,054
63.9
10,573
61.1
481
4.4

648
26.2
558
22.6
89
13.8

718
28.5
621
24.6
97
13.5

688
27.2
611
24.2
77
11.2

684
27.6
582
23.5
101
14.8

784
31.4
650
26.0
134
17.1

778
31.0
655
26.1
123
15.8

797
31.7
635
25.2
163
20.4

766
30.4
655
26.0
111
14.5

732
29.0
637
25.2
95
12.9

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Apr.
2022
16,826
10,763
64.0
10,453
62.1
310
2.9
6,064

Mar.
2023
17,545
11,421
65.1
11,104
63.3
317
2.8
6,123

Apr.
2023
17,557
11,319
64.5
11,017
62.7
302
2.7
6,238

Apr.
2022
16,826
10,846
64.5
10,514
62.5
332
3.1
5,980

Dec.
2022
17,005
10,918
64.2
10,654
62.7
265
2.4
6,086

Jan.
2023
17,541
11,240
64.1
10,926
62.3
313
2.8
6,301

Feb.
2023
17,444
11,348
65.1
10,962
62.8
386
3.4
6,096

Mar.
2023
17,545
11,390
64.9
11,067
63.1
323
2.8
6,154

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Apr.
2023
17,557
11,396
64.9
11,073
63.1
323
2.8
6,162

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

45,963
30,311
65.9
29,155
63.4
1,156
3.8
15,652

47,194
31,551
66.9
30,017
63.6
1,534
4.9
15,643

47,288
31,506
66.6
30,234
63.9
1,273
4.0
15,782

45,963
30,400
66.1
29,122
63.4
1,278
4.2
15,563

46,624
30,893
66.3
29,611
63.5
1,281
4.1
15,731

47,010
31,153
66.3
29,737
63.3
1,416
4.5
15,857

47,103
31,444
66.8
29,789
63.2
1,655
5.3
15,659

47,194
31,517
66.8
30,071
63.7
1,446
4.6
15,677

47,288
31,589
66.8
30,185
63.8
1,404
4.4
15,699

16,634
79.9
16,036
77.0
598
3.6

17,035
79.4
16,260
75.8
775
4.6

16,970
79.0
16,316
75.9
654
3.9

16,616
79.8
15,983
76.7
633
3.8

16,725
79.2
16,047
76.0
677
4.0

16,795
78.6
16,073
75.2
722
4.3

16,882
78.8
16,036
74.9
846
5.0

16,969
79.1
16,293
76.0
676
4.0

16,956
78.9
16,260
75.7
696
4.1

12,294
58.8
11,859
56.8
434
3.5

13,064
61.1
12,462
58.3
602
4.6

13,071
61.0
12,583
58.7
489
3.7

12,341
59.1
11,863
56.8
478
3.9

12,785
60.3
12,307
58.1
478
3.7

13,024
61.1
12,447
58.4
577
4.4

13,085
61.3
12,460
58.4
626
4.8

13,069
61.1
12,482
58.4
587
4.5

13,111
61.2
12,576
58.7
534
4.1

1,384
32.6
1,260
29.7
124
8.9

1,452
33.4
1,296
29.8
157
10.8

1,465
33.6
1,335
30.6
130
8.9

1,443
34.0
1,276
30.1
167
11.6

1,383
32.0
1,257
29.1
126
9.1

1,334
30.8
1,217
28.1
116
8.7

1,477
34.0
1,294
29.8
183
12.4

1,479
34.0
1,296
29.8
183
12.4

1,522
34.9
1,349
30.9
174
11.4

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,300
44.9
8,808
42.5
492
5.3

9,138
46.2
8,605
43.5
532
5.8

9,194
46.9
8,705
44.4
489
5.3

9,192
44.4
8,698
42.0
494
5.4

8,885
45.6
8,443
43.4
442
5.0

8,814
46.0
8,417
43.9
397
4.5

9,165
48.3
8,629
45.5
536
5.8

9,203
46.6
8,762
44.3
441
4.8

9,082
46.3
8,595
43.8
487
5.4

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,498
56.8
35,168
54.7
1,330
3.6

35,827
56.3
34,275
53.8
1,553
4.3

35,840
56.5
34,491
54.4
1,349
3.8

36,392
56.6
34,996
54.5
1,395
3.8

35,605
56.2
34,339
54.2
1,266
3.6

36,189
56.4
34,836
54.3
1,353
3.7

35,850
56.0
34,574
54.0
1,276
3.6

35,680
56.1
34,246
53.8
1,433
4.0

35,752
56.4
34,345
54.2
1,407
3.9

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,628
63.5
34,586
61.7
1,042
2.9

35,943
63.6
34,852
61.7
1,091
3.0

35,685
63.0
34,730
61.3
955
2.7

35,569
63.4
34,465
61.4
1,103
3.1

35,789
62.7
34,735
60.8
1,054
2.9

36,082
63.5
35,046
61.7
1,036
2.9

35,962
63.6
34,796
61.5
1,167
3.2

35,944
63.6
34,877
61.8
1,067
3.0

35,668
63.0
34,650
61.2
1,018
2.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61,702
72.9
60,579
71.6
1,123
1.8

64,036
73.5
62,786
72.1
1,250
2.0

64,050
73.2
62,929
71.9
1,120
1.7

61,790
73.0
60,543
71.6
1,247
2.0

63,150
72.7
61,947
71.3
1,203
1.9

62,854
72.7
61,591
71.2
1,263
2.0

63,140
72.3
61,858
70.9
1,282
2.0

63,632
73.1
62,355
71.6
1,278
2.0

64,077
73.3
62,835
71.8
1,241
1.9

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Apr.
2022

Men
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Women
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18,429
8,905
48.3
8,645
46.9
260
2.9
9,524

17,961
8,672
48.3
8,488
47.3
184
2.1
9,289

16,404
7,750
47.2
7,521
45.9
228
2.9
8,654

15,923
7,497
47.1
7,350
46.2
146
2.0
8,426

2,025
1,155
57.0
1,124
55.5
31
2.7
870

2,038
1,175
57.7
1,138
55.8
38
3.2
863

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,851
3,891
80.2
3,758
77.5
133
3.4
960

5,034
4,077
81.0
3,980
79.1
97
2.4
957

3,938
3,235
82.2
3,122
79.3
113
3.5
703

4,129
3,375
81.7
3,298
79.9
77
2.3
754

914
656
71.8
637
69.7
19
3.0
258

906
702
77.6
682
75.3
20
2.9
203

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,256
2,343
72.0
2,301
70.7
43
1.8
912

2,929
2,059
70.3
2,016
68.8
43
2.1
870

2,806
2,062
73.5
2,030
72.3
31
1.5
745

2,473
1,763
71.3
1,724
69.7
39
2.2
710

449
282
62.7
270
60.2
11
4.1
168

455
296
64.9
292
64.2
4
1.2
160

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,298
937
14.9
905
14.4
32
3.4
5,361

6,032
793
13.1
773
12.8
20
2.5
5,239

6,047
897
14.8
864
14.3
32
3.6
5,150

5,776
777
13.5
760
13.2
17
2.2
4,999

251
40
16.1
40
16.1
0
–
211

256
15
6.0
13
5.0
3
–
241

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,024
1,733
43.1
1,681
41.8
52
3.0
2,291

3,966
1,743
43.9
1,719
43.3
24
1.4
2,223

3,613
1,556
43.1
1,505
41.6
51
3.3
2,057

3,545
1,581
44.6
1,568
44.2
13
0.8
1,964

411
177
43.0
176
42.9
0
0.3
234

421
162
38.5
151
35.8
11
6.9
259

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

236,151
152,232
64.5
147,231
62.3
5,001
3.3
83,919

239,186
155,317
64.9
150,560
62.9
4,757
3.1
83,869

107,517
78,168
72.7
75,382
70.1
2,785
3.6
29,349

109,666
79,845
72.8
77,177
70.4
2,668
3.3
29,821

128,634
74,065
57.6
71,849
55.9
2,216
3.0
54,570

129,521
75,472
58.3
73,383
56.7
2,088
2.8
54,049

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

Persons with no disability
Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

32,698
7,545
23.1
6,922
21.2
623
8.3
25,153

32,818
7,551
23.0
7,078
21.6
473
6.3
25,267

230,862
155,904
67.5
151,069
65.4
4,835
3.1
74,957

233,625
158,670
67.9
153,996
65.9
4,674
2.9
74,955

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,190
39.1
2,838
34.8
351
11.0
4,968

3,051
39.1
2,838
36.4
213
7.0
4,756

77,839
82.3
75,248
79.5
2,591
3.3
16,765

79,363
82.5
76,798
79.8
2,565
3.2
16,886

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,028
35.9
2,815
33.3
212
7.0
5,417

3,126
37.6
2,905
35.0
221
7.1
5,181

68,750
71.6
66,750
69.5
2,000
2.9
27,315

69,589
72.3
67,676
70.3
1,913
2.7
26,664

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,327
8.2
1,268
7.9
59
4.5
14,767

1,374
8.2
1,336
8.0
38
2.8
15,330

9,315
23.2
9,072
22.6
243
2.6
30,877

9,717
23.6
9,522
23.2
196
2.0
31,405

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Apr.
2022

Men
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Women
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

45,016
29,458
65.4
28,488
63.3
970
3.3
15,558

46,328
30,912
66.7
29,962
64.7
950
3.1
15,416

21,881
16,800
76.8
16,261
74.3
539
3.2
5,081

22,732
17,595
77.4
17,121
75.3
474
2.7
5,137

23,135
12,658
54.7
12,227
52.9
431
3.4
10,477

23,596
13,317
56.4
12,841
54.4
476
3.6
10,279

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

218,544
133,992
61.3
129,503
59.3
4,488
3.3
84,552

220,115
135,309
61.5
131,113
59.6
4,196
3.1
84,806

106,531
70,241
65.9
67,661
63.5
2,580
3.7
36,290

107,503
70,842
65.9
68,413
63.6
2,429
3.4
36,660

112,013
63,751
56.9
61,842
55.2
1,909
3.0
48,262

112,612
64,467
57.2
62,700
55.7
1,767
2.7
48,146

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

2,265
1,435
798
32
155,726
146,650
21,128
125,521
591
124,931
9,030
46

2,106
1,439
639
28
158,634
149,499
21,919
127,580
561
127,019
9,087
48

2,231
1,472
713
46
158,844
149,752
21,893
127,860
613
127,247
9,035
57

2,334
1,502
798
–
155,611
146,317
20,947
125,388
–
124,697
9,093
–

2,311
1,496
791
–
156,818
147,886
21,683
126,169
–
125,538
9,036
–

2,245
1,485
720
–
157,645
148,822
21,548
126,981
–
126,248
9,217
–

2,346
1,521
781
–
157,743
148,723
21,501
126,967
–
126,261
9,338
–

2,226
1,509
666
–
158,318
149,479
21,467
127,750
–
127,055
9,173
–

2,301
1,536
715
–
158,639
149,383
21,678
127,655
–
126,942
9,100
–

3,822
2,500
1,077
21,479

4,205
2,929
942
21,822

3,692
2,612
823
22,453

4,034
2,653
1,052
20,841

3,878
2,648
911
21,628

4,050
2,685
999
22,083

4,067
2,840
859
21,856

4,102
2,873
882
21,433

3,903
2,760
817
21,796

3,777
2,472
1,071
21,092

4,115
2,873
935
21,472

3,627
2,570
813
22,058

3,992
2,621
1,045
20,451

3,810
2,611
892
21,211

3,959
2,646
988
21,674

3,964
2,750
842
21,453

4,037
2,822
872
21,069

3,841
2,715
807
21,400

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

157,991
5,319
2,115
3,204
152,672
13,532
139,140
101,849
35,523
34,696
31,630
37,292

160,741
5,480
2,010
3,470
155,260
14,742
140,518
103,200
35,798
35,519
31,883
37,318

161,075
5,508
2,027
3,481
155,567
14,711
140,856
103,484
35,957
35,385
32,142
37,372

157,982
5,603
2,297
3,313
152,380
13,670
138,762
101,635
35,455
34,602
31,579
37,126

159,244
5,680
2,371
3,312
153,564
13,834
139,477
101,848
35,066
34,983
31,799
37,630

160,138
5,710
2,265
3,462
154,428
14,705
139,834
102,366
35,594
35,010
31,762
37,468

160,315
5,719
2,200
3,534
154,597
14,831
139,939
102,838
35,799
35,243
31,796
37,100

160,892
5,792
2,227
3,589
155,100
14,896
140,372
103,121
35,780
35,492
31,849
37,250

161,031
5,796
2,209
3,594
155,236
14,843
140,452
103,220
35,866
35,285
32,069
37,232

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83,922
2,598
1,018
1,580
81,324
6,887
74,436
54,296
18,830
18,636
16,830
20,141

85,420
2,766
1,012
1,754
82,654
7,585
75,069
55,095
19,110
19,056
16,930
19,974

85,534
2,791
1,007
1,784
82,743
7,424
75,319
55,247
19,148
19,036
17,062
20,072

83,989
2,753
1,083
1,664
81,236
6,960
74,344
54,269
18,833
18,602
16,834
20,075

84,880
2,847
1,109
1,748
82,033
7,080
74,767
54,370
18,629
18,798
16,943
20,396

85,186
2,862
1,039
1,838
82,324
7,354
75,036
54,708
18,916
18,896
16,896
20,328

85,266
2,859
1,020
1,851
82,407
7,484
75,070
55,033
19,167
18,965
16,901
20,037

85,776
2,961
1,134
1,850
82,816
7,687
75,249
55,232
19,140
19,115
16,977
20,017

85,611
2,951
1,079
1,878
82,661
7,491
75,207
55,184
19,134
18,997
17,053
20,023

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74,069
2,721
1,097
1,624
71,348
6,644
64,704
47,553
16,693
16,060
14,800
17,151

75,320
2,714
998
1,716
72,606
7,158
65,448
48,105
16,688
16,463
14,953
17,344

75,541
2,716
1,020
1,696
72,824
7,287
65,537
48,237
16,808
16,349
15,080
17,300

73,993
2,849
1,214
1,649
71,144
6,710
64,417
47,366
16,622
15,999
14,745
17,051

74,364
2,833
1,262
1,564
71,531
6,755
64,711
47,477
16,436
16,185
14,857
17,233

74,952
2,848
1,226
1,624
72,104
7,351
64,798
47,658
16,678
16,114
14,866
17,140

75,049
2,860
1,179
1,683
72,189
7,347
64,868
47,805
16,633
16,278
14,895
17,063

75,115
2,831
1,093
1,738
72,284
7,209
65,123
47,889
16,640
16,377
14,872
17,234

75,420
2,845
1,130
1,716
72,575
7,353
65,245
48,036
16,732
16,288
15,016
17,209

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,496
36,221
10,014

46,462
37,081
9,748

46,330
37,358
9,648

45,265
36,048
–

46,209
36,472
–

46,119
36,490
–

46,387
36,883
–

46,341
36,759
–

46,124
37,140
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

131,362
26,629

133,453
27,288

133,886
27,189

132,017
26,090

132,299
26,794

132,577
27,400

133,184
27,089

134,339
26,747

134,500
26,663

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,532
4.8

8,137
5.1

7,676
4.8

7,543
4.8

8,046
5.1

8,001
5.0

7,904
4.9

7,979
5.0

7,707
4.8

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,678
9,828

6,285
9,726

6,404
9,748

–
9,891

–
9,827

–
9,937

–
10,119

–
9,839

–
9,815

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,968
640
224
442
5,328
1,013
4,259
3,202
1,465
1,037
700
1,052

5,839
631
224
411
5,208
1,034
4,126
3,109
1,397
927
785
1,009

5,657
586
230
374
5,071
843
4,174
3,281
1,421
1,064
796
894

3.6
10.2
8.9
11.8
3.4
6.9
3.0
3.1
4.0
2.9
2.2
2.8

3.5
10.4
8.4
12.2
3.2
7.3
2.8
2.9
3.8
2.4
2.3
2.7

3.4
10.3
10.9
10.0
3.2
7.1
2.8
3.0
3.9
2.6
2.3
2.3

3.6
11.1
9.0
12.1
3.3
6.9
2.9
3.1
3.9
2.6
2.6
2.5

3.5
9.8
9.1
10.3
3.2
6.5
2.9
2.9
3.8
2.5
2.4
2.6

3.4
9.2
9.4
9.4
3.2
5.4
2.9
3.1
3.8
2.9
2.4
2.3

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,292
328
120
227
2,963
608
2,309
1,724
835
542
347
585

3,223
342
119
220
2,880
568
2,289
1,709
807
543
360
580

3,075
297
101
210
2,778
477
2,261
1,783
806
561
416
478

3.8
10.7
9.9
12.0
3.5
8.0
3.0
3.1
4.2
2.8
2.0
2.8

3.4
10.2
9.3
11.3
3.1
7.3
2.8
2.8
3.9
2.3
2.1
2.7

3.6
11.9
15.0
10.1
3.2
7.8
2.9
3.1
4.3
2.5
2.2
2.4

3.6
12.4
11.4
12.9
3.3
7.9
2.9
3.1
3.9
2.7
2.5
2.5

3.6
10.4
9.5
10.6
3.4
6.9
3.0
3.0
4.0
2.8
2.1
2.8

3.5
9.1
8.6
10.1
3.3
6.0
2.9
3.1
4.0
2.9
2.4
2.3

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,676
311
104
214
2,365
405
1,950
1,478
630
495
353
479

2,617
289
105
190
2,328
466
1,836
1,400
591
385
425
432

2,582
289
128
164
2,293
366
1,913
1,498
615
503
379
425

3.5
9.9
7.9
11.5
3.2
5.7
2.9
3.0
3.7
3.0
2.3
2.7

3.6
10.7
7.6
13.2
3.2
7.3
2.8
3.0
3.7
2.5
2.5
2.6

3.3
8.7
7.1
9.8
3.1
6.3
2.7
2.9
3.5
2.7
2.4
2.2

3.5
9.8
6.8
11.2
3.2
5.9
3.0
3.0
3.9
2.4
2.8
2.7

3.4
9.3
8.7
9.9
3.1
6.1
2.7
2.8
3.4
2.3
2.8
2.4

3.3
9.2
10.2
8.7
3.1
4.7
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.4

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

881
781
420

884
735
471

806
747
489

1.9
2.1
4.0

1.8
2.1
3.6

1.8
1.9
3.8

1.9
2.0
5.0

1.9
2.0
4.6

1.7
2.0
4.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,772
1,186

4,725
1,083

4,655
991

3.5
4.3

3.4
3.9

3.4
3.8

3.5
4.0

3.4
3.9

3.3
3.6

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

2,650
731
1,919
1,373
546
752
1,654
402

3,159
961
2,198
1,602
596
828
1,670
385

2,391
568
1,824
1,391
433
746
1,581
428

2,850
857
1,993
1,393
600
794
1,856
516

2,629
814
1,815
1,339
476
825
1,767
497

2,529
734
1,795
1,257
538
884
1,817
531

2,752
816
1,935
1,380
555
891
1,847
515

2,949
833
2,117
1,552
564
845
1,665
492

2,642
709
1,933
1,445
488
790
1,761
531

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

48.6
13.4
35.2
13.8
30.3
7.4

52.3
15.9
36.4
13.7
27.6
6.4

46.5
11.0
35.4
14.5
30.7
8.3

47.4
14.2
33.1
13.2
30.9
8.6

46.0
14.2
31.7
14.4
30.9
8.7

43.9
12.7
31.2
15.3
31.5
9.2

45.8
13.6
32.2
14.8
30.8
8.6

49.6
14.0
35.6
14.2
28.0
8.3

46.2
12.4
33.8
13.8
30.8
9.3

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

1.6
0.5
1.0
0.2

1.9
0.5
1.0
0.2

1.4
0.4
1.0
0.3

1.7
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.5
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.7
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.8
0.5
1.0
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,895
1,344
2,219
814
1,405

1,978
1,891
2,173
1,007
1,167

1,484
1,607
2,055
958
1,098

2,242
1,630
2,000
526
1,474

2,233
1,639
1,895
826
1,069

1,946
1,785
2,001
890
1,111

2,289
1,845
1,862
805
1,057

2,272
1,733
1,838
734
1,104

1,866
1,915
1,835
679
1,156

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.6
10.4

20.1
9.6

22.4
10.5

24.8
8.2

19.5
8.9

20.4
9.1

19.3
8.3

19.5
8.1

20.9
8.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34.7
24.6
40.7
14.9
25.7

32.7
31.3
36.0
16.7
19.3

28.8
31.2
39.9
18.6
21.3

38.2
27.8
34.1
9.0
25.1

38.7
28.4
32.9
14.3
18.5

33.9
31.1
34.9
15.5
19.4

38.2
30.8
31.1
13.4
17.6

38.9
29.7
31.5
12.6
18.9

33.2
34.1
32.7
12.1
20.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

157,991
67,319

161,075
70,403

5,458
1,088

5,146
1,153

3.3
1.6

3.1
1.6

29,018
38,301
25,440
30,664
14,306
16,358

30,517
39,886
26,224
30,534
14,377
16,157

462
626
1,181
1,094
616
478

571
582
1,122
917
438
480

1.6
1.6
4.4
3.4
4.1
2.8

1.8
1.4
4.1
2.9
3.0
2.9

14,230
894
8,395
4,941

14,214
873
8,506
4,834

601
43
433
125

586
67
443
76

4.1
4.6
4.9
2.5

4.0
7.1
5.0
1.6

20,339
8,418
11,921

19,700
8,143
11,557

1,067
295
771

935
308
627

5.0
3.4
6.1

4.5
3.6
5.1

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

5,458
4,288
19
464
489
312
177
805
287
69
198
551
556
641
209
62
328
378

5,146
4,062
11
424
429
240
190
644
298
38
214
684
494
686
139
68
343
244

3.3
3.3
3.4
4.6
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.2
3.4
2.7
1.9
3.0
2.2
4.8
3.3
4.3
1.5
3.7

3.1
3.1
1.8
4.1
2.8
2.4
3.4
3.3
3.6
1.4
2.1
3.7
1.9
5.0
2.1
4.6
1.5
2.4

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2022

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023

Apr.
2023

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.6

1.9

1.4

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.7

1.8

1.6

3.3

3.6

3.1

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.6

3.8

3.3

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.6

4.3

4.3

3.9

4.6

4.2

4.2

4.4

4.2

4.2

6.6

6.8

6.1

7.0

6.5

6.6

6.8

6.7

6.6

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Apr.
2022

Men
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Women
Apr.
2023

Apr.
2022

Apr.
2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

100,110
5,712
1,570
477
1,092

100,222
5,145
1,461
386
1,075

41,371
2,784
891
323
568

41,797
2,418
775
250
524

58,739
2,928
679
154
524

58,425
2,727
686
136
550

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,532
4.8
4,385
1,835
324
941

7,676
4.8
4,388
1,808
424
1,001

3,630
4.3
2,252
616
231
494

3,765
4.4
2,369
643
213
517

3,902
5.3
2,133
1,218
93
447

3,911
5.2
2,018
1,164
210
483

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

151,449
129,056
20,936

153,983
131,236
21,159

154,445
131,622
21,219

155,337
132,452
21,405

151,678
129,577
21,064

155,255
132,750
21,520

155,420
132,873
21,503

155,673
133,103
21,536

Change
from:
Mar.2023 Apr.2023p
253
230
33

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

590
40.8
549.3
117.7
180.1
40.2
42.6

624
46.6
577.7
116.6
182.4
41.2
43.5

628
45.7
582.3
116.9
183.3
41.3
43.6

635
43.9
591.2
116.8
185.2
41.4
43.8

598
44.7
553.2
119.8
180.5
40.0
42.9

633
46.1
587.3
117.5
187.6
41.1
43.8

635
46.2
589.2
117.6
187.3
41.2
43.8

642
46.6
595.1
118.0
187.0
41.3
44.0

7
0.4
5.9
0.4
-0.3
0.1
0.2

97.3
251.5

97.7
278.7

98.4
282.1

100.0
289.2

97.6
252.9

102.7
282.2

102.2
284.3

101.8
290.1

-0.4
5.8

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

7,623
1,723.4
906.4
817.0
1,062.7
4,836.7
2,268.2
2,568.5

7,602
1,753.3
910.7
842.6
1,013.8
4,834.9
2,251.2
2,583.7

7,657
1,754.7
911.7
843.0
1,042.3
4,859.5
2,254.9
2,604.6

7,829
1,764.4
916.7
847.7
1,097.7
4,966.8
2,309.5
2,657.3

7,698
1,746.1
918.3
827.8
1,067.7
4,884.6
2,286.9
2,597.7

7,899
1,793.6
931.7
861.9
1,097.0
5,008.1
2,323.2
2,684.9

7,888
1,789.8
931.7
858.1
1,102.4
4,995.7
2,316.3
2,679.4

7,903
1,786.2
929.9
856.3
1,094.3
5,022.4
2,332.3
2,690.1

15
-3.6
-1.8
-1.8
-8.1
26.7
16.0
10.7

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . .
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

12,723

12,933

12,934

12,941

12,768

12,988

12,980

12,991

11

7,919
430.2

8,076
424.3

8,076
424.8

8,083
423.5

7,935
429.8

8,097
426.3

8,092
425.9

8,102
424.5

10
-1.4

414.7
359.3
1,420.6
1,097.7

424.5
365.8
1,447.0
1,122.3

425.3
368.2
1,444.7
1,125.0

426.8
367.8
1,450.8
1,123.9

415.1
360.3
1,422.4
1,101.7

433.6
366.2
1,451.0
1,123.9

431.4
367.6
1,446.5
1,125.8

429.1
368.0
1,452.8
1,126.0

-2.3
0.4
6.3
0.2

1,076.3

1,099.8

1,095.5

1,097.6

1,079.9

1,101.5

1,099.0

1,102.2

3.2

160.1

167.2

167.2

167.7

160.3

167.8

168.5

168.9

0.4

85.6

84.0

84.3

84.5

86.0

84.2

84.0

84.3

0.3

379.8

392.2

388.4

388.6

381.9

392.9

389.4

390.8

1.4

419.3

423.8

423.0

424.2

419.7

423.6

424.0

425.0

1.0

31.5

32.6

32.6

32.6

31.9

33.0

33.0

33.1

0.1

402.4
1,712.4
1,010.0

404.8
1,786.5
1,050.4

404.1
1,789.3
1,050.6

400.6
1,793.3
1,058.4

403.2
1,715.1
1,008.6

407.0
1,783.1
1,047.3

404.4
1,788.1
1,049.9

401.8
1,794.8
1,055.7

-2.6
6.7
5.8

380.9
624.2

368.3
632.6

368.3
630.8

367.2
631.0

381.8
625.9

369.4
634.9

369.6
633.6

369.3
633.2

-0.3
-0.4

4,804
1,663.7
98.9
105.6
92.0
362.4
379.4

4,857
1,716.4
94.5
103.4
93.1
356.4
379.4

4,858
1,715.4
95.5
102.3
93.5
356.6
381.2

4,858
1,711.0
96.0
101.0
93.9
352.6
380.6

4,833
1,688.0
99.5
105.6
92.8
361.7
379.8

4,891
1,726.1
95.4
103.5
93.1
356.2
382.5

4,888
1,729.3
96.0
102.2
93.9
356.4
382.6

4,889
1,730.3
96.1
101.2
93.8
353.7
382.3

1
1.0
0.1
-1.0
-0.1
-2.7
-0.3

106.3
896.6

101.4
918.4

102.6
915.1

105.8
916.2

106.9
897.1

105.4
918.5

105.6
916.0

106.6
918.0

1.0
2.0

754.2

747.8

747.6

749.5

752.1

751.4

749.2

749.6

0.4

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Change
from:
Mar.2023 Apr.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

344.8

345.9

347.8

351.5

349.2

358.6

357.0

357.7

0.7

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108,120

110,077

110,403

111,047

108,513

111,230

111,370

111,567

197

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,304

28,633

28,588

28,585

28,621

28,864

28,861

28,878

17

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . .
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . .

5,925.1
3,264.8
2,150.7
509.6

6,010.3
3,328.0
2,157.2
525.1

6,020.4
3,332.4
2,166.0
522.0

6,027.4
3,334.1
2,169.1
524.2

5,942.8
3,271.8
2,158.7
512.3

6,044.4
3,339.2
2,178.2
527.0

6,045.4
3,341.0
2,178.9
525.5

6,043.2
3,340.7
2,175.4
527.1

-2.2
-0.3
-3.5
1.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. .
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . .
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . .
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . .
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . .

15,323.7
2,004.0
1,255.3
173.3

15,391.9
2,008.4
1,252.0
170.2

15,345.9
2,014.1
1,250.0
173.4

15,370.8
2,022.4
1,253.0
177.0

15,504.6
2,003.6
1,254.3
173.1

15,548.1
2,023.1
1,255.2
177.8

15,528.6
2,020.6
1,251.6
177.2

15,536.3
2,019.7
1,251.8
176.6

7.7
-0.9
0.2
-0.6

575.4

586.2

590.7

592.4

576.2

590.1

591.8

591.3

-0.5

1,411.4
3,154.7

1,357.6
3,236.5

1,382.5
3,218.8

1,405.6
3,215.8

1,381.1
3,179.3

1,404.0
3,247.4

1,393.6
3,240.7

1,393.3
3,241.8

-0.3
1.1

907.3
459.2
448.1
3,133.3
931.0

875.4
446.4
429.0
3,122.4
927.0

866.0
444.0
422.0
3,100.4
926.0

856.0
437.0
419.0
3,096.0
922.1

915.1
465.2
452.7
3,221.8
978.0

879.8
445.0
427.6
3,124.4
944.7

872.2
444.4
427.2
3,136.5
959.2

868.2
441.4
426.3
3,140.7
959.8

-4.0
-3.0
-0.9
4.2
0.6

2,202.3
1,091.1
1,025.9

2,195.4
1,107.4
1,050.4

2,174.4
1,099.5
1,047.0

2,173.9
1,093.2
1,060.2

2,243.7
1,098.2
1,030.6

2,179.7
1,106.8
1,062.0

2,177.3
1,104.4
1,060.0

2,181.0
1,104.5
1,069.0

3.7
0.1
9.0

1,100.4

1,123.7

1,122.5

1,118.4

1,146.2

1,160.1

1,162.4

1,159.5

-2.9

1,495.6

1,510.1

1,495.1

1,503.2

1,528.7

1,540.5

1,538.2

1,539.6

1.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,505.1
490.9
146.2
61.6
1,553.0

6,681.9
523.6
149.4
63.0
1,580.9

6,668.8
533.6
149.8
64.0
1,582.3

6,632.4
535.7
149.8
65.2
1,594.9

6,621.9
491.5
146.3
62.7
1,571.7

6,718.9
528.6
149.7
66.0
1,606.3

6,732.7
534.1
149.8
66.2
1,609.5

6,743.3
537.4
149.9
66.5
1,612.5

10.6
3.3
0.1
0.3
3.0

419.7
50.6
24.8
779.4
1,052.1
1,926.8

446.6
47.8
27.2
809.7
1,094.3
1,939.4

449.9
47.9
29.4
812.0
1,082.6
1,917.3

439.5
48.1
32.7
813.9
1,048.5
1,904.1

407.9
50.6
28.4
784.5
1,131.7
1,946.6

433.8
48.3
34.1
812.3
1,111.4
1,928.4

436.1
48.0
35.0
815.3
1,116.8
1,921.9

428.0
48.2
36.8
819.2
1,118.9
1,925.9

-8.1
0.2
1.8
3.9
2.1
4.0

555.3

1.0

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

550.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,031

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

549.3
3,061

553.1
3,074

554.4
3,068

551.8
3,035

552.6
3,089

554.3
3,095

3,096

1

441.0
931.0
355.3
666.1

432.7
934.6
358.3
654.9

447.2
932.7
357.3
652.6

449.6
930.9
354.4
649.8

445.6
934.1
356.0
664.2

453.2
940.9
358.0
654.1

460.8
938.8
357.0
652.1

459.3
940.1
355.8
652.9

-1.5
1.3
-1.2
0.8

457.6

483.4

483.3

490.3

453.5

483.0

485.2

492.5

7.3

180.1

197.4

200.6

193.2

181.1

199.3

201.3

195.2

-6.1

8,994
6,656.6
21.1

9,046
6,671.0
21.9

9,042
6,672.3
21.8

9,071
6,674.8
21.9

9,034
6,673.7
21.2

9,100
6,680.4
22.0

9,099
6,687.4
21.9

9,122
6,700.6
22.0

23
13.2
0.1

2,700.6

2,673.3

2,666.2

2,658.7

2,702.5

2,670.6

2,669.3

2,666.8

-2.5

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Change
from:
Mar.2023 Apr.2023p

1,749.9
1,359.8
613.8
336.9

1,787.9
1,381.6
569.1
316.3

1,785.7
1,377.5
567.6
312.9

1,779.5
1,371.5
566.2
313.0

1,753.2
1,361.5
614.8
334.5

1,784.9
1,377.1
571.6
314.2

1,785.6
1,375.9
570.7
313.0

1,785.1
1,375.1
569.3
312.4

-0.5
-0.8
-1.4
-0.6

1,030.9
2,904.0
2,337.0
1,796.0
518.7

1,065.5
2,910.3
2,375.3
1,826.6
526.6

1,067.1
2,917.2
2,369.7
1,822.5
525.1

1,068.0
2,926.2
2,396.4
1,842.6
531.5

1,038.4
2,911.6
2,359.9
1,809.9
527.5

1,071.3
2,916.5
2,419.3
1,851.7
545.1

1,074.6
2,921.6
2,411.1
1,848.6
540.0

1,075.2
2,936.6
2,420.9
1,857.3
541.1

0.6
15.0
9.8
8.7
1.1

Credit intermediation and related Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

22.3

22.1

22.1

22.3

22.5

22.5

22.5

22.5

0.0

22,393

22,636

22,672

22,866

22,421

22,879

22,902

22,945

43

10,446.0
1,167.2

10,778.1
1,173.3

10,782.2
1,169.7

10,860.5
1,169.9

10,405.3
1,174.8

10,759.1
1,179.8

10,788.7
1,177.9

10,834.0
1,179.4

45.3
1.5

1,166.4

1,209.7

1,222.6

1,225.7

1,095.7

1,134.0

1,142.4

1,150.1

7.7

1,575.5
149.3

1,634.6
156.7

1,642.2
157.3

1,655.5
158.3

1,589.0
150.3

1,658.1
158.6

1,665.8
159.5

1,670.8
158.9

5.0
-0.6

2,443.5

2,487.3

2,470.9

2,498.5

2,436.4

2,488.0

2,489.6

2,502.3

12.7

1,760.7

1,842.9

1,840.3

1,857.8

1,764.9

1,850.0

1,857.2

1,865.6

8.4

875.4

918.5

922.1

927.1

880.4

923.5

929.4

933.3

3.9

482.3

491.5

490.9

494.1

483.2

494.6

492.7

494.8

2.1

825.7
2,465.5

863.6
2,507.8

866.2
2,507.2

873.6
2,511.5

830.7
2,470.0

872.4
2,518.8

874.1
2,516.9

878.8
2,523.9

4.7
7.0

9,481.3
9,013.6
582.4
155.9
3,837.1
3,084.4
805.7

9,350.1
8,866.9
608.4
159.4
3,767.8
3,000.3
766.6

9,382.6
8,898.2
611.1
161.6
3,743.9
2,972.2
759.7

9,493.6
9,005.1
617.1
160.6
3,699.7
2,934.1
756.5

9,545.6
9,072.9
583.5
156.0
3,895.9
3,121.6
804.5

9,600.6
9,109.7
615.1
160.2
3,815.9
3,044.9
764.6

9,596.1
9,104.5
618.2
161.1
3,799.4
3,026.0
763.9

9,587.2
9,090.9
620.3
160.4
3,775.6
3,002.7
761.5

-8.9
-13.6
2.1
-0.7
-23.8
-23.3
-2.4

169.0
946.2
2,188.2
329.1

176.9
969.1
2,085.5
333.2

176.5
969.7
2,138.8
336.9

178.8
976.8
2,277.3
338.3

169.0
946.6
2,187.3
330.0

179.9
976.6
2,256.1
341.1

178.6
973.4
2,267.9
342.1

179.4
976.9
2,275.2
341.6

0.8
3.5
7.3
-0.5

467.7

483.2

484.4

488.5

472.7

490.9

491.6

496.3

4.7

24,247
3,903.5
20,343.9
16,128.8
8,051.3
2,786.3
1,003.8
1,071.3
1,022.5
324.6
1,521.9

25,110
4,039.1
21,071.3
16,652.4
8,298.6
2,856.9
1,025.5
1,121.3
1,063.1
324.3
1,573.4

25,177
4,055.1
21,121.4
16,678.7
8,311.5
2,860.2
1,023.2
1,118.0
1,062.4
322.0
1,589.9

25,261
4,066.2
21,195.2
16,725.4
8,345.8
2,878.7
1,028.4
1,126.6
1,057.7
327.7
1,593.5

24,105
3,752.9
20,351.8
16,155.0
8,056.2
2,788.2
1,004.4
1,071.8
1,023.8
323.5
1,523.8

25,002
3,900.4
21,102.0
16,681.8
8,312.3
2,864.1
1,028.9
1,121.9
1,061.1
323.7
1,579.0

25,062
3,912.2
21,149.7
16,713.0
8,325.6
2,866.3
1,026.6
1,123.1
1,061.0
323.2
1,590.9

25,139
3,924.8
21,213.9
16,752.6
8,349.8
2,878.5
1,031.2
1,127.5
1,059.5
325.7
1,593.2

77
12.6
64.2
39.6
24.2
12.2
4.6
4.4
-1.5
2.5
2.3

320.9
5,112.6

334.1
5,254.2

335.8
5,265.4

333.2
5,266.4

320.7
5,120.1

333.7
5,260.3

334.6
5,270.7

334.3
5,277.3

-0.3
6.6

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Change
from:
Mar.2023 Apr.2023p

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,964.9
1,333.3

3,099.6
1,386.0

3,101.8
1,385.7

3,113.2
1,391.4

2,978.7
1,342.2

3,109.2
1,390.8

3,116.7
1,394.7

3,125.5
1,397.3

8.8
2.6

598.8

622.0

622.2

624.9

599.8

624.2

623.8

626.6

2.8

883.5
149.3
4,215.1
2,788.7

936.2
155.4
4,418.9
2,939.1

938.5
155.4
4,442.7
2,950.8

943.0
153.9
4,469.8
2,975.7

885.8
150.8
4,196.8
2,781.3

939.4
154.9
4,420.2
2,941.5

942.7
155.5
4,436.7
2,951.6

946.5
155.1
4,461.3
2,973.0

3.8
-0.4
24.6
21.4

201.7
268.7
956.0

212.0
275.5
992.3

214.0
277.7
1,000.2

213.9
277.7
1,002.5

201.4
269.8
944.4

210.4
278.7
989.6

212.4
279.4
993.4

213.3
279.2
995.8

0.9
-0.2
2.4

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

15,492
2,205.7

15,827
2,188.5

16,054
2,255.2

16,364
2,365.6

15,626
2,255.1

16,472
2,414.5

16,512
2,424.7

16,543
2,430.6

31
5.9

510.0

471.9

491.2

539.5

499.7

518.3

520.3

521.0

0.7

151.0

154.3

160.9

167.2

155.3

168.5

170.6

171.7

1.1

1,544.7
13,285.9
1,703.8
11,582.1

1,562.3
13,638.4
1,771.4
11,867.0

1,603.1
13,799.1
1,792.3
12,006.8

1,658.9
13,997.9
1,810.3
12,187.6

1,600.1
13,370.7
1,744.2
11,626.5

1,727.7
14,057.8
1,859.0
12,198.8

1,733.8
14,087.5
1,860.5
12,227.0

1,737.9
14,112.5
1,860.7
12,251.8

4.1
25.0
0.2
24.8

5,659
1,381.9
1,462.6

5,764
1,413.9
1,511.8

5,796
1,425.8
1,518.9

5,832
1,438.8
1,531.2

5,671
1,383.5
1,458.2

5,824
1,427.4
1,529.3

5,839
1,432.8
1,531.8

5,844
1,437.2
1,530.8

5
4.4
-1.0

Industry

Health care - Continued

1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,814.4

2,838.7

2,851.3

2,862.4

2,829.6

2,866.8

2,874.5

2,875.6

1.1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

22,393
2,861
2,253.8
606.9
5,208
2,566.0
2,642.0
14,324
8,020.4
6,303.8

22,747
2,885
2,280.8
604.1
5,289
2,626.2
2,662.4
14,573
8,161.3
6,412.0

22,823
2,889
2,284.5
604.5
5,314
2,640.0
2,673.9
14,620
8,179.0
6,441.1

22,885
2,902
2,291.2
610.7
5,341
2,662.6
2,678.2
14,642
8,158.2
6,484.0

22,101
2,871
2,265.1
605.4
5,077
2,433.6
2,643.7
14,153
7,770.3
6,382.9

22,505
2,895
2,292.4
602.3
5,175
2,500.0
2,675.1
14,435
7,904.8
6,529.8

22,547
2,903
2,299.5
603.8
5,188
2,507.6
2,680.3
14,456
7,911.6
6,544.3

22,570
2,906
2,301.0
605.1
5,191
2,513.2
2,678.0
14,473
7,910.1
6,562.5

23
3
1.5
1.3
3
5.6
-2.3
17
-1.5
18.2

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.6
39.9
45.7
38.7
40.4
40.9
39.7
33.6
34.1
39.1
30.1
38.1
42.5
36.9
37.6
36.6
33.5
26.1
32.3

34.5
40.0
45.9
39.0
40.3
40.8
39.5
33.4
34.1
38.8
30.1
38.3
42.2
36.3
37.4
36.6
33.4
25.5
32.3

34.4
39.9
45.9
38.9
40.3
40.6
39.6
33.3
34.1
38.8
30.1
38.2
42.5
36.3
37.4
36.3
33.4
25.4
32.3

34.4
39.9
45.5
38.9
40.2
40.6
39.5
33.4
34.0
38.8
30.0
38.0
42.6
36.3
37.5
36.7
33.4
25.4
32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.3
3.3
3.3

3.0
3.1
2.8

2.9
3.1
2.7

2.9
3.1
2.7

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$31.94
32.21
35.23
34.33
30.83
32.41
28.15
31.88
27.46
34.83
22.77
27.56
46.75
45.69
41.13
38.51
31.52
19.87
28.34

$33.11
33.35
37.11
35.84
31.68
33.20
29.08
33.05
28.61
36.37
23.77
28.49
48.92
47.91
42.55
39.77
32.63
20.79
29.55

$33.20
33.54
37.25
36.00
31.89
33.44
29.26
33.12
28.66
36.45
23.76
28.56
49.23
47.93
42.74
39.96
32.65
20.94
29.32

$33.36
33.70
37.56
36.19
32.02
33.58
29.36
33.28
28.85
36.76
23.86
28.80
49.30
47.50
42.64
40.20
32.77
21.01
29.53

$1,105.12
1,285.18
1,610.01
1,328.57
1,245.53
1,325.57
1,117.56
1,071.17
936.39
1,361.85
685.38
1,050.04
1,986.88
1,685.96
1,546.49
1,409.47
1,055.92
518.61
915.38

$1,142.30
1,334.00
1,703.35
1,397.76
1,276.70
1,354.56
1,148.66
1,103.87
975.60
1,411.16
715.48
1,091.17
2,064.42
1,739.13
1,591.37
1,455.58
1,089.84
530.15
954.47

$1,142.08
1,338.25
1,709.78
1,400.40
1,285.17
1,357.66
1,158.70
1,102.90
977.31
1,414.26
715.18
1,090.99
2,092.28
1,739.86
1,598.48
1,450.55
1,090.51
531.88
947.04

$1,147.58
1,344.63
1,708.98
1,407.79
1,287.20
1,363.35
1,159.72
1,111.55
980.90
1,426.29
715.80
1,094.40
2,100.18
1,724.25
1,599.00
1,475.34
1,094.52
533.65
953.82

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2023 Apr.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112.5
95.8
85.9
102.7
92.8
91.4
95.8
117.4
106.6
102.5
95.0
145.0
101.5
102.3
111.3
128.4
131.9
116.4
105.6

115.0
98.1
91.3
106.2
94.2
93.0
96.4
119.6
107.5
103.5
95.2
147.9
100.9
102.4
111.5
131.0
136.4
119.8
108.5

114.7
97.7
91.6
105.8
94.1
92.5
96.6
119.4
107.5
103.5
95.1
147.8
101.9
102.6
111.5
130.1
136.7
119.7
108.7

114.9
97.9
91.8
106.0
94.0
92.6
96.4
120.0
107.3
103.4
94.9
147.2
102.3
102.7
112.1
131.7
137.1
119.9
108.8

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
-0.1
0.1
-0.2
0.5
-0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.4
0.4
0.1
0.5
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.1

1

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2023 Apr.
2023p

171.9
139.4
121.5
153.2
133.0
131.5
136.8
181.9
157.9
149.3
143.0
203.3
156.7
166.4
178.5
200.3
199.9
186.5
164.0

182.0
147.8
136.0
165.4
138.7
137.1
142.3
192.1
165.9
157.4
149.7
214.3
163.1
174.7
185.0
211.0
214.0
201.0
175.7

182.1
148.2
137.0
165.4
139.6
137.4
143.4
192.2
166.2
157.8
149.5
214.7
165.8
175.1
185.8
210.5
214.7
202.2
174.7

183.3
149.1
138.4
166.6
139.9
138.1
143.6
194.1
166.9
159.0
149.7
215.7
166.7
173.6
186.4
214.5
216.1
203.2
176.2

0.7
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.1
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.1
0.5
0.5
-0.9
0.3
1.9
0.7
0.5
0.9

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

75,436
62,605
4,844
76
1,076
3,692
1,961
1,731
57,761
11,269
1,809.4
7,543.6
1,776.4
139.2
1,204
5,035
10,393
18,543
8,283
3,034
12,831

77,279
64,164
4,972
82
1,115
3,775
2,017
1,758
59,192
11,357
1,858.7
7,519.1
1,834.3
144.4
1,254
5,065
10,542
19,198
8,650
3,126
13,115

77,391
64,246
4,979
82
1,120
3,777
2,016
1,761
59,267
11,357
1,864.5
7,509.8
1,836.7
145.7
1,257
5,064
10,553
19,246
8,659
3,131
13,145

77,536
64,369
4,986
82
1,116
3,788
2,022
1,766
59,383
11,366
1,864.7
7,510.8
1,844.4
145.9
1,260
5,082
10,555
19,318
8,664
3,138
13,167

49.7
48.3
23.0
12.7
14.0
28.9
24.7
35.8
53.2
39.4
30.4
48.7
26.8
25.2
39.7
55.7
46.4
76.9
53.0
53.5
58.1

49.8
48.3
23.1
13.0
14.1
29.1
24.9
35.9
53.2
39.3
30.8
48.4
27.3
26.1
40.6
55.7
46.1
76.8
52.5
53.7
58.3

49.8
48.4
23.2
12.9
14.2
29.1
24.9
36.0
53.2
39.4
30.8
48.4
27.3
26.3
40.6
55.7
46.1
76.8
52.4
53.6
58.3

49.8
48.4
23.2
12.8
14.1
29.2
25.0
36.1
53.2
39.4
30.9
48.3
27.4
26.3
40.7
55.7
46.0
76.8
52.4
53.7
58.3

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

105,653
15,097
452
5,683
8,962
5,497
3,465
90,556
24,197
4,728.8
13,232.3
5,795.0
440.9
2,423
6,792
17,975
20,980
13,591
4,598

107,986
15,431
478
5,813
9,140
5,626
3,514
92,555
24,348
4,802.1
13,233.9
5,872.4
439.8
2,456
6,854
18,175
21,744
14,237
4,741

108,143
15,437
480
5,819
9,138
5,625
3,513
92,706
24,343
4,793.3
13,216.9
5,891.9
440.8
2,469
6,851
18,201
21,782
14,313
4,747

108,355
15,471
484
5,837
9,150
5,624
3,526
92,884
24,371
4,790.4
13,228.2
5,910.0
442.4
2,465
6,857
18,229
21,859
14,359
4,744

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.1
40.8
47.1
39.5
41.3
41.6
40.8
33.0
34.1
39.2
30.5
37.7
42.5
36.6
37.5
36.3
32.6
24.7
31.2

33.9
40.6
47.3
39.9
40.7
41.0
40.2
32.8
34.1
38.8
30.5
37.9
42.8
36.0
37.2
36.3
32.6
24.3
31.3

33.9
40.4
47.6
39.6
40.6
40.8
40.2
32.8
34.0
38.7
30.3
37.8
42.7
35.9
37.2
36.3
32.7
24.2
31.2

33.8
40.4
46.9
39.6
40.6
40.8
40.3
32.7
33.9
38.7
30.3
37.6
42.7
35.9
37.1
36.3
32.6
24.2
31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

4.1
4.3
3.9

3.6
3.8
3.4

3.7
3.9
3.3

3.6
3.8
3.4

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$27.27
27.63
32.10
31.80
24.85
26.07
22.86
27.20
23.72
28.87
19.42
25.74
41.74
37.08
31.95
32.32
28.68
17.67
24.66

$28.41
28.98
33.58
33.61
25.81
27.00
23.87
28.29
24.86
30.19
20.34
27.04
43.45
38.87
33.21
33.62
29.75
18.31
25.41

$28.51
29.13
33.68
33.80
25.95
27.09
24.11
28.39
24.92
30.20
20.36
27.15
43.68
39.03
33.29
33.82
29.79
18.46
25.17

$28.62
29.25
34.17
33.94
26.03
27.25
24.06
28.49
25.05
30.30
20.42
27.40
44.10
39.11
33.30
33.99
29.88
18.52
25.28

$929.91
1,127.30
1,511.91
1,256.10
1,026.31
1,084.51
932.69
897.60
808.85
1,131.70
592.31
970.40
1,773.95
1,357.13
1,198.13
1,173.22
934.97
436.45
769.39

$963.10
1,176.59
1,588.33
1,341.04
1,050.47
1,107.00
959.57
927.91
847.73
1,171.37
620.37
1,024.82
1,859.66
1,399.32
1,235.41
1,220.41
969.85
444.93
795.33

$966.49
1,176.85
1,603.17
1,338.48
1,053.57
1,105.27
969.22
931.19
847.28
1,168.74
616.91
1,026.27
1,865.14
1,401.18
1,238.39
1,227.67
974.13
446.73
785.30

$967.36
1,181.70
1,602.57
1,344.02
1,056.82
1,111.80
969.62
931.62
849.20
1,172.61
618.73
1,030.24
1,883.07
1,404.05
1,235.43
1,233.84
974.09
448.18
788.74

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2023 Apr.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120.1
94.1
113.1
112.4
85.0
85.9
83.3
127.3
115.5
110.0
102.3
165.3
95.8
101.2
119.9
145.7
145.8
123.0
100.6

122.0
95.7
120.1
116.1
85.4
86.7
83.2
129.3
116.2
110.6
102.3
168.4
96.3
100.9
120.0
147.3
151.1
126.7
104.1

122.2
95.3
121.4
115.4
85.2
86.2
83.2
129.6
115.9
110.1
101.5
168.6
96.3
101.2
119.9
147.5
151.9
126.9
103.9

122.0
95.5
120.6
115.7
85.3
86.2
83.7
129.4
115.6
110.0
101.6
168.2
96.6
101.0
119.7
147.7
151.9
127.3
103.8

-0.2
0.2
-0.7
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.6
-0.2
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
-0.2
0.3
-0.2
-0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
-0.1

1

Apr.
2022

Feb.
2023

Mar.
2023p

Apr.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2023 Apr.
2023p

218.8
159.2
211.2
193.0
138.1
139.8
134.6
237.5
195.8
187.5
170.4
270.9
167.0
185.8
235.6
280.0
276.0
246.7
180.8

231.6
169.9
234.6
210.8
144.1
146.1
140.4
251.0
206.5
197.0
178.5
289.9
174.6
194.2
245.2
294.5
296.8
263.5
192.7

232.8
170.0
237.8
210.6
144.5
145.8
141.8
252.3
206.3
196.2
177.3
291.3
175.5
195.5
245.7
296.7
298.6
266.0
190.5

233.5
171.1
239.7
212.1
145.2
146.6
142.3
252.9
207.0
196.8
177.9
293.3
177.8
195.6
245.3
298.6
299.6
267.7
191.2

0.3
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.7
1.3
0.1
-0.2
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.4

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.