BLS Employment Situation

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, February 3, 2023

USDL-23-0151

Technical information:
Household data:
(202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — JANUARY 2023
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 517,000 in January, and the unemployment rate changed
little at 3.4 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job growth was widespread, led
by gains in leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, and health care. Employment also
increased in government, partially reflecting the return of workers from a strike.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
January 2021 – January 2023

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change,
seasonally adjusted, January 2021 – January 2023

Percent

Thousands

7.0

1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100

6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0

Jan-21

Apr-21

Jul-21

Oct-21

Jan-22

Apr-22

Jul-22

Oct-22

Jan-23

Jan-21 Apr-21

Jul-21

Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22

Jul-22

Oct-22 Jan-23

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Changes to The Employment Situation Data
Establishment survey data have been revised as a result of the annual benchmarking process, the NAICS
2022 conversion, and the updating of seasonal adjustment factors. Also, household survey data for
January 2023 reflect updated population estimates. See the notes beginning on page 4 for more
information.

Household Survey Data
Both the unemployment rate, at 3.4 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.7 million,
changed little in January. The unemployment rate has shown little net movement since early 2022. (See
table A-1. See the note on page 5 and tables B and C for more information about annual population
adjustments to the household survey estimates.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.2 percent), adult women
(3.1 percent), teenagers (10.3 percent), Whites (3.1 percent), Blacks (5.4 percent), Asians (2.8 percent),
and Hispanics (4.5 percent) showed little change in January. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks decreased to 1.9 million in January. The number of
long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was essentially unchanged at 1.1 million.
The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.4 percent of the total unemployed in January. (See table A12.)
In January, both the labor force participation rate, at 62.4 percent, and the employment-population
ratio, at 60.2 percent, were unchanged after removing the effects of the annual adjustments to the
population controls. These measures have shown little net change since early 2022 and remain below
their pre-pandemic February 2020 levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent, respectively). (See table A-1.
For additional information about the effects of the population adjustments, see table C.)
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, was little changed in
January. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.3 million in January,
little changed from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they
were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take
a job. (See table A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force, at 1.4 million, changed little in January. These individuals wanted and were available
for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4
weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached
who believed that no jobs were available for them, was also little changed over the month at 342,000.
(See Summary table A.)
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 517,000 in January, compared with an average monthly
gain of 401,000 in 2022. Job growth was widespread in January, led by gains in leisure and hospitality,
professional and business services, and health care. Employment also increased in government, partially
reflecting the return of workers from a strike. (See table B-1. See the note on page 4 and table A for
more information about the annual benchmark process.)
Leisure and hospitality added 128,000 jobs in January compared with an average of 89,000 jobs per
month in 2022. Over the month, food services and drinking places added 99,000 jobs, while

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employment continued to trend up in accommodation (+15,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality
remains below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 495,000, or 2.9 percent.
In January, employment in professional and business services rose by 82,000, led by gains in
professional, scientific, and technical services (+41,000). Job growth in professional and business
services averaged 63,000 per month in 2022.
Government employment increased by 74,000 in January. Employment in state government education
increased by 35,000, reflecting the return of university workers after a strike.
Health care added 58,000 jobs in January. Job growth occurred in ambulatory health care services
(+30,000), nursing and residential care facilities (+17,000), and hospitals (+11,000). In 2022, health care
added an average of 47,000 jobs per month.
Employment in retail trade rose by 30,000 in January, following little net growth in 2022 (an average
of +7,000 per month). In January, job gains in general merchandise retailers (+16,000) and in furniture,
home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers (+7,000) were partially offset by a decline in
health and personal care retailers (-6,000).
Construction added 25,000 jobs in January, reflecting an employment gain in specialty trade
contractors (+22,000). Employment in the construction industry grew by an average of 22,000 per
month in 2022.
In January, transportation and warehousing added 23,000 jobs, the same as the industry’s average
monthly gain in 2022. Over the month, employment in support activities for transportation increased by
7,000.
Employment in social assistance increased by 21,000 in January, little different from the 2022 average
gain of 19,000 per month.
Manufacturing employment continued to trend up in January (+19,000). In 2022, manufacturing added
an average of 33,000 jobs per month.
Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; information; financial activities; and other
services.
In January, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10 cents, or
0.3 percent, to $33.03. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.4 percent.
In January, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose
by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $28.26. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.3 hour to 34.7 hours in
January. In manufacturing, the average workweek increased by 0.4 hour to 40.5 hours, and overtime
increased by 0.1 hour to 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory
employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour to 34.1 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised up by 34,000, from
+256,000 to +290,000, and the change for December was revised up by 37,000, from +223,000 to
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+260,000. With these revisions, employment gains in November and December combined were 71,000
higher than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of
seasonal factors. The annual benchmark process also contributed to the November and December
revisions.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for February is scheduled to be released on Friday, March 10, 2023, at
8:30 a.m. (ET).

Revisions to Establishment Survey Data
In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data released today have been
benchmarked to reflect comprehensive counts of payroll jobs for March 2022. These counts are derived
principally from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which counts jobs covered
by the Unemployment Insurance (UI) tax system. In addition, the basis for industry classification in the
establishment survey has been revised from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) to NAICS 2022. Approximately 10 percent of employment was reclassified into different
industries as a result of the NAICS revision. Implementation of NAICS 2022 resulted in major revisions
reflecting content and coding changes in the retail trade and information sectors, as well as minor
revisions within the mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other
services sectors. Many industry titles and descriptions were also updated to better reflect official NAICS
titles.
Revisions due to both the NAICS 2022 conversion and the benchmark process affected more historical
data than typical in the annual benchmark process. The NAICS revisions are reflected for the entire
history of affected industries for both seasonally and not seasonally adjusted data. Details of the updated
titles and new, discontinued, and collapsed industries (and resulting changes to tables B-1 through B-9)
are available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm.
The total nonfarm employment level for March 2022 was revised upward by 568,000 (+506,000 on a not
seasonally adjusted basis, or +0.3 percent). The average not seasonally adjusted benchmark revision (in
absolute terms) over the past 10 years is 0.1 percent.
The over-the-year change in total nonfarm employment for March 2022 was revised from +6,425,000 to
+7,096,000 (seasonally adjusted). Table A presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a
seasonally adjusted basis from January to December 2022.
All revised historical establishment survey data are available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/ces/data/home.htm. In addition, an article that discusses the benchmark and postbenchmark revisions and other technical issues is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

-4-

Table A. Revisions to total nonfarm employment, January to December 2022, seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Level
Year and month

Over-the-month change

As
As
As revised previously Difference As revised previously Difference
published
published

2022
January…………………….
February……………………
March....……………………
April....……………………
May......……………………
June.....………………………
July.....………………………
August...……………………
September…………………
October..……………………
November.…………………
December (p)……...………

150,106
151,010
151,424
151,678
152,042
152,412
152,980
153,332
153,682
154,006
154,296
154,556

149,744
150,458
150,856
151,224
151,610
151,903
152,440
152,732
153,001
153,264
153,520
153,743

362
552
568
454
432
509
540
600
681
742
776
813

364
904
414
254
364
370
568
352
350
324
290
260

504
714
398
368
386
293
537
292
269
263
256
223

-140
190
16
-114
-22
77
31
60
81
61
34
37

(p) = preliminary.

Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey
Effective with data for January 2023, updated population estimates were incorporated into the household
survey. Population estimates for the household survey are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each
year, the Census Bureau updates the estimates to reflect new information and assumptions about the
growth of the population since the previous decennial census. The change in population reflected in the
new estimates results from adjustments for net international migration, updated vital statistics, and
improvements in estimation methodology.
In accordance with usual practice, BLS will not revise the official household survey estimates for
December 2022 and earlier months. However, to show the impact of the population adjustments, table B
displays differences in selected December labor force series based on the old and new population
estimates.
The adjustments increased the estimated size of the civilian noninstitutional population in December by
954,000, the civilian labor force by 871,000, employment by 810,000, and unemployment by 60,000.
The number of persons not in the labor force increased by 82,000. Although the total unemployment rate
was unaffected, the employment-population ratio and labor force participation rate each increased by 0.1
percentage point.

-5-

Data users are cautioned that these annual population adjustments can affect the comparability of
household data series over time. Table C shows the effect of the introduction of new population
estimates on the change in selected labor force measures between December 2022 and January 2023.
Additional information on the population adjustments and their effect on national labor force estimates
is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-pop-control-adjustments.pdf.
Population controls for veterans, which are derived from a Department of Veterans Affairs population
model and are updated periodically, have also been updated with the release of data for January 2023.
Historical data have not been revised.
Table B. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2022 estimates by sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Category
Civilian noninstitutional population.......
Civilian labor force..........................
Participation rate.......................
Employed.....................................
Employment-population ratio.......
Unemployed.................................
Unemployment rate...................
Not in labor force...........................

Total
954
871
0.1
810
0.1
60
0.0
82

Men

Women

869
857
0.2
812
0.2
45
0.0
13

84
14
0.0
-2
0.0
16
0.0
71

White
309
365
0.1
335
0.1
30
0.0
-56

Black or
African
American
153
168
0.2
149
0.2
20
0.1
-15

Asian

Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity

437
291
0.1
282
0.1
8
0.0
146

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or
African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Table C. December 2022-January 2023 changes in selected labor force measures, with
adjustments for population control effects
(Numbers in thousands)
Category

Dec.-Jan. change,
as published

2023 population
control effect

Dec.-Jan. change, after
removing the population
control effect ¹

Civilian noninstitutional population.......
1,118
954
Civilian labor force..........................
866
871
Participation rate.......................
0.1
0.1
Employed.....................................
894
810
Employment-population ratio.......
0.1
0.1
Unemployed.................................
-28
60
Unemployment rate...................
-0.1
0.0
Not in labor force...........................
252
82
¹ This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population control effect from the
over-the-month change in the published seasonally adjusted estimates.
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

-6-

164
-5
0.0
84
0.0
-88
-0.1
170

291
289
0.2
271
0.2
19
0.1
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Change from:
Dec. 2022Jan. 2023

Jan.
2023

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,202
163,633
62.2
157,122
59.7
6,511
4.0
99,570

264,708
164,527
62.2
158,527
59.9
6,000
3.6
100,181

264,844
164,966
62.3
159,244
60.1
5,722
3.5
99,878

265,962
165,832
62.4
160,138
60.2
5,694
3.4
100,130

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

4.0
3.8
3.6
10.9
3.4
6.9
3.5
4.9

3.6
3.3
3.3
11.3
3.3
5.7
2.6
4.0

3.5
3.1
3.2
10.4
3.0
5.7
2.4
4.1

3.4
3.2
3.1
10.3
3.1
5.4
2.8
4.5

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

3.4
6.3
4.5
3.5
2.3

3.0
4.4
3.9
3.2
2.0

2.8
5.0
3.6
2.9
1.9

2.8
4.5
3.7
2.9
2.0

–
–
–
–
–

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

3,217
953
1,995
438

2,761
829
1,798
558

2,629
825
1,767
497

2,529
884
1,817
531

–
–
–
–

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

2,428
1,619
819
1,683

2,244
1,694
821
1,215

2,233
1,639
826
1,069

1,946
1,785
890
1,111

–
–
–
–

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

3,735
2,412
975
20,236

3,688
2,546
826
21,226

3,878
2,648
911
21,628

4,050
2,685
999
22,083

–
–
–
–

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

1,527
406

1,491
406

1,260
410

1,354
342

–
–

- December - January changes in household data are not shown due to the introduction of updated population controls.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

364
345
28
-1
-4
33
21
0.3
12
317
23.8
30.1
44.8
2.1
12
6
95
23.4
-5
-20.9
116
-7
19

290
228
41
8
19
14
14
5.7
0
187
-0.4
-45.6
-37.1
-0.9
13
11
0
-48.5
95
82.6
123
29
62

260
269
43
5
26
12
25
9.0
-13
226
10.5
1.4
13.0
-0.1
-5
11
39
-40.9
76
80.3
64
16
-9

517
443
46
2
25
19
4
-6.5
15
397
11.3
30.1
22.9
-0.7
-5
6
82
25.9
105
79.2
128
18
74

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

516
503

321
290

291
265

356
313

Category

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

49.7
48.3
81.5

34.6
$31.63
$1,094.40
111.2
-0.3
168.2
0.4

66.6
68.8

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.5
$32.80
$1,131.60
114.3
-0.1
179.2
0.3

63.4
59.7

Dec.
2022p

49.8
48.4
81.3

34.4
$32.93
$1,132.79
114.2
-0.1
179.8
0.3

65.4
56.3

Jan.
2023p

49.8
48.4
81.4

34.7
$33.03
$1,146.14
115.6
1.2
182.5
1.5

69.0
56.3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 666,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
employees and for production and nonsupervisory
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
defined as production and related employees in
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
2022 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000
(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from
-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263,202
162,825
61.9
155,618
59.1
7,207
4.4
100,378
5,872

264,844
164,224
62.0
158,872
60.0
5,352
3.3
100,621
4,948

265,962
165,070
62.1
158,692
59.7
6,378
3.9
100,892
5,466

263,202
163,633
62.2
157,122
59.7
6,511
4.0
99,570
5,718

264,356
164,619
62.3
158,850
60.1
5,770
3.5
99,736
5,813

264,535
164,646
62.2
158,593
60.0
6,053
3.7
99,890
5,681

264,708
164,527
62.2
158,527
59.9
6,000
3.6
100,181
5,528

264,844
164,966
62.3
159,244
60.1
5,722
3.5
99,878
5,176

265,962
165,832
62.4
160,138
60.2
5,694
3.4
100,130
5,314

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128,236
86,488
67.4
82,376
64.2
4,112
4.8
41,748

129,050
87,251
67.6
84,304
65.3
2,947
3.4
41,799

129,998
87,842
67.6
84,120
64.7
3,723
4.2
42,156

128,236
86,997
67.8
83,451
65.1
3,546
4.1
41,239

128,807
87,659
68.1
84,532
65.6
3,127
3.6
41,148

128,897
87,772
68.1
84,559
65.6
3,212
3.7
41,126

128,983
87,793
68.1
84,557
65.6
3,236
3.7
41,189

129,050
87,864
68.1
84,880
65.8
2,984
3.4
41,186

129,998
88,334
67.9
85,186
65.5
3,147
3.6
41,665

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119,612
83,649
69.9
79,879
66.8
3,770
4.5
35,962

120,360
84,262
70.0
81,589
67.8
2,673
3.2
36,098

121,283
84,872
70.0
81,524
67.2
3,348
3.9
36,412

119,612
83,885
70.1
80,695
67.5
3,190
3.8
35,727

120,140
84,602
70.4
81,816
68.1
2,786
3.3
35,537

120,225
84,606
70.4
81,776
68.0
2,829
3.3
35,619

120,301
84,525
70.3
81,698
67.9
2,827
3.3
35,776

120,360
84,694
70.4
82,033
68.2
2,661
3.1
35,666

121,283
85,084
70.2
82,324
67.9
2,760
3.2
36,199

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134,966
76,337
56.6
73,242
54.3
3,095
4.1
58,629

135,795
76,973
56.7
74,568
54.9
2,405
3.1
58,821

135,963
77,228
56.8
74,572
54.8
2,656
3.4
58,736

134,966
76,636
56.8
73,671
54.6
2,965
3.9
58,331

135,548
76,960
56.8
74,318
54.8
2,642
3.4
58,588

135,638
76,874
56.7
74,033
54.6
2,841
3.7
58,764

135,725
76,734
56.5
73,970
54.5
2,764
3.6
58,991

135,795
77,102
56.8
74,364
54.8
2,738
3.6
58,692

135,963
77,498
57.0
74,952
55.1
2,546
3.3
58,465

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126,570
73,404
58.0
70,637
55.8
2,767
3.8
53,167

127,345
73,981
58.1
71,843
56.4
2,138
2.9
53,365

127,546
74,308
58.3
71,921
56.4
2,387
3.2
53,238

126,570
73,517
58.1
70,872
56.0
2,645
3.6
53,054

127,117
73,729
58.0
71,457
56.2
2,272
3.1
53,388

127,204
73,752
58.0
71,218
56.0
2,534
3.4
53,452

127,283
73,532
57.8
71,088
55.9
2,444
3.3
53,750

127,345
73,930
58.1
71,531
56.2
2,398
3.2
53,416

127,546
74,379
58.3
72,104
56.5
2,275
3.1
53,167

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17,020
5,772
33.9
5,102
30.0
670
11.6
11,248

17,139
5,981
34.9
5,439
31.7
541
9.1
11,158

17,133
5,890
34.4
5,247
30.6
643
10.9
11,242

17,020
6,231
36.6
5,555
32.6
676
10.9
10,789

17,099
6,288
36.8
5,576
32.6
712
11.3
10,811

17,107
6,288
36.8
5,598
32.7
690
11.0
10,819

17,124
6,469
37.8
5,740
33.5
729
11.3
10,655

17,139
6,343
37.0
5,680
33.1
662
10.4
10,796

17,133
6,368
37.2
5,710
33.3
658
10.3
10,765

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

202,819
125,148
61.7
120,320
59.3
4,828
3.9
77,671

203,684
125,934
61.8
122,301
60.0
3,633
2.9
77,750

204,062
126,133
61.8
121,675
59.6
4,458
3.5
77,928

202,819
125,697
62.0
121,404
59.9
4,293
3.4
77,122

203,420
126,117
62.0
122,261
60.1
3,856
3.1
77,303

203,522
126,180
62.0
122,063
60.0
4,117
3.3
77,342

203,617
125,902
61.8
121,807
59.8
4,094
3.3
77,716

203,684
126,408
62.1
122,556
60.2
3,852
3.0
77,276

204,062
126,699
62.1
122,776
60.2
3,924
3.1
77,362

65,514
70.0
62,913
67.2
2,601
4.0

65,789
70.0
63,876
68.0
1,912
2.9

65,973
69.8
63,596
67.3
2,377
3.6

65,657
70.2
63,521
67.9
2,137
3.3

65,884
70.2
64,012
68.2
1,871
2.8

66,032
70.3
64,026
68.2
2,006
3.0

65,759
70.0
63,767
67.9
1,992
3.0

66,045
70.3
64,189
68.3
1,856
2.8

66,118
70.0
64,210
68.0
1,908
2.9

55,127
57.0
53,334
55.1
1,794
3.3

55,533
57.1
54,181
55.7
1,353
2.4

55,601
57.2
53,977
55.6
1,624
2.9

55,178
57.0
53,467
55.2
1,711
3.1

55,348
57.0
53,885
55.5
1,463
2.6

55,340
57.0
53,691
55.3
1,649
3.0

55,174
56.8
53,562
55.1
1,611
2.9

55,461
57.1
53,918
55.5
1,543
2.8

55,637
57.3
54,093
55.7
1,544
2.8

4,506
36.1
4,073
32.7
433
9.6

4,612
36.8
4,244
33.9
369
8.0

4,559
36.5
4,101
32.9
458
10.0

4,861
39.0
4,416
35.4
445
9.2

4,885
39.1
4,364
34.9
521
10.7

4,807
38.5
4,346
34.8
462
9.6

4,969
39.7
4,478
35.8
491
9.9

4,902
39.2
4,449
35.5
453
9.2

4,944
39.6
4,472
35.8
472
9.5

33,978
20,914
61.6
19,392
57.1
1,522
7.3
13,063

34,301
21,278
62.0
20,146
58.7
1,132
5.3
13,023

34,487
21,544
62.5
20,335
59.0
1,209
5.6
12,943

33,978
21,054
62.0
19,604
57.7
1,450
6.9
12,924

34,204
21,260
62.2
20,016
58.5
1,244
5.9
12,944

34,237
21,247
62.1
19,988
58.4
1,259
5.9
12,990

34,272
21,365
62.3
20,139
58.8
1,226
5.7
12,907

34,301
21,418
62.4
20,189
58.9
1,229
5.7
12,883

34,487
21,697
62.9
20,535
59.5
1,162
5.4
12,790

9,669
67.0
8,934
61.9
735
7.6

9,886
67.8
9,399
64.5
487
4.9

10,038
68.2
9,461
64.2
577
5.8

9,738
67.4
9,053
62.7
685
7.0

9,892
68.0
9,322
64.1
570
5.8

9,783
67.2
9,269
63.7
514
5.3

9,947
68.3
9,408
64.6
539
5.4

9,956
68.3
9,446
64.8
510
5.1

10,115
68.7
9,579
65.0
535
5.3

10,560
61.9
9,921
58.1
639
6.1

10,631
61.7
10,100
58.7
531
5.0

10,790
62.6
10,276
59.6
514
4.8

10,568
61.9
9,957
58.3
611
5.8

10,637
61.9
10,057
58.6
579
5.4

10,696
62.2
10,080
58.6
616
5.8

10,633
61.8
10,077
58.6
556
5.2

10,679
62.0
10,093
58.6
586
5.5

10,804
62.6
10,301
59.7
504
4.7

686
27.7
538
21.8
148
21.6

761
30.4
646
25.9
114
15.0

716
28.5
599
23.9
118
16.4

748
30.3
594
24.0
154
20.6

731
29.4
636
25.6
95
12.9

768
30.8
639
25.7
128
16.7

785
31.4
654
26.2
131
16.7

784
31.4
650
26.0
134
17.1

778
31.0
655
26.1
123
15.8

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Jan.
2022
16,903
10,806
63.9
10,403
61.5
403
3.7
6,097

Dec.
2022
17,005
10,890
64.0
10,650
62.6
241
2.2
6,115

Jan.
2023
17,541
11,196
63.8
10,856
61.9
340
3.0
6,345

Jan.
2022
16,903
10,870
64.3
10,489
62.1
382
3.5
6,032

Sept.
2022
17,132
11,106
64.8
10,832
63.2
274
2.5
6,025

Oct.
2022
17,129
11,106
64.8
10,781
62.9
325
2.9
6,023

Nov.
2022
16,980
10,995
64.8
10,704
63.0
291
2.6
5,984

Dec.
2022
17,005
10,918
64.2
10,654
62.7
265
2.4
6,086

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Jan.
2023
17,541
11,240
64.1
10,926
62.3
313
2.8
6,301

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

45,740
30,274
66.2
28,595
62.5
1,679
5.5
15,466

46,624
30,872
66.2
29,594
63.5
1,278
4.1
15,752

47,010
31,131
66.2
29,430
62.6
1,701
5.5
15,879

45,740
30,384
66.4
28,905
63.2
1,479
4.9
15,355

46,373
30,673
66.1
29,462
63.5
1,211
3.9
15,700

46,459
30,725
66.1
29,430
63.3
1,295
4.2
15,734

46,545
30,600
65.7
29,382
63.1
1,218
4.0
15,944

46,624
30,893
66.3
29,611
63.5
1,281
4.1
15,731

47,010
31,153
66.3
29,737
63.3
1,416
4.5
15,857

16,538
79.8
15,676
75.6
862
5.2

16,691
79.0
15,958
75.6
734
4.4

16,834
78.8
15,875
74.3
958
5.7

16,578
80.0
15,872
76.6
705
4.3

16,536
78.7
15,967
76.0
569
3.4

16,653
79.1
16,000
76.0
653
3.9

16,526
78.4
15,925
75.5
601
3.6

16,725
79.2
16,047
76.0
677
4.0

16,795
78.6
16,073
75.2
722
4.3

12,367
59.5
11,717
56.4
651
5.3

12,837
60.6
12,385
58.5
453
3.5

13,024
61.1
12,391
58.1
633
4.9

12,384
59.6
11,781
56.7
603
4.9

12,771
60.6
12,314
58.4
457
3.6

12,655
59.9
12,185
57.7
469
3.7

12,637
59.7
12,179
57.6
458
3.6

12,785
60.3
12,307
58.1
478
3.7

13,024
61.1
12,447
58.4
577
4.4

1,369
32.4
1,203
28.5
166
12.1

1,343
31.1
1,252
29.0
92
6.8

1,274
29.4
1,164
26.9
110
8.7

1,423
33.7
1,252
29.6
171
12.0

1,366
31.8
1,181
27.5
185
13.6

1,417
33.0
1,245
29.0
173
12.2

1,438
33.4
1,279
29.7
159
11.0

1,383
32.0
1,257
29.1
126
9.1

1,334
30.8
1,217
28.1
116
8.7

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Seasonally adjusted
Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,762
44.9
8,044
41.2
719
8.2

8,918
45.8
8,428
43.3
490
5.5

8,829
46.1
8,267
43.1
562
6.4

8,746
44.8
8,194
42.0
551
6.3

8,990
45.7
8,491
43.1
499
5.5

9,141
46.6
8,574
43.7
567
6.2

8,901
45.6
8,506
43.5
395
4.4

8,885
45.6
8,443
43.4
442
5.0

8,814
46.0
8,417
43.9
397
4.5

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36,764
56.7
34,877
53.8
1,887
5.1

35,532
56.1
34,270
54.1
1,262
3.6

35,983
56.1
34,457
53.7
1,526
4.2

36,994
57.1
35,312
54.5
1,682
4.5

35,282
56.2
33,975
54.1
1,307
3.7

35,070
55.9
33,692
53.7
1,378
3.9

35,192
55.7
33,816
53.5
1,377
3.9

35,605
56.2
34,339
54.2
1,266
3.6

36,189
56.4
34,836
54.3
1,353
3.7

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,182
62.9
33,871
60.5
1,311
3.7

35,849
62.8
34,851
61.0
998
2.8

35,952
63.2
34,859
61.3
1,093
3.0

35,347
63.2
34,106
60.9
1,242
3.5

35,575
62.7
34,558
60.9
1,017
2.9

35,806
62.7
34,734
60.8
1,071
3.0

35,880
62.9
34,748
60.9
1,133
3.2

35,789
62.7
34,735
60.8
1,054
2.9

36,082
63.5
35,046
61.7
1,036
2.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61,803
72.7
60,349
71.0
1,454
2.4

63,241
72.8
62,156
71.5
1,085
1.7

62,863
72.7
61,526
71.1
1,338
2.1

61,737
72.6
60,343
71.0
1,394
2.3

63,519
72.9
62,381
71.6
1,138
1.8

63,312
72.7
62,089
71.3
1,223
1.9

63,041
72.5
61,781
71.1
1,260
2.0

63,150
72.7
61,947
71.3
1,203
1.9

62,854
72.7
61,591
71.2
1,263
2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Jan.
2022

Men
Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Women
Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18,495
8,872
48.0
8,535
46.1
338
3.8
9,623

18,024
8,630
47.9
8,390
46.5
240
2.8
9,394

16,474
7,669
46.6
7,371
44.7
298
3.9
8,805

15,991
7,490
46.8
7,294
45.6
196
2.6
8,501

2,021
1,204
59.6
1,164
57.6
40
3.3
817

2,033
1,141
56.1
1,096
53.9
44
3.9
892

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,757
3,787
79.6
3,591
75.5
196
5.2
971

4,913
3,918
79.7
3,768
76.7
150
3.8
995

3,879
3,166
81.6
2,994
77.2
172
5.4
713

4,002
3,275
81.8
3,167
79.1
108
3.3
728

878
620
70.7
596
67.9
24
3.9
258

911
644
70.6
601
66.0
42
6.6
267

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,311
2,417
73.0
2,389
72.2
28
1.2
893

3,011
2,197
73.0
2,161
71.8
36
1.7
813

2,834
2,071
73.1
2,043
72.1
28
1.3
763

2,569
1,862
72.5
1,827
71.1
35
1.9
706

477
346
72.6
346
72.5
1
0.2
131

442
335
75.8
334
75.5
1
0.4
107

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,368
993
15.6
943
14.8
50
5.0
5,375

6,099
827
13.6
823
13.5
4
0.5
5,272

6,115
955
15.6
911
14.9
44
4.6
5,160

5,841
809
13.8
805
13.8
4
0.5
5,032

253
38
15.1
32
12.8
6
–
215

258
19
7.2
19
7.2
0
–
239

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,059
1,675
41.3
1,612
39.7
64
3.8
2,384

4,001
1,687
42.2
1,638
40.9
50
2.9
2,314

3,646
1,477
40.5
1,423
39.0
54
3.7
2,169

3,579
1,544
43.1
1,495
41.8
49
3.1
2,035

413
199
48.1
189
45.8
10
4.8
214

422
143
34.0
143
33.8
1
0.7
279

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

235,614
151,745
64.4
145,118
61.6
6,627
4.4
83,869

238,664
154,167
64.6
148,269
62.1
5,898
3.8
84,497

107,121
77,789
72.6
74,107
69.2
3,682
4.7
29,332

109,368
79,289
72.5
75,919
69.4
3,370
4.3
30,078

128,493
73,956
57.6
71,012
55.3
2,945
4.0
54,537

129,296
74,877
57.9
72,350
56.0
2,527
3.4
54,419

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

Persons with no disability
Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

31,600
7,213
22.8
6,553
20.7
660
9.1
24,386

32,585
7,847
24.1
7,292
22.4
554
7.1
24,739

231,603
155,612
67.2
149,065
64.4
6,547
4.2
75,991

233,376
157,223
67.4
151,399
64.9
5,824
3.7
76,153

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

3,160
39.4
2,799
34.9
361
11.4
4,869

3,206
40.5
2,970
37.5
236
7.4
4,716

77,363
81.6
73,847
77.9
3,517
4.5
17,444

78,534
81.8
75,225
78.3
3,309
4.2
17,513

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

2,865
35.6
2,640
32.8
226
7.9
5,185

3,212
38.8
2,969
35.9
243
7.6
5,066

68,788
71.3
66,059
68.4
2,729
4.0
27,723

69,128
71.9
66,863
69.5
2,265
3.3
27,040

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,188
7.7
1,114
7.2
73
6.2
14,332

1,428
8.7
1,353
8.3
75
5.2
14,957

9,461
23.5
9,160
22.7
301
3.2
30,825

9,561
23.2
9,311
22.6
250
2.6
31,599

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Jan.
2022

Men
Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Women
Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

44,624
29,255
65.6
27,978
62.7
1,277
4.4
15,368

45,899
29,945
65.2
28,692
62.5
1,253
4.2
15,954

21,886
16,869
77.1
16,192
74.0
677
4.0
5,017

22,530
17,243
76.5
16,491
73.2
752
4.4
5,287

22,738
12,387
54.5
11,786
51.8
601
4.9
10,352

23,369
12,702
54.4
12,201
52.2
501
3.9
10,667

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

218,579
133,569
61.1
127,640
58.4
5,929
4.4
85,009

220,063
135,125
61.4
130,000
59.1
5,125
3.8
84,938

106,351
69,619
65.5
66,184
62.2
3,435
4.9
36,732

107,468
70,599
65.7
67,629
62.9
2,970
4.2
36,869

112,228
63,950
57.0
61,456
54.8
2,494
3.9
48,278

112,595
64,526
57.3
62,371
55.4
2,155
3.3
48,069

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

2,224
1,454
735
36
153,394
144,501
21,593
122,907
575
122,332
8,830
64

2,267
1,482
755
31
156,604
147,639
21,943
125,696
692
125,003
8,923
43

2,145
1,428
682
35
156,547
147,532
21,968
125,564
669
124,895
8,952
63

2,311
1,505
769
–
154,585
145,922
21,188
124,386
–
123,741
9,109
–

2,178
1,473
696
–
156,762
147,291
21,331
126,371
–
125,712
9,155
–

2,206
1,495
692
–
156,570
147,109
21,211
126,102
–
125,460
9,261
–

2,228
1,492
715
–
156,344
147,381
21,084
126,468
–
125,819
8,970
–

2,311
1,496
791
–
156,818
147,886
21,683
126,169
–
125,538
9,036
–

2,245
1,485
720
–
157,645
148,822
21,548
126,981
–
126,248
9,217
–

4,176
2,828
935
20,105

3,991
2,755
893
22,084

4,498
3,114
993
22,096

3,735
2,412
975
20,236

3,843
2,576
942
21,260

3,664
2,535
867
21,297

3,688
2,546
826
21,226

3,878
2,648
911
21,628

4,050
2,685
999
22,083

4,094
2,782
927
19,738

3,903
2,703
873
21,640

4,401
3,057
983
21,683

3,671
2,383
966
19,878

3,762
2,526
940
20,912

3,578
2,487
862
20,950

3,623
2,497
819
20,844

3,810
2,611
892
21,211

3,959
2,646
988
21,674

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

155,618
5,102
1,965
3,137
150,516
13,376
137,141
100,214
34,726
34,050
31,437
36,927

158,872
5,439
2,251
3,188
153,433
13,728
139,705
102,069
35,152
35,029
31,888
37,636

158,692
5,247
2,033
3,215
153,444
14,336
139,108
101,921
35,343
34,904
31,674
37,188

157,122
5,555
2,183
3,384
151,567
13,753
137,886
100,703
35,019
34,162
31,522
37,183

158,850
5,576
2,100
3,462
153,274
13,752
139,503
101,954
35,349
34,619
31,986
37,550

158,593
5,598
2,200
3,387
152,994
13,780
139,160
101,509
35,296
34,611
31,601
37,651

158,527
5,740
2,241
3,500
152,787
13,759
138,845
101,400
35,073
34,777
31,550
37,446

159,244
5,680
2,371
3,312
153,564
13,834
139,477
101,848
35,066
34,983
31,799
37,630

160,138
5,710
2,265
3,462
154,428
14,705
139,834
102,366
35,594
35,010
31,762
37,468

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82,376
2,497
899
1,599
79,879
6,797
73,082
53,236
18,346
18,264
16,626
19,846

84,304
2,714
1,018
1,696
81,589
6,967
74,623
54,325
18,644
18,743
16,938
20,298

84,120
2,596
907
1,689
81,524
7,144
74,379
54,269
18,717
18,752
16,801
20,110

83,451
2,756
1,022
1,743
80,695
7,028
73,771
53,713
18,578
18,420
16,716
20,058

84,532
2,716
962
1,750
81,816
7,040
74,703
54,325
18,829
18,579
16,917
20,378

84,559
2,783
1,034
1,752
81,776
7,144
74,548
54,106
18,701
18,649
16,756
20,442

84,557
2,859
1,059
1,809
81,698
7,071
74,451
54,119
18,548
18,761
16,810
20,332

84,880
2,847
1,109
1,748
82,033
7,080
74,767
54,370
18,629
18,798
16,943
20,396

85,186
2,862
1,039
1,838
82,324
7,354
75,036
54,708
18,916
18,896
16,896
20,328

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73,242
2,605
1,067
1,538
70,637
6,578
64,059
46,978
16,380
15,786
14,811
17,081

74,568
2,725
1,233
1,492
71,843
6,761
65,082
47,744
16,508
16,286
14,950
17,338

74,572
2,651
1,125
1,526
71,921
7,192
64,729
47,651
16,627
16,152
14,873
17,078

73,671
2,799
1,161
1,640
70,872
6,724
64,115
46,990
16,441
15,742
14,807
17,125

74,318
2,861
1,138
1,712
71,457
6,712
64,801
47,628
16,519
16,040
15,069
17,172

74,033
2,815
1,167
1,635
71,218
6,636
64,612
47,403
16,596
15,963
14,845
17,209

73,970
2,881
1,182
1,691
71,088
6,688
64,394
47,281
16,525
16,016
14,740
17,113

74,364
2,833
1,262
1,564
71,531
6,755
64,711
47,477
16,436
16,185
14,857
17,233

74,952
2,848
1,226
1,624
72,104
7,351
64,798
47,658
16,678
16,114
14,866
17,140

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45,145
36,004
9,983

46,099
36,763
10,150

45,927
36,569
10,154

45,314
35,923
–

45,920
36,582
–

45,624
36,179
–

45,988
36,322
–

46,209
36,472
–

46,119
36,490
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129,747
25,871

131,812
27,060

131,175
27,516

131,151
25,815

132,575
26,249

132,179
26,413

132,300
26,115

132,299
26,794

132,577
27,400

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,337
4.7

8,140
5.1

7,877
5.0

7,466
4.8

7,755
4.9

7,519
4.7

7,676
4.8

8,046
5.1

8,001
5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,366
9,564

6,811
9,678

6,560
9,635

–
9,878

–
9,851

–
9,953

–
9,686

–
9,827

–
9,937

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,511
676
275
401
5,835
1,076
4,841
3,646
1,566
1,239
842
1,179

5,722
662
217
461
5,059
1,085
4,025
3,008
1,400
862
746
1,032

5,694
658
277
384
5,035
1,116
4,020
3,136
1,459
927
750
874

4.0
10.9
11.2
10.6
3.7
7.3
3.4
3.5
4.3
3.5
2.6
3.1

3.5
11.3
12.2
11.0
3.2
7.0
2.8
2.9
3.6
3.0
2.1
2.4

3.7
11.0
9.8
11.9
3.4
6.9
3.0
3.2
4.0
2.9
2.8
2.4

3.6
11.3
11.5
11.3
3.3
6.8
3.0
3.2
4.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

3.5
10.4
8.4
12.2
3.2
7.3
2.8
2.9
3.8
2.4
2.3
2.7

3.4
10.3
10.9
10.0
3.2
7.1
2.8
3.0
3.9
2.6
2.3
2.3

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,546
356
157
198
3,190
656
2,600
1,941
850
671
419
659

2,984
323
114
223
2,661
555
2,139
1,564
763
441
360
575

3,147
387
183
207
2,760
620
2,225
1,722
856
484
382
504

4.1
11.4
13.3
10.2
3.8
8.5
3.4
3.5
4.4
3.5
2.4
3.2

3.6
11.2
13.1
10.3
3.3
7.9
2.8
3.0
3.6
2.9
2.3
2.4

3.7
12.1
11.7
12.6
3.3
7.2
2.9
3.1
3.9
2.6
2.8
2.3

3.7
12.5
15.6
10.9
3.3
7.7
2.9
3.0
4.1
2.4
2.6
2.6

3.4
10.2
9.3
11.3
3.1
7.3
2.8
2.8
3.9
2.3
2.1
2.7

3.6
11.9
15.0
10.1
3.2
7.8
2.9
3.1
4.3
2.5
2.2
2.4

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,965
320
119
203
2,645
420
2,242
1,706
716
567
423
540

2,738
339
103
238
2,398
530
1,886
1,444
637
421
386
452

2,546
271
93
177
2,275
496
1,795
1,414
604
443
368
386

3.9
10.3
9.3
11.0
3.6
5.9
3.4
3.5
4.2
3.5
2.8
3.1

3.4
11.5
11.3
11.6
3.1
6.0
2.7
2.9
3.6
3.1
1.9
2.4

3.7
9.8
8.0
11.1
3.4
6.6
3.1
3.3
4.0
3.2
2.7
2.5

3.6
10.0
7.4
11.7
3.3
5.9
3.0
3.3
4.1
2.9
2.8
2.3

3.6
10.7
7.6
13.2
3.2
7.3
2.8
3.0
3.7
2.5
2.5
2.6

3.3
8.7
7.1
9.8
3.1
6.3
2.7
2.9
3.5
2.7
2.4
2.2

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

910
891
527

844
764
383

837
710
403

2.0
2.4
5.0

1.8
1.9
4.7

1.9
2.2
5.7

2.0
2.0
4.9

1.8
2.1
3.6

1.8
1.9
3.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,342
1,198

4,661
1,079

4,634
1,078

3.9
4.4

3.5
3.7

3.7
3.9

3.5
4.4

3.4
3.9

3.4
3.8

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Seasonally adjusted

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

3,924
1,467
2,458
1,707
750
948
1,973
362

2,583
848
1,735
1,255
480
768
1,613
388

3,226
1,238
1,987
1,330
657
881
1,807
465

3,217
952
2,265
1,633
632
953
1,995
438

2,530
772
1,758
1,202
555
904
1,834
460

2,695
853
1,842
1,267
575
861
1,873
494

2,761
806
1,956
1,351
605
829
1,798
558

2,629
814
1,815
1,339
476
825
1,767
497

2,529
734
1,795
1,257
538
884
1,817
531

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

54.5
20.4
34.1
13.1
27.4
5.0

48.3
15.8
32.4
14.4
30.1
7.3

50.6
19.4
31.2
13.8
28.3
7.3

48.7
14.4
34.3
14.4
30.2
6.6

44.2
13.5
30.7
15.8
32.0
8.0

45.5
14.4
31.1
14.5
31.6
8.3

46.4
13.5
32.9
13.9
30.2
9.4

46.0
14.2
31.7
14.4
30.9
8.7

43.9
12.7
31.2
15.3
31.5
9.2

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

2.4
0.6
1.2
0.2

1.6
0.5
1.0
0.2

2.0
0.5
1.1
0.3

2.0
0.6
1.2
0.3

1.5
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.7
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.6
0.5
1.1
0.3

1.5
0.5
1.1
0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Seasonally adjusted
Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,888
1,765
2,554
856
1,698

2,128
1,490
1,733
749
984

2,358
1,965
2,055
926
1,129

2,428
1,619
2,501
819
1,683

2,158
1,643
1,990
901
1,089

2,215
1,774
1,987
817
1,169

2,244
1,694
2,036
821
1,215

2,233
1,639
1,895
826
1,069

1,946
1,785
2,001
890
1,111

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23.0
8.5

19.1
7.5

19.1
8.4

24.5
9.6

20.3
8.5

20.8
8.4

21.4
8.8

19.5
8.9

20.4
9.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40.1
24.5
35.4
11.9
23.6

39.8
27.8
32.4
14.0
18.4

37.0
30.8
32.2
14.5
17.7

37.1
24.7
38.2
12.5
25.7

37.3
28.4
34.4
15.6
18.8

37.1
29.7
33.2
13.7
19.6

37.6
28.4
34.1
13.7
20.3

38.7
28.4
32.9
14.3
18.5

33.9
31.1
34.9
15.5
19.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployment
rates

Unemployed

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

155,618
66,740

158,692
69,249

7,207
1,583

6,378
1,460

4.4
2.3

3.9
2.1

28,536
38,204
24,232
31,164
14,581
16,583

29,934
39,315
25,244
30,358
14,185
16,173

623
961
1,733
1,347
642
705

604
856
1,401
1,184
645
538

2.1
2.5
6.7
4.1
4.2
4.1

2.0
2.1
5.3
3.8
4.4
3.2

13,858
924
8,094
4,840

14,023
915
8,399
4,709

915
88
689
139

894
65
709
120

6.2
8.7
7.8
2.8

6.0
6.7
7.8
2.5

19,624
7,973
11,651

19,817
8,292
11,526

1,243
455
788

968
260
708

6.0
5.4
6.3

4.7
3.0
5.8

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

7,207
5,822
46
709
549
305
245
956
365
102
196
835
699
1,046
317
129
477
416

6,378
5,061
2
720
399
228
172
992
345
114
236
649
599
797
209
70
429
354

4.4
4.5
8.4
7.1
3.6
3.1
4.4
4.8
4.5
4.2
1.9
4.5
2.9
8.2
4.9
8.5
2.2
4.1

3.9
3.9
0.3
6.9
2.6
2.3
3.1
5.1
4.2
3.9
2.3
3.5
2.4
6.0
3.3
4.9
1.9
3.5

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Jan.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Sept.
2022

Oct.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022

Jan.
2023

1.6

1.1

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

2.4

1.6

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.5

4.4

3.3

3.9

4.0

3.5

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

4.7

3.5

4.1

4.2

3.8

3.9

3.9

3.7

3.6

5.4

4.0

4.7

4.9

4.4

4.5

4.5

4.2

4.2

7.9

6.4

7.4

7.1

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.5

6.6

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Jan.
2022

Men
Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Women
Jan.
2023

Jan.
2022

Jan.
2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

100,378
5,872
1,623
422
1,200

100,892
5,466
1,434
349
1,085

41,748
2,971
925
320
605

42,156
2,722
730
233
498

58,629
2,901
698
102
596

58,736
2,744
704
117
587

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,337
4.7
4,259
1,736
282
1,017

7,877
5.0
4,418
1,862
343
1,212

3,597
4.4
2,310
591
152
523

3,847
4.6
2,367
634
214
610

3,741
5.1
1,949
1,145
130
495

4,030
5.4
2,051
1,228
129
602

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

147,932
125,993
20,330

155,642
132,866
21,501

155,349
132,748
21,378

152,844
130,582
21,060

150,106
128,031
20,785

154,296
131,972
21,425

154,556
132,241
21,468

155,073
132,684
21,514

Change
from:
Dec.2022 Jan.2023p
517
443
46

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

566
44.9
521.0
110.2
174.2
39.0
41.9

627
45.9
581.0
117.1
187.9
41.0
43.1

627
46.0
581.0
118.3
184.0
40.8
43.3

620
45.6
574.3
117.7
179.7
40.6
43.3

578
44.9
533.5
111.1
180.0
39.2
42.3

624
45.6
578.6
117.1
187.1
41.1
43.3

629
45.9
583.0
117.6
186.4
41.1
43.5

631
45.6
585.6
118.6
185.7
40.7
43.7

2
-0.3
2.6
1.0
-0.7
-0.4
0.2

93.3
236.6

103.8
276.0

99.9
278.7

95.8
276.9

98.5
242.4

102.6
274.4

101.8
279.0

101.3
281.3

-0.5
2.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

7,251
1,668.3
876.6
791.7
948.8
4,633.7
2,161.1
2,472.6

7,900
1,782.3
934.2
848.1
1,101.4
5,016.5
2,335.9
2,680.6

7,766
1,772.9
928.1
844.8
1,041.4
4,951.7
2,303.0
2,648.7

7,546
1,740.3
906.7
833.6
984.0
4,821.4
2,244.9
2,576.5

7,590
1,718.4
902.9
815.5
1,043.0
4,828.3
2,247.8
2,580.5

7,833
1,772.9
929.0
843.9
1,078.4
4,981.2
2,321.9
2,659.3

7,859
1,785.3
934.0
851.3
1,079.0
4,994.4
2,325.8
2,668.6

7,884
1,789.4
934.1
855.3
1,077.8
5,016.3
2,331.2
2,685.1

25
4.1
0.1
4.0
-1.2
21.9
5.4
16.5

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . .
Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor and other electronic
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Navigational, measuring, electromedical,
and control instruments
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic
and optical media and audio and video
equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment, appliance, and
component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment manufacturing1. . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related product
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

12,513

12,974

12,985

12,894

12,617

12,968

12,980

12,999

19

7,798
420.5

8,072
428.1

8,103
429.4

8,051
429.6

7,849
422.8

8,073
429.0

8,098
430.6

8,102
431.7

4
1.1

402.3
357.0
1,401.9
1,076.7

429.4
366.4
1,444.3
1,115.9

428.2
367.8
1,448.4
1,123.0

426.6
364.5
1,444.5
1,118.6

414.9
357.8
1,410.6
1,082.9

428.7
365.6
1,447.4
1,119.1

432.6
366.0
1,450.1
1,122.8

436.8
365.6
1,453.2
1,124.8

4.2
-0.4
3.1
2.0

1,067.6

1,100.4

1,103.0

1,095.6

1,071.3

1,099.9

1,100.9

1,100.2

-0.7

159.7

166.9

168.2

167.5

159.8

166.4

167.4

167.7

0.3

85.5

84.8

84.5

83.6

85.8

84.9

85.2

84.1

-1.1

373.7

392.9

393.6

392.2

376.1

393.4

394.0

394.8

0.8

418.5

423.1

424.2

419.8

418.9

422.9

422.1

420.9

-1.2

30.2

32.7

32.5

32.5

30.7

32.3

32.2

32.8

0.6

395.0
1,680.8
988.8

404.5
1,772.0
1,044.4

403.9
1,791.2
1,059.2

405.5
1,765.8
1,036.9

396.8
1,687.7
991.7

405.1
1,766.8
1,038.6

405.3
1,781.8
1,047.6

407.1
1,773.4
1,041.1

1.8
-8.4
-6.5

377.9
617.9

375.9
634.8

373.6
634.5

368.7
631.2

380.8
622.9

376.6
634.9

373.6
634.6

373.1
636.0

-0.5
1.4

4,715
1,648.9
97.8
105.2
90.3
355.3
372.7

4,902
1,719.7
96.6
102.7
94.7
360.7
384.3

4,882
1,726.1
96.1
102.3
92.8
358.9
385.0

4,843
1,708.9
96.4
103.0
93.2
359.9
378.6

4,768
1,667.6
98.7
105.7
92.6
355.3
376.1

4,895
1,714.5
96.5
102.8
93.8
360.9
381.2

4,882
1,719.3
96.2
102.6
92.7
359.3
381.6

4,897
1,726.2
97.1
103.3
94.8
360.1
381.8

15
6.9
0.9
0.7
2.1
0.8
0.2

98.6
885.1

106.8
921.9

102.0
915.5

99.9
907.2

102.5
889.1

106.1
922.0

103.9
915.6

103.9
912.1

0.0
-3.5

737.1

757.0

755.4

749.4

742.8

759.7

755.8

757.0

1.2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Seasonally adjusted
Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Change
from:
Dec.2022 Jan.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied
product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

324.3

357.4

347.6

346.0

337.9

357.0

355.4

360.4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

105,663

111,365

111,370

109,522

107,246

110,547

110,773

111,170

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28,241

29,272

29,504

28,758

28,289

28,731

28,756

28,819

5.0
397
63

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . .
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . .
Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . .

5,809.3
3,207.4
2,106.1
495.8

6,023.1
3,320.2
2,176.4
526.5

6,032.5
3,330.8
2,175.9
525.8

5,993.0
3,322.1
2,149.4
521.5

5,854.7
3,225.8
2,131.0
497.9

6,019.2
3,324.2
2,170.8
524.2

6,029.7
3,331.6
2,174.2
523.9

6,041.0
3,341.9
2,174.5
524.6

11.3
10.3
0.3
0.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire
retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden equipment
and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,
and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. .
Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . .
General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and
other general merchandise retailers. . . .
Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . .
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and
jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,
book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . .

15,361.4
1,962.0
1,234.1
163.3

15,765.7
2,024.4
1,260.8
174.7

15,866.4
2,019.6
1,257.3
172.7

15,449.5
2,004.1
1,249.3
168.8

15,395.3
1,985.9
1,243.7
173.4

15,451.1
2,025.4
1,261.2
178.4

15,452.5
2,026.8
1,260.1
178.7

15,482.6
2,028.5
1,259.8
179.2

30.1
1.7
-0.3
0.5

564.6

588.9

589.6

586.0

568.8

585.8

588.0

589.5

1.5

1,363.5
3,137.8

1,395.0
3,244.1

1,385.1
3,260.6

1,357.6
3,213.4

1,421.9
3,154.9

1,421.8
3,219.3

1,419.5
3,227.1

1,417.0
3,228.9

-2.5
1.8

921.4
466.4
455.0
3,192.9
982.0

900.6
458.4
442.2
3,228.4
1,009.8

906.5
462.6
443.9
3,269.0
1,038.0

885.5
451.5
434.0
3,126.8
956.7

918.4
458.8
448.7
3,124.8
940.2

881.2
447.3
425.7
3,051.8
915.7

879.3
447.5
426.6
3,041.6
910.4

886.2
445.4
428.2
3,057.6
915.3

6.9
-2.1
1.6
16.0
4.9

2,210.9
1,123.6
1,009.0

2,218.6
1,131.9
1,052.8

2,231.0
1,139.5
1,055.5

2,170.1
1,119.9
1,049.4

2,184.5
1,111.6
1,018.2

2,136.1
1,110.4
1,051.1

2,131.2
1,113.5
1,055.2

2,142.3
1,107.9
1,058.9

11.1
-5.6
3.7

1,144.6

1,204.0

1,239.2

1,171.4

1,133.5

1,151.0

1,150.7

1,158.1

7.4

1,506.6

1,584.5

1,591.4

1,521.4

1,526.1

1,539.1

1,538.8

1,539.5

0.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,520.8
476.8
143.3
57.8
1,533.4

6,926.8
519.3
148.4
63.3
1,616.4

7,049.9
520.5
148.7
64.5
1,610.3

6,761.3
521.7
148.7
62.8
1,590.5

6,489.2
481.4
144.0
60.3
1,557.4

6,704.6
520.7
148.4
64.8
1,605.5

6,717.6
523.8
148.9
65.6
1,610.6

6,740.5
526.6
149.4
65.9
1,614.7

22.9
2.8
0.5
0.3
4.1

404.0
50.5
23.2
765.2
1,185.1
1,881.5

439.6
48.2
28.9
814.1
1,263.8
1,984.8

444.1
48.1
27.5
820.2
1,385.3
1,980.7

444.0
47.6
27.4
813.9
1,164.5
1,940.2

398.4
51.0
29.6
769.0
1,120.3
1,877.8

422.7
48.2
32.0
805.7
1,121.0
1,935.6

429.8
47.9
31.9
810.5
1,111.5
1,937.1

437.2
48.2
33.1
817.0
1,108.4
1,940.0

7.4
0.3
1.2
6.5
-3.1
2.9

555.2

-0.7

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

549.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computing infrastructure providers, data
processing, web hosting, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and
other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,943

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

555.9
3,145

555.5
3,135

553.7
3,069

550.2
2,985

556.0
3,129

555.9
3,124

3,119

-5

412.5
907.7
350.3
655.3

487.7
954.3
359.3
662.3

469.1
955.5
358.7
661.6

432.9
945.3
351.9
653.7

443.1
911.3
353.1
657.3

477.8
953.5
357.3
661.2

465.9
953.9
358.6
658.1

465.9
952.6
355.9
656.7

0.0
-1.3
-2.7
-1.4

440.6

480.9

489.6

484.1

442.6

479.7

486.2

485.2

-1.0

176.1

200.8

200.8

200.6

177.4

199.8

201.6

202.5

0.9

8,883
6,600.2
20.9

9,116
6,710.0
21.7

9,136
6,720.9
21.8

9,056
6,685.8
21.7

8,941
6,613.8
21.0

9,097
6,697.0
21.8

9,108
6,698.0
21.8

9,114
6,699.1
21.8

6
1.1
0.0

2,700.3

2,684.3

2,686.3

2,680.4

2,701.4

2,685.2

2,683.4

2,682.8

-0.6

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Seasonally adjusted
Change
from:
Dec.2022 Jan.2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

1,750.3
1,363.0
614.3
335.7

1,779.4
1,374.4
581.6
323.3

1,784.8
1,376.8
579.8
321.7

1,783.1
1,375.9
577.6
319.7

1,750.3
1,362.5
616.2
334.9

1,780.8
1,376.1
581.1
323.3

1,783.3
1,376.5
578.5
321.6

1,783.2
1,375.8
580.1
319.5

-0.1
-0.7
1.6
-2.1

1,012.7
2,866.3
2,282.4
1,761.3
499.6

1,070.9
2,933.1
2,405.7
1,850.6
532.4

1,073.4
2,939.4
2,415.1
1,855.1
537.2

1,073.0
2,910.7
2,370.1
1,829.1
519.1

1,019.1
2,872.3
2,327.0
1,788.1
516.9

1,068.1
2,921.9
2,399.8
1,841.9
535.4

1,071.0
2,921.8
2,410.4
1,847.0
540.9

1,077.8
2,916.7
2,414.5
1,855.8
536.4

6.8
-5.1
4.1
8.8
-4.5

Credit intermediation and related Continued
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts, funds,
trusts, and other financial vehicles,
investments, and related activities. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,
and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural, engineering, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, scientific, and technical
consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising, public relations, and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional, scientific, and technical
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and support and waste
management and remediation services. . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

21.5

22.7

22.8

21.9

22.0

22.5

22.5

22.3

-0.2

21,786

23,028

22,901

22,493

22,164

22,791

22,830

22,912

82

10,225.7
1,164.2

10,714.5
1,186.8

10,744.1
1,189.7

10,710.7
1,177.9

10,263.5
1,170.2

10,684.8
1,180.1

10,713.1
1,181.5

10,754.4
1,183.9

41.3
2.4

1,109.4

1,109.3

1,129.1

1,167.2

1,077.6

1,133.0

1,131.2

1,138.6

7.4

1,554.7
143.9

1,643.9
156.6

1,644.4
159.1

1,629.6
156.1

1,575.1
146.6

1,638.9
154.9

1,644.3
157.1

1,650.6
158.3

6.3
1.2

2,400.9

2,504.3

2,490.3

2,488.3

2,405.1

2,489.6

2,492.9

2,493.5

0.6

1,721.3

1,841.2

1,850.0

1,838.3

1,733.9

1,823.2

1,833.2

1,851.1

17.9

856.1

910.4

915.0

908.8

862.5

910.7

913.9

916.8

2.9

461.5

493.5

493.8

487.2

469.0

493.6

493.4

494.8

1.4

813.7
2,451.8

868.5
2,509.8

872.7
2,524.2

857.3
2,503.7

823.4
2,460.2

860.9
2,507.9

865.6
2,515.7

866.9
2,513.2

1.3
-2.5

9,108.0
8,650.9
562.7
154.5
3,728.2
2,998.1
821.2

9,804.1
9,315.6
609.5
159.2
4,023.9
3,222.3
785.0

9,632.3
9,147.9
609.7
158.3
3,946.6
3,149.0
785.4

9,278.1
8,798.4
607.1
158.8
3,732.1
2,964.2
781.0

9,440.6
8,976.7
569.2
154.5
3,841.4
3,091.3
815.7

9,598.0
9,114.0
609.0
157.9
3,875.9
3,092.9
765.6

9,601.3
9,117.7
612.6
158.0
3,860.0
3,052.0
767.3

9,644.5
9,155.4
615.2
158.9
3,877.4
3,077.9
774.3

43.2
37.7
2.6
0.9
17.4
25.9
7.0

156.5
924.5
1,995.1
308.2

176.5
976.5
2,245.6
339.4

179.3
978.9
2,150.6
339.1

178.7
967.8
2,044.8
328.1

161.0
936.9
2,180.9
317.0

177.2
969.4
2,220.8
338.2

181.5
971.8
2,224.0
342.4

183.0
979.5
2,228.3
338.7

1.5
7.7
4.3
-3.7

457.1

488.5

484.4

479.7

463.9

484.0

483.6

489.1

5.5

23,694
3,604.9
20,089.2
15,979.9
7,937.5
2,754.3
1,003.7
1,046.8
1,011.2
316.1
1,488.3

25,024
4,043.1
20,981.2
16,607.0
8,288.3
2,860.1
1,033.8
1,114.0
1,054.6
320.8
1,570.2

24,966
3,922.8
21,043.6
16,662.7
8,314.6
2,877.0
1,031.3
1,114.7
1,057.9
321.1
1,576.3

24,744
3,760.7
20,983.6
16,602.8
8,273.1
2,860.4
1,026.8
1,108.3
1,056.9
322.3
1,562.5

23,887
3,719.6
20,167.7
16,037.3
7,976.4
2,767.6
1,004.9
1,052.1
1,014.1
316.4
1,502.3

24,756
3,859.2
20,897.1
16,543.3
8,250.3
2,847.4
1,029.2
1,108.8
1,051.3
320.4
1,558.9

24,832
3,854.7
20,977.4
16,596.2
8,278.0
2,858.9
1,031.2
1,110.3
1,052.7
320.3
1,569.4

24,937
3,880.5
21,056.6
16,654.4
8,307.9
2,870.0
1,028.5
1,114.7
1,059.4
322.3
1,575.8

105
25.8
79.2
58.2
29.9
11.1
-2.7
4.4
6.7
2.0
6.4

317.1
5,092.3

334.8
5,247.3

336.3
5,262.7

335.9
5,245.6

319.0
5,099.7

334.4
5,229.3

335.2
5,243.4

337.1
5,254.3

1.9
10.9

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Change
from:
Dec.2022 Jan.2023p

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential intellectual and
developmental disability, mental
health, and substance abuse
facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuing care retirement
communities and assisted living
facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community food and housing, and
emergency and other relief services. . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,950.1
1,341.2

3,071.4
1,375.1

3,085.4
1,382.9

3,084.1
1,379.2

2,961.2
1,344.5

3,063.7
1,369.6

3,074.8
1,375.6

3,092.2
1,380.1

17.4
4.5

592.3

620.5

623.4

621.1

595.8

619.7

622.2

625.0

2.8

866.8
149.8
4,109.3
2,725.1

920.8
155.0
4,374.2
2,905.9

925.2
153.9
4,380.9
2,912.9

928.3
155.5
4,380.8
2,912.6

870.0
150.8
4,130.4
2,734.7

920.0
154.4
4,353.8
2,895.9

922.3
154.7
4,381.2
2,913.1

930.7
156.3
4,402.2
2,922.7

8.4
1.6
21.0
9.6

196.4
266.0
921.8

207.1
273.1
988.1

210.1
274.1
983.8

209.6
272.9
985.7

196.8
271.7
927.2

206.2
272.6
979.0

208.1
274.9
985.1

209.4
277.9
992.2

1.3
3.0
7.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts, spectator sports, and
related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amusement, gambling, and recreation
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

14,592
1,954.4

15,998
2,248.5

15,948
2,240.9

15,657
2,154.1

15,374
2,212.7

16,258
2,380.2

16,322
2,400.2

16,450
2,415.0

128
14.8

402.7

495.4

488.2

453.4

464.6

510.3

514.6

516.7

2.1

137.7

164.5

161.6

152.9

150.9

165.5

164.9

166.4

1.5

1,414.0
12,637.4
1,578.9
11,058.5

1,588.6
13,749.3
1,772.7
11,976.6

1,591.1
13,707.1
1,770.8
11,936.3

1,547.8
13,503.1
1,749.9
11,753.2

1,597.2
13,161.0
1,690.4
11,470.6

1,704.4
13,877.6
1,834.5
12,043.1

1,720.7
13,921.6
1,846.9
12,074.7

1,731.9
14,035.0
1,861.7
12,173.3

11.2
113.4
14.8
98.6

5,524
1,343.7
1,413.4

5,782
1,418.7
1,515.5

5,780
1,410.8
1,522.3

5,745
1,407.6
1,507.6

5,606
1,360.4
1,442.4

5,785
1,414.1
1,517.9

5,801
1,418.2
1,522.7

5,819
1,422.6
1,531.1

18
4.4
8.4

Industry

Health care - Continued

1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,
and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,766.5

2,847.6

2,846.8

2,830.0

2,803.6

2,853.2

2,859.7

2,865.7

6.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

21,939
2,864
2,253.9
610.2
4,998
2,369.6
2,628.8
14,077
7,842.0
6,235.3

22,776
2,884
2,281.0
603.2
5,290
2,633.8
2,656.3
14,602
8,136.0
6,466.3

22,601
2,891
2,279.2
611.7
5,165
2,509.1
2,656.3
14,545
8,118.4
6,426.1

22,262
2,869
2,269.9
599.2
5,012
2,355.9
2,655.8
14,381
7,994.6
6,386.3

22,075
2,874
2,266.1
607.8
5,101
2,457.3
2,643.8
14,100
7,735.8
6,364.3

22,324
2,873
2,276.5
596.6
5,116
2,453.1
2,663.2
14,335
7,848.3
6,486.6

22,315
2,873
2,278.6
594.7
5,078
2,412.2
2,665.7
14,364
7,864.6
6,499.3

22,389
2,878
2,281.6
596.6
5,117
2,446.9
2,670.1
14,394
7,881.9
6,512.0

74
5
3.0
1.9
39
34.7
4.4
30
17.3
12.7

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.6
39.8
44.7
38.7
40.3
40.7
39.7
33.6
34.2
39.1
30.4
37.9
42.6
36.9
37.5
36.7
33.4
25.9
32.2

34.5
39.8
46.3
38.5
40.2
40.6
39.6
33.4
34.2
38.8
30.3
38.4
42.1
36.7
37.4
36.5
33.4
25.5
32.2

34.4
39.7
45.6
38.6
40.1
40.6
39.4
33.4
34.2
38.8
30.3
38.4
41.7
36.4
37.3
36.4
33.3
25.3
32.3

34.7
40.2
46.5
39.2
40.5
40.9
39.8
33.6
34.3
39.0
30.3
38.8
41.3
36.5
37.5
36.7
33.5
25.8
32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

3.3
3.3
3.4

3.1
3.2
2.9

3.0
3.1
2.8

3.1
3.1
3.0

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$31.63
31.90
35.32
33.89
30.58
32.18
27.88
31.56
27.16
34.49
22.56
27.24
46.41
45.14
40.88
37.92
31.40
19.42
28.44

$32.80
33.00
36.45
35.43
31.40
32.98
28.74
32.76
28.17
35.68
23.46
28.11
48.14
47.46
42.13
39.40
32.47
20.61
29.41

$32.93
33.11
36.68
35.60
31.46
32.94
28.93
32.89
28.22
35.89
23.44
28.11
48.47
47.73
42.40
39.55
32.64
20.77
29.43

$33.03
33.24
36.85
35.75
31.57
33.04
29.07
32.98
28.35
36.26
23.53
28.08
48.88
47.78
42.48
39.64
32.80
20.78
29.62

$1,094.40
1,269.62
1,578.80
1,311.54
1,232.37
1,309.73
1,106.84
1,060.42
928.87
1,348.56
685.82
1,032.40
1,977.07
1,665.67
1,533.00
1,391.66
1,048.76
502.98
915.77

$1,131.60
1,313.40
1,687.64
1,364.06
1,262.28
1,338.99
1,138.10
1,094.18
963.41
1,384.38
710.84
1,079.42
2,026.69
1,741.78
1,575.66
1,438.10
1,084.50
525.56
947.00

$1,132.79
1,314.47
1,672.61
1,374.16
1,261.55
1,337.36
1,139.84
1,098.53
965.12
1,392.53
710.23
1,079.42
2,021.20
1,737.37
1,581.52
1,439.62
1,086.91
525.48
950.59

$1,146.14
1,336.25
1,713.53
1,401.40
1,278.59
1,351.34
1,156.99
1,108.13
972.41
1,414.14
712.96
1,089.50
2,018.74
1,743.97
1,593.00
1,454.79
1,098.80
536.12
956.73

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Dec.
2022 Jan.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111.2
94.2
81.2
101.3
91.5
89.9
94.5
116.0
105.7
101.0
95.3
141.3
101.4
100.6
109.8
127.3
130.3
113.6
104.1

114.3
97.1
90.8
104.0
93.8
92.3
96.8
118.9
107.4
103.0
95.3
147.9
101.3
104.9
111.5
130.1
135.0
118.3
107.4

114.2
97.1
90.1
104.6
93.6
92.6
96.0
119.1
107.5
103.2
95.3
148.2
100.3
103.9
111.3
130.0
135.0
117.8
108.0

115.6
98.5
92.2
106.5
94.7
93.3
97.3
120.3
108.0
103.9
95.5
150.3
99.2
104.0
112.0
131.6
136.4
121.1
108.4

1.2
1.4
2.3
1.8
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.2
1.4
-1.1
0.1
0.6
1.2
1.0
2.8
0.4

1

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Dec.
2022 Jan.
2023p

168.2
135.9
115.1
149.1
130.1
128.5
133.7
178.0
154.8
145.7
142.1
195.8
155.5
161.7
175.1
195.5
196.8
178.0
162.2

179.2
144.9
132.9
160.0
136.9
135.2
141.1
189.3
163.1
153.8
147.8
211.5
161.1
177.2
183.1
207.7
210.9
196.7
173.1

179.8
145.3
132.7
161.8
137.0
135.4
140.9
190.4
163.5
154.9
147.7
212.0
160.6
176.5
184.0
208.3
212.0
197.4
174.3

182.5
148.0
136.4
165.5
139.0
136.9
143.5
192.8
165.1
157.6
148.6
214.7
160.2
176.9
185.5
211.2
215.2
203.0
175.9

1.5
1.9
2.8
2.3
1.5
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.0
1.7
0.6
1.3
-0.2
0.2
0.8
1.4
1.5
2.8
0.9

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

74,640
61,844
4,738
74
1,059
3,605
1,914
1,691
57,106
11,146
1,769.9
7,505.1
1,733.1
137.8
1,179
4,997
10,284
18,350
8,142
3,008
12,796

76,844
63,848
4,955
80
1,110
3,765
2,008
1,757
58,893
11,309
1,833.5
7,504.3
1,828.7
142.8
1,262
5,069
10,508
19,059
8,595
3,091
12,996

76,989
63,976
4,963
81
1,111
3,771
2,016
1,755
59,013
11,328
1,845.4
7,513.0
1,825.1
144.1
1,268
5,074
10,504
19,113
8,615
3,111
13,013

77,252
64,205
4,966
83
1,113
3,770
2,014
1,756
59,239
11,348
1,849.6
7,520.4
1,833.2
144.8
1,274
5,082
10,553
19,174
8,684
3,124
13,047

49.7
48.3
22.8
12.8
14.0
28.6
24.4
35.5
53.2
39.4
30.2
48.7
26.7
25.0
39.5
55.9
46.4
76.8
53.0
53.7
58.0

49.8
48.4
23.1
12.8
14.2
29.0
24.9
35.9
53.3
39.4
30.5
48.6
27.3
25.7
40.3
55.7
46.1
77.0
52.9
53.4
58.2

49.8
48.4
23.1
12.9
14.1
29.1
24.9
35.9
53.3
39.4
30.6
48.6
27.2
25.9
40.6
55.7
46.0
77.0
52.8
53.6
58.3

49.8
48.4
23.1
13.2
14.1
29.0
24.9
35.9
53.3
39.4
30.6
48.6
27.2
26.1
40.8
55.8
46.1
76.9
52.8
53.7
58.3

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

104,319
14,882
435
5,630
8,817
5,414
3,403
89,437
23,851
4,662.1
13,092.6
5,658.4
437.8
2,374
6,714
17,760
20,852
13,344
4,542

107,392
15,370
467
5,789
9,114
5,608
3,506
92,022
24,183
4,778.0
13,119.4
5,843.5
442.2
2,488
6,857
18,171
21,534
14,086
4,703

107,544
15,398
472
5,803
9,123
5,623
3,500
92,146
24,199
4,793.8
13,124.7
5,839.1
441.7
2,486
6,850
18,125
21,611
14,155
4,720

108,023
15,439
478
5,822
9,139
5,631
3,508
92,584
24,256
4,802.4
13,146.1
5,865.9
442.0
2,478
6,860
18,214
21,730
14,312
4,734

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.0
40.6
46.3
39.5
41.1
41.3
40.8
32.9
34.1
39.1
30.4
37.7
42.5
36.7
37.3
36.3
32.5
24.7
31.2

33.9
40.4
47.3
39.2
40.8
41.1
40.4
32.9
34.2
38.9
30.5
37.9
42.7
36.5
37.0
36.3
32.6
24.5
31.1

33.9
40.3
46.8
39.4
40.6
41.0
40.1
32.8
34.0
38.7
30.2
38.0
42.6
36.0
37.0
36.3
32.6
24.4
31.2

34.1
40.8
48.6
39.9
40.9
41.2
40.5
33.0
34.5
39.0
30.8
38.3
42.6
36.1
37.0
36.6
32.7
24.6
31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

4.2
4.2
4.1

3.7
3.9
3.5

3.6
3.8
3.4

3.8
3.8
3.7

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$26.88
27.32
31.87
31.44
24.54
25.62
22.79
26.79
23.40
28.53
19.31
25.10
41.28
37.44
31.17
31.87
28.32
16.98
24.35

$28.09
28.58
33.26
33.00
25.60
26.87
23.53
27.99
24.47
29.76
20.04
26.44
43.09
38.56
32.75
33.13
29.57
18.24
25.26

$28.19
28.70
33.57
33.20
25.64
26.78
23.76
28.08
24.52
29.93
20.08
26.32
43.39
38.78
32.92
33.26
29.66
18.35
25.31

$28.26
28.92
33.94
33.38
25.84
26.94
24.05
28.12
24.58
29.93
20.19
26.46
43.44
38.73
32.97
33.35
29.80
18.21
25.39

$913.92
1,109.19
1,475.58
1,241.88
1,008.59
1,058.11
929.83
881.39
797.94
1,115.52
587.02
946.27
1,754.40
1,374.05
1,162.64
1,156.88
920.40
419.41
759.72

$952.25
1,154.63
1,573.20
1,293.60
1,044.48
1,104.36
950.61
920.87
836.87
1,157.66
611.22
1,002.08
1,839.94
1,407.44
1,211.75
1,202.62
963.98
446.88
785.59

$955.64
1,156.61
1,571.08
1,308.08
1,040.98
1,097.98
952.78
921.02
833.68
1,158.29
606.42
1,000.16
1,848.41
1,396.08
1,218.04
1,207.34
966.92
447.74
789.67

$963.67
1,179.94
1,649.48
1,331.86
1,056.86
1,109.93
974.03
927.96
848.01
1,167.27
621.85
1,013.42
1,850.54
1,398.15
1,219.89
1,220.61
974.46
447.97
794.71

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Dec.
2022 Jan.
2023p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Private education and health services.. .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118.2
92.3
107.0
111.3
83.2
84.0
81.8
125.4
113.8
108.2
100.9
161.4
95.2
99.4
117.9
143.9
144.5
120.7
99.4

121.3
94.9
117.4
113.6
85.4
86.6
83.5
129.0
115.8
110.3
101.5
167.6
96.6
103.7
119.4
147.2
149.7
126.4
102.6

121.5
94.8
117.4
114.5
85.0
86.6
82.7
128.8
115.2
110.1
100.5
167.9
96.2
102.2
119.3
146.9
150.2
126.5
103.3

122.7
96.3
123.5
116.3
85.8
87.2
83.7
130.2
117.1
111.2
102.7
170.0
96.3
102.1
119.5
148.8
151.5
129.0
103.9

1.0
1.6
5.2
1.6
0.9
0.7
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.0
2.2
1.3
0.1
-0.1
0.2
1.3
0.9
2.0
0.6

1

Jan.
2022

Nov.
2022

Dec.
2022p

Jan.
2023p

Percent
change
from:
Dec.
2022 Jan.
2023p

212.3
154.5
198.4
189.0
133.5
134.4
131.7
230.4
190.4
182.2
167.1
257.9
164.0
184.3
226.0
272.8
270.1
232.8
176.3

227.8
166.1
227.1
202.5
142.9
145.3
138.8
247.6
202.5
193.8
174.3
282.1
173.7
197.9
240.6
290.2
292.1
261.8
188.8

228.9
166.6
229.2
205.2
142.6
144.8
138.8
248.0
201.8
194.5
173.0
281.3
174.3
196.1
241.6
290.6
294.1
263.6
190.5

231.8
170.5
243.7
209.6
145.0
146.6
142.3
251.1
205.8
196.4
177.7
286.4
174.6
195.8
242.3
295.2
298.0
266.7
192.2

1.3
2.3
6.3
2.1
1.7
1.2
2.5
1.3
2.0
1.0
2.7
1.8
0.2
-0.2
0.3
1.6
1.3
1.2
0.9

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.