Hazard Communication Standard

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ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
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PART 1910—OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED)

Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous Substances

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§1910.1200   Hazard communication.
(a) Purpose. (1) The purpose of this section is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced or imported are
classified, and that information concerning the classified hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. The
requirements of this section are intended to be consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Globally Harmonized
System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Revision 3. The transmittal of information is to be
accomplished by means of comprehensive hazard communication programs, which are to include container labeling and
other forms of warning, safety data sheets and employee training.
(2) This occupational safety and health standard is intended to address comprehensively the issue of classifying the
potential hazards of chemicals, and communicating information concerning hazards and appropriate protective measures
to employees, and to preempt any legislative or regulatory enactments of a state, or political subdivision of a state,
pertaining to this subject. Classifying the potential hazards of chemicals and communicating information concerning
hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees, may include, for example, but is not limited to, provisions for:
developing and maintaining a written hazard communication program for the workplace, including lists of hazardous
chemicals present; labeling of containers of chemicals in the workplace, as well as of containers of chemicals being
shipped to other workplaces; preparation and distribution of safety data sheets to employees and downstream employers;
and development and implementation of employee training programs regarding hazards of chemicals and protective
measures. Under section 18 of the Act, no state or political subdivision of a state may adopt or enforce any requirement
relating to the issue addressed by this Federal standard, except pursuant to a Federally-approved state plan.
(b) Scope and application. (1) This section requires chemical manufacturers or importers to classify the hazards of
chemicals which they produce or import, and all employers to provide information to their employees about the hazardous
chemicals to which they are exposed, by means of a hazard communication program, labels and other forms of warning,
safety data sheets, and information and training. In addition, this section requires distributors to transmit the required
information to employers. (Employers who do not produce or import chemicals need only focus on those parts of this rule
that deal with establishing a workplace program and communicating information to their workers.)
(2) This section applies to any chemical which is known to be present in the workplace in such a manner that
employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency.
(3) This section applies to laboratories only as follows:

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[A2]

(i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced;
(ii) Employers shall maintain any safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous
chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible during each workshift to laboratory employees when they are in
their work areas;
(iii) Employers shall ensure that laboratory employees are provided information and training in accordance with
paragraph (h) of this section, except for the location and availability of the written hazard communication program under
paragraph (h)(2)(iii) of this section; and,
(iv) Laboratory employers that ship hazardous chemicals are considered to be either a chemical manufacturer or a
distributor under this rule, and thus must ensure that any containers of hazardous chemicals leaving the laboratory are
labeled in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section, and that a safety data sheet is provided to distributors and other
employers in accordance with paragraphs (g)(6) and (g)(7) of this section.

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(4) In work operations where employees only handle chemicals in sealed containers which are not opened under
normal conditions of use (such as are found in marine cargo handling, warehousing, or retail sales), this section applies to
these operations only as follows:
(i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced;
(ii) Employers shall maintain copies of any safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of the sealed
containers of hazardous chemicals, shall obtain a safety data sheet as soon as possible for sealed containers of
hazardous chemicals received without a safety data sheet if an employee requests the safety data sheet, and shall
ensure that the safety data sheets are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work
area(s); and,
(iii) Employers shall ensure that employees are provided with information and training in accordance with paragraph
(h) of this section (except for the location and availability of the written hazard communication program under paragraph
(h)(2)(iii) of this section), to the extent necessary to protect them in the event of a spill or leak of a hazardous chemical
from a sealed container.
(5) This section does not require labeling of the following chemicals:
(i) Any pesticide as such term is defined in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et
seq.), when subject to the labeling requirements of that Act and labeling regulations issued under that Act by the
Environmental Protection Agency;
(ii) Any chemical substance or mixture as such terms are defined in the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C.
2601 et seq.), when subject to the labeling requirements of that Act and labeling regulations issued under that Act by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
(iii) Any food, food additive, color additive, drug, cosmetic, or medical or veterinary device or product, including
materials intended for use as ingredients in such products (e.g. flavors and fragrances), as such terms are defined in the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) or the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of 1913 (21 U.S.C. 151 et
seq.), and regulations issued under those Acts, when they are subject to the labeling requirements under those Acts by
either the Food and Drug Administration or the Department of Agriculture;
(iv) Any distilled spirits (beverage alcohols), wine, or malt beverage intended for nonindustrial use, as such terms are
defined in the Federal Alcohol Administration Act (27 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) and regulations issued under that Act, when
subject to the labeling requirements of that Act and labeling regulations issued under that Act by the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives;
(v) Any consumer product or hazardous substance as those terms are defined in the Consumer Product Safety Act
(15 U.S.C. 2051 et seq.) and Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261 et seq.) respectively, when subject to a
consumer product safety standard or labeling requirement of those Acts, or regulations issued under those Acts by the
Consumer Product Safety Commission; and,
(vi) Agricultural or vegetable seed treated with pesticides and labeled in accordance with the Federal Seed Act (7
U.S.C. 1551 et seq.) and the labeling regulations issued under that Act by the Department of Agriculture.
(6) This section does not apply to: (i) Any hazardous waste as such term is defined by the Solid Waste Disposal Act,
as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.), when
subject to regulations issued under that Act by the Environmental Protection Agency;
(ii) Any hazardous substance as such term is defined by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.) when the hazardous substance is the focus of remedial or removal
action being conducted under CERCLA in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
(iii) Tobacco or tobacco products;
(iv) Wood or wood products, including lumber which will not be processed, where the chemical manufacturer or
importer can establish that the only hazard they pose to employees is the potential for flammability or combustibility (wood
or wood products which have been treated with a hazardous chemical covered by this standard, and wood which may be
subsequently sawed or cut, generating dust, are not exempted);
(v) Articles (as that term is defined in paragraph (c) of this section);
(vi) Food or alcoholic beverages which are sold, used, or prepared in a retail establishment (such as a grocery store,
restaurant, or drinking place), and foods intended for personal consumption by employees while in the workplace;
(vii) Any drug, as that term is defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), when it is
in solid, final form for direct administration to the patient (e.g., tablets or pills); drugs which are packaged by the chemical
manufacturer for sale to consumers in a retail establishment (e.g., over-the-counter drugs); and drugs intended for
personal consumption by employees while in the workplace (e.g., first aid supplies);
(viii) Cosmetics which are packaged for sale to consumers in a retail establishment, and cosmetics intended for
personal consumption by employees while in the workplace;
(ix) Any consumer product or hazardous substance, as those terms are defined in the Consumer Product Safety Act
(15 U.S.C. 2051 et seq.) and Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261 et seq.) respectively, where the
employer can show that it is used in the workplace for the purpose intended by the chemical manufacturer or importer of
the product, and the use results in a duration and frequency of exposure which is not greater than the range of exposures
that could reasonably be experienced by consumers when used for the purpose intended;

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(x) Nuisance particulates where the chemical manufacturer or importer can establish that they do not pose any
physical or health hazard covered under this section;
(xi) Ionizing and nonionizing radiation; and,
(xii) Biological hazards.
(c) Definitions. Article means a manufactured item other than a fluid or particle: (i) which is formed to a specific shape
or design during manufacture; (ii) which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design
during end use; and (iii) which under normal conditions of use does not release more than very small quantities, e.g.,
minute or trace amounts of a hazardous chemical (as determined under paragraph (d) of this section), and does not pose
a physical hazard or health risk to employees.
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of
Labor, or designee.
Chemical means any substance, or mixture of substances.
Chemical manufacturer means an employer with a workplace where chemical(s) are produced for use or distribution.
Chemical name means the scientific designation of a chemical in accordance with the nomenclature system
developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) or the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
rules of nomenclature, or a name that will clearly identify the chemical for the purpose of conducting a hazard
classification.
Classification means to identify the relevant data regarding the hazards of a chemical; review those data to ascertain
the hazards associated with the chemical; and decide whether the chemical will be classified as hazardous according to
the definition of hazardous chemical in this section. In addition, classification for health and physical hazards includes the
determination of the degree of hazard, where appropriate, by comparing the data with the criteria for health and physical
hazards.
Commercial account means an arrangement whereby a retail distributor sells hazardous chemicals to an employer,
generally in large quantities over time and/or at costs that are below the regular retail price.
Common name means any designation or identification such as code name, code number, trade name, brand name
or generic name used to identify a chemical other than by its chemical name.
Container means any bag, barrel, bottle, box, can, cylinder, drum, reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like that
contains a hazardous chemical. For purposes of this section, pipes or piping systems, and engines, fuel tanks, or other
operating systems in a vehicle, are not considered to be containers.
Designated representative means any individual or organization to whom an employee gives written authorization to
exercise such employee's rights under this section. A recognized or certified collective bargaining agent shall be treated
automatically as a designated representative without regard to written employee authorization.
Director means the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, or designee.
Distributor means a business, other than a chemical manufacturer or importer, which supplies hazardous chemicals to
other distributors or to employers.
Employee means a worker who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals under normal operating conditions or in
foreseeable emergencies. Workers such as office workers or bank tellers who encounter hazardous chemicals only in
non-routine, isolated instances are not covered.
Employer means a person engaged in a business where chemicals are either used, distributed, or are produced for
use or distribution, including a contractor or subcontractor.
Exposure or exposed means that an employee is subjected in the course of employment to a chemical that is a
physical or health hazard, and includes potential (e.g. accidental or possible) exposure. “Subjected” in terms of health
hazards includes any route of entry (e.g. inhalation, ingestion, skin contact or absorption.)
Foreseeable emergency means any potential occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of
containers, or failure of control equipment which could result in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the
workplace.
Hazard category means the division of criteria within each hazard class, e.g., oral acute toxicity and flammable liquids
include four hazard categories. These categories compare hazard severity within a hazard class and should not be taken
as a comparison of hazard categories more generally.
Hazard class means the nature of the physical or health hazards, e.g., flammable solid, carcinogen, oral acute
toxicity.
Hazard not otherwise classified (HNOC) means an adverse physical or health effect identified through evaluation of
scientific evidence during the classification process that does not meet the specified criteria for the physical and health
hazard classes addressed in this section. This does not extend coverage to adverse physical and health effects for which
there is a hazard class addressed in this section, but the effect either falls below the cut-off value/concentration limit of the
hazard class or is under a GHS hazard category that has not been adopted by OSHA (e.g., acute toxicity Category 5).
Hazard statement means a statement assigned to a hazard class and category that describes the nature of the

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hazard(s) of a chemical, including, where appropriate, the degree of hazard.
Hazardous chemical means any chemical which is classified as a physical hazard or a health hazard, a simple
asphyxiant, combustible dust, pyrophoric gas, or hazard not otherwise classified.
Health hazard means a chemical which is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: acute toxicity
(any route of exposure); skin corrosion or irritation; serious eye damage or eye irritation; respiratory or skin sensitization;
germ cell mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive toxicity; specific target organ toxicity (single or repeated exposure);
or aspiration hazard. The criteria for determining whether a chemical is classified as a health hazard are detailed in
Appendix A to §1910.1200—Health Hazard Criteria.
Immediate use means that the hazardous chemical will be under the control of and used only by the person who
transfers it from a labeled container and only within the work shift in which it is transferred.
Importer means the first business with employees within the Customs Territory of the United States which receives
hazardous chemicals produced in other countries for the purpose of supplying them to distributors or employers within the
United States.
Label means an appropriate group of written, printed or graphic information elements concerning a hazardous
chemical that is affixed to, printed on, or attached to the immediate container of a hazardous chemical, or to the outside
packaging.
Label elements means the specified pictogram, hazard statement, signal word and precautionary statement for each
hazard class and category.
Mixture means a combination or a solution composed of two or more substances in which they do not react.
Physical hazard means a chemical that is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: explosive;
flammable (gases, aerosols, liquids, or solids); oxidizer (liquid, solid or gas); self-reactive; pyrophoric (liquid or solid); selfheating; organic peroxide; corrosive to metal; gas under pressure; or in contact with water emits flammable gas. See
Appendix B to §1910.1200—Physical Hazard Criteria.
Pictogram means a composition that may include a symbol plus other graphic elements, such as a border,
background pattern, or color, that is intended to convey specific information about the hazards of a chemical. Eight
pictograms are designated under this standard for application to a hazard category.
Precautionary statement means a phrase that describes recommended measures that should be taken to minimize or
prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to a hazardous chemical, or improper storage or handling.
Produce means to manufacture, process, formulate, blend, extract, generate, emit, or repackage.
Product identifier means the name or number used for a hazardous chemical on a label or in the SDS. It provides a
unique means by which the user can identify the chemical. The product identifier used shall permit cross-references to be
made among the list of hazardous chemicals required in the written hazard communication program, the label and the
SDS.
Pyrophoric gas means a chemical in a gaseous state that will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130
degrees F (54.4 degrees C) or below.
Responsible party means someone who can provide additional information on the hazardous chemical and
appropriate emergency procedures, if necessary.
Safety data sheet (SDS) means written or printed material concerning a hazardous chemical that is prepared in
accordance with paragraph (g) of this section.
Signal word means a word used to indicate the relative level of severity of hazard and alert the reader to a potential
hazard on the label. The signal words used in this section are “danger” and “warning.” “Danger” is used for the more
severe hazards, while “warning” is used for the less severe.
Simple asphyxiant means a substance or mixture that displaces oxygen in the ambient atmosphere, and can thus
cause oxygen deprivation in those who are exposed, leading to unconsciousness and death.
Specific chemical identity means the chemical name, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number, or any
other information that reveals the precise chemical designation of the substance.
Substance means chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained by any production process,
including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the product and any impurities deriving from the process
used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its
composition.
Trade secret means any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information or compilation of information that is
used in an employer's business, and that gives the employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who
do not know or use it. Appendix E to §1910.1200—Definition of Trade Secret, sets out the criteria to be used in evaluating
trade secrets.
Use means to package, handle, react, emit, extract, generate as a byproduct, or transfer.
Work area means a room or defined space in a workplace where hazardous chemicals are produced or used, and
where employees are present.
Workplace means an establishment, job site, or project, at one geographical location containing one or more work

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areas.
(d) Hazard classification. (1) Chemical manufacturers and importers shall evaluate chemicals produced in their
workplaces or imported by them to classify the chemicals in accordance with this section. For each chemical, the
chemical manufacturer or importer shall determine the hazard classes, and, where appropriate, the category of each class
that apply to the chemical being classified. Employers are not required to classify chemicals unless they choose not to
rely on the classification performed by the chemical manufacturer or importer for the chemical to satisfy this requirement.
(2) Chemical manufacturers, importers or employers classifying chemicals shall identify and consider the full range of
available scientific literature and other evidence concerning the potential hazards. There is no requirement to test the
chemical to determine how to classify its hazards. Appendix A to §1910.1200 shall be consulted for classification of health
hazards, and Appendix B to §1910.1200 shall be consulted for the classification of physical hazards.
(3) Mixtures. (i) Chemical manufacturers, importers, or employers evaluating chemicals shall follow the procedures
described in Appendices A and B to §1910.1200 to classify the hazards of the chemicals, including determinations
regarding when mixtures of the classified chemicals are covered by this section.
(ii) When classifying mixtures they produce or import, chemical manufacturers and importers of mixtures may rely on
the information provided on the current safety data sheets of the individual ingredients, except where the chemical
manufacturer or importer knows, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should know, that the safety data sheet
misstates or omits information required by this section.
(e) Written hazard communication program. (1) Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain at each workplace,
a written hazard communication program which at least describes how the criteria specified in paragraphs (f), (g), and (h)
of this section for labels and other forms of warning, safety data sheets, and employee information and training will be
met, and which also includes the following:
(i) A list of the hazardous chemicals known to be present using a product identifier that is referenced on the
appropriate safety data sheet (the list may be compiled for the workplace as a whole or for individual work areas); and,
(ii) The methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards of non-routine tasks (for example, the
cleaning of reactor vessels), and the hazards associated with chemicals contained in unlabeled pipes in their work areas.
(2) Multi-employer workplaces. Employers who produce, use, or store hazardous chemicals at a workplace in such a
way that the employees of other employer(s) may be exposed (for example, employees of a construction contractor
working on-site) shall additionally ensure that the hazard communication programs developed and implemented under
this paragraph (e) include the following:
(i) The methods the employer will use to provide the other employer(s) on-site access to safety data sheets for each
hazardous chemical the other employer(s)' employees may be exposed to while working;
(ii) The methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of any precautionary measures that need to be
taken to protect employees during the workplace's normal operating conditions and in foreseeable emergencies; and,
(iii) The methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of the labeling system used in the workplace.
(3) The employer may rely on an existing hazard communication program to comply with these requirements,
provided that it meets the criteria established in this paragraph (e).
(4) The employer shall make the written hazard communication program available, upon request, to employees, their
designated representatives, the Assistant Secretary and the Director, in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR
1910.20 (e).
(5) Where employees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work is carried out at more than
one geographical location, the written hazard communication program may be kept at the primary workplace facility.
(f) Labels and other forms of warning—(1) Labels on shipped containers. The chemical manufacturer, importer, or
distributor shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged, or marked.
Hazards not otherwise classified do not have to be addressed on the container. Where the chemical manufacturer or
importer is required to label, tag or mark the following information shall be provided:
(i) Product identifier;
(ii) Signal word;
(iii) Hazard statement(s);
(iv) Pictogram(s);
(v) Precautionary statement(s); and,
(vi) Name, address, and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party.
(2) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor shall ensure that the information provided under paragraphs (f)
(1)(i) through (v) of this section is in accordance with Appendix C to §1910.1200, for each hazard class and associated
hazard category for the hazardous chemical, prominently displayed, and in English (other languages may also be
included if appropriate).
(3) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor shall ensure that the information provided under paragraphs (f)
(1)(ii) through (iv) of this section is located together on the label, tag, or mark.

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(4) Solid materials. (i) For solid metal (such as a steel beam or a metal casting), solid wood, or plastic items that are
not exempted as articles due to their downstream use, or shipments of whole grain, the required label may be transmitted
to the customer at the time of the initial shipment, and need not be included with subsequent shipments to the same
employer unless the information on the label changes;
(ii) The label may be transmitted with the initial shipment itself, or with the safety data sheet that is to be provided prior
to or at the time of the first shipment; and,
(iii) This exception to requiring labels on every container of hazardous chemicals is only for the solid material itself,
and does not apply to hazardous chemicals used in conjunction with, or known to be present with, the material and to
which employees handling the items in transit may be exposed (for example, cutting fluids or pesticides in grains).
(5) Chemical manufacturers, importers, or distributors shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals
leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged, or marked in accordance with this section in a manner which does not conflict
with the requirements of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) and regulations issued
under that Act by the Department of Transportation.
(6) Workplace labeling. Except as provided in paragraphs (f)(7) and (f)(8) of this section, the employer shall ensure
that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with either:
(i) The information specified under paragraphs (f)(1)(i) through (v) of this section for labels on shipped containers; or,
(ii) Product identifier and words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof, which provide at least general information
regarding the hazards of the chemicals, and which, in conjunction with the other information immediately available to
employees under the hazard communication program, will provide employees with the specific information regarding the
physical and health hazards of the hazardous chemical.
(7) The employer may use signs, placards, process sheets, batch tickets, operating procedures, or other such written
materials in lieu of affixing labels to individual stationary process containers, as long as the alternative method identifies
the containers to which it is applicable and conveys the information required by paragraph (f)(6) of this section to be on a
label. The employer shall ensure the written materials are readily accessible to the employees in their work area
throughout each work shift.
(8) The employer is not required to label portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from
labeled containers, and which are intended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer. For
purposes of this section, drugs which are dispensed by a pharmacy to a health care provider for direct administration to a
patient are exempted from labeling.
(9) The employer shall not remove or deface existing labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals, unless
the container is immediately marked with the required information.
(10) The employer shall ensure that workplace labels or other forms of warning are legible, in English, and
prominently displayed on the container, or readily available in the work area throughout each work shift. Employers having
employees who speak other languages may add the information in their language to the material presented, as long as
the information is presented in English as well.
(11) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, or employers who become newly aware of any significant
information regarding the hazards of a chemical shall revise the labels for the chemical within six months of becoming
aware of the new information, and shall ensure that labels on containers of hazardous chemicals shipped after that time
contain the new information. If the chemical is not currently produced or imported, the chemical manufacturer, importer,
distributor, or employer shall add the information to the label before the chemical is shipped or introduced into the
workplace again.
(g) Safety data sheets. (1) Chemical manufacturers and importers shall obtain or develop a safety data sheet for each
hazardous chemical they produce or import. Employers shall have a safety data sheet in the workplace for each
hazardous chemical which they use.
(2) The chemical manufacturer or importer preparing the safety data sheet shall ensure that it is in English (although
the employer may maintain copies in other languages as well), and includes at least the following section numbers and
headings, and associated information under each heading, in the order listed (See Appendix D to §1910.1200—Safety
Data Sheets, for the specific content of each section of the safety data sheet):
(i) Section 1, Identification;
(ii) Section 2, Hazard(s) identification;
(iii) Section 3, Composition/information on ingredients;
(iv) Section 4, First-aid measures;
(v) Section 5, Fire-fighting measures;
(vi) Section 6, Accidental release measures;
(vii) Section 7, Handling and storage;
(viii) Section 8, Exposure controls/personal protection;
(ix) Section 9, Physical and chemical properties;
(x) Section 10, Stability and reactivity;

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(xi) Section 11, Toxicological information;
(xii) Section 12, Ecological information;
(xiii) Section 13, Disposal considerations;
(xiv) Section 14, Transport information;
(xv) Section 15, Regulatory information; and
(xvi) Section 16, Other information, including date of preparation or last revision.
Note 1 to paragraph (g)(2): To be consistent with the GHS, an SDS must also include the headings in paragraphs (g)(2)(xii)
through (g)(2)(xv) in order.
Note 2 to paragraph (g)(2): OSHA will not be enforcing information requirements in sections 12 through 15, as these areas are
not under its jurisdiction.

(3) If no relevant information is found for any sub-heading within a section on the safety data sheet, the chemical
manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the safety data sheet shall mark it to indicate that no applicable information
was found.
(4) Where complex mixtures have similar hazards and contents (i.e. the chemical ingredients are essentially the
same, but the specific composition varies from mixture to mixture), the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer may
prepare one safety data sheet to apply to all of these similar mixtures.
(5) The chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the safety data sheet shall ensure that the information
provided accurately reflects the scientific evidence used in making the hazard classification. If the chemical manufacturer,
importer or employer preparing the safety data sheet becomes newly aware of any significant information regarding the
hazards of a chemical, or ways to protect against the hazards, this new information shall be added to the safety data
sheet within three months. If the chemical is not currently being produced or imported, the chemical manufacturer or
importer shall add the information to the safety data sheet before the chemical is introduced into the workplace again.
(6)(i) Chemical manufacturers or importers shall ensure that distributors and employers are provided an appropriate
safety data sheet with their initial shipment, and with the first shipment after a safety data sheet is updated;
(ii) The chemical manufacturer or importer shall either provide safety data sheets with the shipped containers or send
them to the distributor or employer prior to or at the time of the shipment;
(iii) If the safety data sheet is not provided with a shipment that has been labeled as a hazardous chemical, the
distributor or employer shall obtain one from the chemical manufacturer or importer as soon as possible; and,
(iv) The chemical manufacturer or importer shall also provide distributors or employers with a safety data sheet upon
request.
(7)(i) Distributors shall ensure that material data sheets, and updated information, are provided to other distributors
and employers with their initial shipment and with the first shipment after a safety data sheet is updated;
(ii) The distributor shall either provide safety data sheets with the shipped containers, or send them to the other
distributor or employer prior to or at the time of the shipment;
(iii) Retail distributors selling hazardous chemicals to employers having a commercial account shall provide a safety
data sheet to such employers upon request, and shall post a sign or otherwise inform them that a material safety data
sheet is available;
(iv) Wholesale distributors selling hazardous chemicals to employers over-the-counter may also provide safety data
sheets upon the request of the employer at the time of the over-the-counter purchase, and shall post a sign or otherwise
inform such employers that a material safety data sheet is available;
(v) If an employer without a commercial account purchases a hazardous chemical from a retail distributor not required
to have safety data sheets on file (i.e., the retail distributor does not have commercial accounts and does not use the
materials), the retail distributor shall provide the employer, upon request, with the name, address, and telephone number
of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor from which a safety data sheet can be obtained;
(vi) Wholesale distributors shall also provide safety data sheets to employers or other distributors upon request; and,
(vii) Chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors need not provide safety data sheets to retail distributors that
have informed them that the retail distributor does not sell the product to commercial accounts or open the sealed
container to use it in their own workplaces.
(8) The employer shall maintain in the workplace copies of the required safety data sheets for each hazardous
chemical, and shall ensure that they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their
work area(s). (Electronic access and other alternatives to maintaining paper copies of the safety data sheets are
permitted as long as no barriers to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options.)
(9) Where employees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work is carried out at more than
one geographical location, the safety data sheets may be kept at the primary workplace facility. In this situation, the
employer shall ensure that employees can immediately obtain the required information in an emergency.
(10) Safety data sheets may be kept in any form, including operating procedures, and may be designed to cover

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groups of hazardous chemicals in a work area where it may be more appropriate to address the hazards of a process
rather than individual hazardous chemicals. However, the employer shall ensure that in all cases the required information
is provided for each hazardous chemical, and is readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in
their work area(s).
(11) Safety data sheets shall also be made readily available, upon request, to designated representatives, the
Assistant Secretary, and the Director, in accordance with the requirements of §1910.1020(e).
(h) Employee information and training. (1) Employers shall provide employees with effective information and training
on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new chemical hazard
the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area. Information and training may be
designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific
information must always be available through labels and safety data sheets.
(2) Information. Employees shall be informed of:
(i) The requirements of this section;
(ii) Any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present; and,
(iii) The location and availability of the written hazard communication program, including the required list(s) of
hazardous chemicals, and safety data sheets required by this section.
(3) Training. Employee training shall include at least:
(i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work
area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of
hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.);
(ii) The physical, health, simple asphyxiation, combustible dust, and pyrophoric gas hazards, as well as hazards not
otherwise classified, of the chemicals in the work area;
(iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the
employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work
practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and,
(iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the
labels received on shipped containers and the workplace labeling system used by their employer; the safety data sheet,
including the order of information and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information.
(i) Trade secrets. (1) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer may withhold the specific chemical identity,
including the chemical name, other specific identification of a hazardous chemical, or the exact percentage
(concentration) of the substance in a mixture, from the safety data sheet, provided that:
(i) The claim that the information withheld is a trade secret can be supported;
(ii) Information contained in the safety data sheet concerning the properties and effects of the hazardous chemical is
disclosed;
(iii) The safety data sheet indicates that the specific chemical identity and/or percentage of composition is being
withheld as a trade secret; and,
(iv) The specific chemical identity and percentage is made available to health professionals, employees, and
designated representatives in accordance with the applicable provisions of this paragraph (i).
(2) Where a treating physician or nurse determines that a medical emergency exists and the specific chemical identity
and/or specific percentage of composition of a hazardous chemical is necessary for emergency or first-aid treatment, the
chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer shall immediately disclose the specific chemical identity or percentage
composition of a trade secret chemical to that treating physician or nurse, regardless of the existence of a written
statement of need or a confidentiality agreement. The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer may require a written
statement of need and confidentiality agreement, in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (i)(3) and (4) of this
section, as soon as circumstances permit.
(3) In non-emergency situations, a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer shall, upon request, disclose a
specific chemical identity or percentage composition, otherwise permitted to be withheld under paragraph (i)(1) of this
section, to a health professional (i.e. physician, industrial hygienist, toxicologist, epidemiologist, or occupational health
nurse) providing medical or other occupational health services to exposed employee(s), and to employees or designated
representatives, if:
(i) The request is in writing;
(ii) The request describes with reasonable detail one or more of the following occupational health needs for the
information:
(A) To assess the hazards of the chemicals to which employees will be exposed;
(B) To conduct or assess sampling of the workplace atmosphere to determine employee exposure levels;
(C) To conduct pre-assignment or periodic medical surveillance of exposed employees;
(D) To provide medical treatment to exposed employees;

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(E) To select or assess appropriate personal protective equipment for exposed employees;
(F) To design or assess engineering controls or other protective measures for exposed employees; and,
(G) To conduct studies to determine the health effects of exposure.
(iii) The request explains in detail why the disclosure of the specific chemical identity or percentage composition is
essential and that, in lieu thereof, the disclosure of the following information to the health professional, employee, or
designated representative, would not satisfy the purposes described in paragraph (i)(3)(ii) of this section:
(A) The properties and effects of the chemical;
(B) Measures for controlling workers' exposure to the chemical;
(C) Methods of monitoring and analyzing worker exposure to the chemical; and,
(D) Methods of diagnosing and treating harmful exposures to the chemical;
(iv) The request includes a description of the procedures to be used to maintain the confidentiality of the disclosed
information; and,
(v) The health professional, and the employer or contractor of the services of the health professional (i.e. downstream
employer, labor organization, or individual employee), employee, or designated representative, agree in a written
confidentiality agreement that the health professional, employee, or designated representative, will not use the trade
secret information for any purpose other than the health need(s) asserted and agree not to release the information under
any circumstances other than to OSHA, as provided in paragraph (i)(6) of this section, except as authorized by the terms
of the agreement or by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer.
(4) The confidentiality agreement authorized by paragraph (i)(3)(iv) of this section:
(i) May restrict the use of the information to the health purposes indicated in the written statement of need;
(ii) May provide for appropriate legal remedies in the event of a breach of the agreement, including stipulation of a
reasonable pre-estimate of likely damages; and,
(iii) May not include requirements for the posting of a penalty bond.
(5) Nothing in this standard is meant to preclude the parties from pursuing non-contractual remedies to the extent
permitted by law.
(6) If the health professional, employee, or designated representative receiving the trade secret information decides
that there is a need to disclose it to OSHA, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer who provided the
information shall be informed by the health professional, employee, or designated representative prior to, or at the same
time as, such disclosure.
(7) If the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer denies a written request for disclosure of a specific chemical
identity or percentage composition, the denial must:
(i) Be provided to the health professional, employee, or designated representative, within thirty days of the request;
(ii) Be in writing;
(iii) Include evidence to support the claim that the specific chemical identity or percent of composition is a trade secret;
(iv) State the specific reasons why the request is being denied; and,
(v) Explain in detail how alternative information may satisfy the specific medical or occupational health need without
revealing the trade secret.
(8) The health professional, employee, or designated representative whose request for information is denied under
paragraph (i)(3) of this section may refer the request and the written denial of the request to OSHA for consideration.
(9) When a health professional, employee, or designated representative refers the denial to OSHA under paragraph
(i)(8) of this section, OSHA shall consider the evidence to determine if:
(i) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer has supported the claim that the specific chemical identity or
percentage composition is a trade secret;
(ii) The health professional, employee, or designated representative has supported the claim that there is a medical or
occupational health need for the information; and,
(iii) The health professional, employee or designated representative has demonstrated adequate means to protect the
confidentiality.
(10)(i) If OSHA determines that the specific chemical identity or percentage composition requested under paragraph
(i)(3) of this section is not a “bona fide” trade secret, or that it is a trade secret, but the requesting health professional,
employee, or designated representative has a legitimate medical or occupational health need for the information, has
executed a written confidentiality agreement, and has shown adequate means to protect the confidentiality of the
information, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer will be subject to citation by OSHA.
(ii) If a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer demonstrates to OSHA that the execution of a confidentiality

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agreement would not provide sufficient protection against the potential harm from the unauthorized disclosure of a trade
secret, the Assistant Secretary may issue such orders or impose such additional limitations or conditions upon the
disclosure of the requested chemical information as may be appropriate to assure that the occupational health services
are provided without an undue risk of harm to the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer.
(11) If a citation for a failure to release trade secret information is contested by the chemical manufacturer, importer,
or employer, the matter will be adjudicated before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission in accordance
with the Act's enforcement scheme and the applicable Commission rules of procedure. In accordance with the
Commission rules, when a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer continues to withhold the information during the
contest, the Administrative Law Judge may review the citation and supporting documentation “in camera” or issue
appropriate orders to protect the confidentiality of such matters.
(12) Notwithstanding the existence of a trade secret claim, a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer shall, upon
request, disclose to the Assistant Secretary any information which this section requires the chemical manufacturer,
importer, or employer to make available. Where there is a trade secret claim, such claim shall be made no later than at
the time the information is provided to the Assistant Secretary so that suitable determinations of trade secret status can
be made and the necessary protections can be implemented.
(13) Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as requiring the disclosure under any circumstances of process
information which is a trade secret.
(j) Effective dates. (1) Employers shall train employees regarding the new label elements and safety data sheets
format by December 1, 2013.
(2) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers shall be in compliance with all modified provisions
of this section no later than June 1, 2015, except:
(i) After December 1, 2015, the distributor shall not ship containers labeled by the chemical manufacturer or importer
unless the label has been modified to comply with paragraph (f)(1) of this section.
(ii) All employers shall, as necessary, update any alternative workplace labeling used under paragraph (f)(6) of this
section, update the hazard communication program required by paragraph (h)(1), and provide any additional employee
training in accordance with paragraph (h)(3) for newly identified physical or health hazards no later than June 1, 2016.
(3) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers may comply with either §1910.1200 revised as of
October 1, 2011, or the current version of this standard, or both during the transition period.
Appendix A to §1910.1200—Health Hazard Criteria (Mandatory)
A.0   GENERAL CLASSIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS
A.0.1   Classification
A.0.1.1   The term “hazard classification” is used to indicate that only the intrinsic hazardous properties of chemicals are
considered. Hazard classification incorporates three steps:
(a) Identification of relevant data regarding the hazards of a chemical;
(b) Subsequent review of those data to ascertain the hazards associated with the chemical;
(c) Determination of whether the chemical will be classified as hazardous and the degree of hazard.
A.0.1.2   For many hazard classes, the criteria are semi-quantitative or qualitative and expert judgment is required to interpret
the data for classification purposes.

A.0.2   Available Data, Test Methods and Test Data Quality
A.0.2.1   There is no requirement for testing chemicals.
A.0.2.2   The criteria for determining health hazards are test method neutral, i.e., they do not specify particular test methods, as
long as the methods are scientifically validated.
A.0.2.3   The term “scientifically validated” refers to the process by which the reliability and the relevance of a procedure are
established for a particular purpose. Any test that determines hazardous properties, which is conducted according to recognized
scientific principles, can be used for purposes of a hazard determination for health hazards. Test conditions need to be standardized
so that the results are reproducible with a given substance, and the standardized test yields “valid” data for defining the hazard class
of concern.
A.0.2.4   Existing test data are acceptable for classifying chemicals, although expert judgment also may be needed for
classification purposes.
A.0.2.5   The effect of a chemical on biological systems is influenced, by the physico-chemical properties of the substance
and/or ingredients of the mixture and the way in which ingredient substances are biologically available. A chemical need not be
classified when it can be shown by conclusive experimental data from scientifically validated test methods that the chemical is not
biologically available.
A.0.2.6   For classification purposes, epidemiological data and experience on the effects of chemicals on humans (e.g.,
occupational data, data from accident databases) shall be taken into account in the evaluation of human health hazards of a
chemical.

A.0.3   Classification Based on Weight of Evidence

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A.0.3.1   For some hazard classes, classification results directly when the data satisfy the criteria. For others, classification of a
chemical shall be determined on the basis of the total weight of evidence using expert judgment. This means that all available
information bearing on the classification of hazard shall be considered together, including the results of valid in vitro tests, relevant
animal data, and human experience such as epidemiological and clinical studies and well-documented case reports and
observations.
A.0.3.2   The quality and consistency of the data shall be considered. Information on chemicals related to the material being
classified shall be considered as appropriate, as well as site of action and mechanism or mode of action study results. Both positive
and negative results shall be considered together in a single weight-of-evidence determination.
A.0.3.3   Positive effects which are consistent with the criteria for classification, whether seen in humans or animals, shall
normally justify classification. Where evidence is available from both humans and animals and there is a conflict between the
findings, the quality and reliability of the evidence from both sources shall be evaluated in order to resolve the question of
classification. Reliable, good quality human data shall generally have precedence over other data. However, even well-designed
and conducted epidemiological studies may lack a sufficient number of subjects to detect relatively rare but still significant effects, or
to assess potentially confounding factors. Therefore, positive results from well-conducted animal studies are not necessarily
negated by the lack of positive human experience but require an assessment of the robustness, quality and statistical power of both
the human and animal data.
A.0.3.4   Route of exposure, mechanistic information, and metabolism studies are pertinent to determining the relevance of an
effect in humans. When such information raises doubt about relevance in humans, a lower classification may be warranted. When
there is scientific evidence demonstrating that the mechanism or mode of action is not relevant to humans, the chemical should not
be classified.
A.0.3.5   Both positive and negative results are considered together in the weight of evidence determination. However, a single
positive study performed according to good scientific principles and with statistically and biologically significant positive results may
justify classification.

A.0.4   Considerations for the Classification of Mixtures
A.0.4.1   For most hazard classes, the recommended process of classification of mixtures is based on the following sequence:
(a) Where test data are available for the complete mixture, the classification of the mixture will always be based on those data;
(b) Where test data are not available for the mixture itself, the bridging principles designated in each health hazard chapter of
this appendix shall be considered for classification of the mixture;
(c) If test data are not available for the mixture itself, and the available information is not sufficient to allow application of the
above-mentioned bridging principles, then the method(s) described in each chapter for estimating the hazards based on the
information known will be applied to classify the mixture (e.g., application of cut-off values/concentration limits).
A.0.4.2   An exception to the above order or precedence is made for Carcinogenicity, Germ Cell Mutagenicity, and Reproductive
Toxicity. For these three hazard classes, mixtures shall be classified based upon information on the ingredient substances, unless
on a case-by-case basis, justification can be provided for classifying based upon the mixture as a whole. See chapters A.5, A.6, and
A.7 for further information on case-by-case bases.
A.0.4.3   Use of cut-off values/concentration limits.
A.0.4.3.1   When classifying an untested mixture based on the hazards of its ingredients, cut-off values/concentration limits for
the classified ingredients of the mixture are used for several hazard classes. While the adopted cut-off values/concentration limits
adequately identify the hazard for most mixtures, there may be some that contain hazardous ingredients at lower concentrations
than the specified cut-off values/concentration limits that still pose an identifiable hazard. There may also be cases where the cut-off
value/concentration limit is considerably lower than the established non-hazardous level for an ingredient.
A.0.4.3.2   If the classifier has information that the hazard of an ingredient will be evident (i.e., it presents a health risk) below the
specified cut-off value/concentration limit, the mixture containing that ingredient shall be classified accordingly.
A.0.4.3.3   In exceptional cases, conclusive data may demonstrate that the hazard of an ingredient will not be evident (i.e., it
does not present a health risk) when present at a level above the specified cut-off value/concentration limit(s). In these cases the
mixture may be classified according to those data. The data must exclude the possibility that the ingredient will behave in the
mixture in a manner that would increase the hazard over that of the pure substance. Furthermore, the mixture must not contain
ingredients that would affect that determination.
A.0.4.4   Synergistic or antagonistic effects.
When performing an assessment in accordance with these requirements, the evaluator must take into account all available
information about the potential occurrence of synergistic effects among the ingredients of the mixture. Lowering classification of a
mixture to a less hazardous category on the basis of antagonistic effects may be done only if the determination is supported by
sufficient data.

A.0.5   Bridging Principles for the Classification of Mixtures Where Test Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture
A.0.5.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its toxicity, but there are sufficient data on both the individual
ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data shall be used in
accordance with the following bridging principles, subject to any specific provisions for mixtures for each hazard class. These
principles ensure that the classification process uses the available data to the greatest extent possible in characterizing the hazards
of the mixture.
A.0.5.1.1   Dilution.
For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1 through A.10 of this Appendix, if a tested mixture is diluted with a diluent that has

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an equivalent or lower toxicity classification than the least toxic original ingredient, and which is not expected to affect the toxicity of
other ingredients, then:
(a) The new diluted mixture shall be classified as equivalent to the original tested mixture; or
(b) For classification of acute toxicity in accordance with A.1 of this Appendix, paragraph A.1.3.6 (the additivity formula) shall be
applied.
A.0.5.1.2   Batching.
For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1 through A.10 of this Appendix, the toxicity of a tested production batch of a
mixture can be assumed to be substantially equivalent to that of another untested production batch of the same mixture, when
produced by or under the control of the same chemical manufacturer, unless there is reason to believe there is significant variation
such that the toxicity of the untested batch has changed. If the latter occurs, a new classification is necessary.
A.0.5.1.3   Concentration of mixtures.
For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1, A.2, A.3, A.8, A.9, or A.10 of this Appendix, if a tested mixture is classified in
Category 1, and the concentration of the ingredients of the tested mixture that are in Category 1 is increased, the resulting untested
mixture shall be classified in Category 1.
A.0.5.1.4   Interpolation within one toxicity category.
For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1, A.2, A.3, A.8, A.9, or A.10 of this Appendix, for three mixtures (A, B and C) with
identical ingredients, where mixtures A and B have been tested and are in the same toxicity category, and where untested mixture C
has the same toxicologically active ingredients as mixtures A and B but has concentrations of toxicologically active ingredients
intermediate to the concentrations in mixtures A and B, then mixture C is assumed to be in the same toxicity category as A and B.
A.0.5.1.5   Substantially similar mixtures.
For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1 through A.10 of this Appendix, given the following set of conditions:
(a) Where there are two mixtures:
(i) A + B;
(ii) C + B;
(b) The concentration of ingredient B is essentially the same in both mixtures;
(c) The concentration of ingredient A in mixture (i) equals that of ingredient C in mixture (ii);
(d) And data on toxicity for A and C are available and substantially equivalent; i.e., they are in the same hazard category and are
not expected to affect the toxicity of B; then
If mixture (i) or (ii) is already classified based on test data, the other mixture can be assigned the same hazard category.
A.0.5.1.6   Aerosols.
For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4, A.8, or A.9 of this Appendix, an aerosol form of a mixture shall be
classified in the same hazard category as the tested, non-aerosolized form of the mixture, provided the added propellant does not
affect the toxicity of the mixture when spraying.

A.1   ACUTE TOXICITY
A.1.1   Definition
Acute toxicity refers to those adverse effects occurring following oral or dermal administration of a single dose of a substance, or
multiple doses given within 24 hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours.

A.1.2   Classification Criteria for Substances
A.1.2.1   Substances can be allocated to one of four toxicity categories based on acute toxicity by the oral, dermal or inhalation
route according to the numeric cut-off criteria as shown in Table A.1.1. Acute toxicity values are expressed as (approximate) LD50
(oral, dermal) or LC50 (inhalation) values or as acute toxicity estimates (ATE). See the footnotes following Table A.1.1 for further
explanation on the application of these values.
TaBlE A.1.1—AcUtE ToxicitY HaZard CatEgoriEs and AcUtE ToxicitY EstimatE (ATE) ValUEs DEfining thE REspEctivE CatEgoriEs
Exposure route

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

>50 and ≤300

>300 and ≤2000.

≤50 >50 and ≤200

>200 and ≤1000

>1000 and ≤2000.

≤100 >100 and ≤500

>500 and ≤2500

>2500 and ≤20000.

Oral (mg/kg bodyweight)
see: Note (a)

≤5 >5 and ≤50

Note (b)
Dermal (mg/kg bodyweight)
see: Note (a)
Note (b)
Inhalation—Gases (ppmV)
see: Note (a)
Note (b)
Note (c)

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Inhalation—Vapors (mg/l)
see: Note (a)

≤0.5 >0.5 and ≤2.0

>2.0 and ≤10.0

>10.0 and ≤20.0.

≤0.05 >0.05 and ≤0.5

>0.5 and ≤1.0

>1.0 and ≤5.0.

Note (b)
Note (c)
Note (d)
Inhalation—Dusts and Mists (mg/l)
see: Note (a)
Note (b)
Note (c)
Note: Gas concentrations are expressed in parts per million per volume (ppmV).
Notes to Table A.1.1:
(a) The acute toxicity estimate (ATE) for the classification of a substance is derived using the LD50/LC50 where available;
(b) The acute toxicity estimate (ATE) for the classification of a substance or ingredient in a mixture is derived using:
(i) the LD50/LC50 where available. Otherwise,
(ii) the appropriate conversion value from Table 1.2 that relates to the results of a range test, or
(iii) the appropriate conversion value from Table 1.2 that relates to a classification category;
(c) Inhalation cut-off values in the table are based on 4 hour testing exposures. Conversion of existing inhalation toxicity data
which has been generated according to 1 hour exposure is achieved by dividing by a factor of 2 for gases and vapors and 4 for
dusts and mists;
(d) For some substances the test atmosphere will be a vapor which consists of a combination of liquid and gaseous phases. For
other substances the test atmosphere may consist of a vapor which is nearly all the gaseous phase. In these latter cases,
classification is based on ppmV as follows: Category 1 (100 ppmV), Category 2 (500 ppmV), Category 3 (2500 ppmV), Category 4
(20000 ppmV).
The terms “dust”, “mist” and “vapor” are defined as follows:
(i) Dust: solid particles of a substance or mixture suspended in a gas (usually air);
(ii) Mist: liquid droplets of a substance or mixture suspended in a gas (usually air);
(iii) Vapor: the gaseous form of a substance or mixture released from its liquid or solid state.
A.1.2.3   The preferred test species for evaluation of acute toxicity by the oral and inhalation routes is the rat, while the rat or
rabbit are preferred for evaluation of acute dermal toxicity. Test data already generated for the classification of chemicals under
existing systems should be accepted when reclassifying these chemicals under the harmonized system. When experimental data
for acute toxicity are available in several animal species, scientific judgment should be used in selecting the most appropriate LD50
value from among scientifically validated tests.

A.1.3   Classification Criteria for Mixtures
A.1.3.1   The approach to classification of mixtures for acute toxicity is tiered, and is dependent upon the amount of information
available for the mixture itself and for its ingredients. The flow chart of Figure A.1.1 indicates the process that must be followed:

View or download PDF

A.1.3.2   Classification of mixtures for acute toxicity may be carried out for each route of exposure, but is only required for one
route of exposure as long as this route is followed (estimated or tested) for all ingredients and there is no relevant evidence to
suggest acute toxicity by multiple routes. When there is relevant evidence of acute toxicity by multiple routes of exposure,
classification is to be conducted for all appropriate routes of exposure. All available information shall be considered. The pictogram

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and signal word used shall reflect the most severe hazard category; and all relevant hazard statements shall be used.
A.1.3.3   For purposes of classifying the hazards of mixtures in the tiered approach:
(a) The “relevant ingredients” of a mixture are those which are present in concentrations ≥1% (weight/weight for solids, liquids,
dusts, mists and vapors and volume/volume for gases). If there is reason to suspect that an ingredient present at a concentration
<1% will affect classification of the mixture for acute toxicity, that ingredient shall also be considered relevant. Consideration of
ingredients present at a concentration <1% is particularly important when classifying untested mixtures which contain ingredients
that are classified in Category 1 and Category 2;
(b) Where a classified mixture is used as an ingredient of another mixture, the actual or derived acute toxicity estimate (ATE) for
that mixture is used when calculating the classification of the new mixture using the formulas in A.1.3.6.1 and A.1.3.6.2.4.
(c) If the converted acute toxicity point estimates for all ingredients of a mixture are within the same category, then the mixture
should be classified in that category.
(d) When only range data (or acute toxicity hazard category information) are available for ingredients in a mixture, they may be
converted to point estimates in accordance with Table A.1.2 when calculating the classification of the new mixture using the
formulas in A.1.3.6.1 and A.1.3.6.2.4.

A.1.3.4   Classification of Mixtures Where Acute Toxicity Test Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
Where the mixture itself has been tested to determine its acute toxicity, it is classified according to the same criteria as those
used for substances, presented in Table A.1.1. If test data for the mixture are not available, the procedures presented below must
be followed.

A.1.3.5   Classification of Mixtures Where Acute Toxicity Test Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging
Principles
A.1.3.5.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its acute toxicity, but there are sufficient data on both the
individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be used in
accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching, Concentration of
mixtures, Interpolation within one toxicity category, Substantially similar mixtures, and Aerosols.

A.1.3.6   Classification of Mixtures Based on Ingredients of the Mixture (Additivity Formula)
A.1.3.6.1   Data available for all ingredients.
The acute toxicity estimate (ATE) of ingredients is considered as follows:
(a) Include ingredients with a known acute toxicity, which fall into any of the acute toxicity categories, or have an oral or dermal
LD50 greater than 2000 but less than or equal to 5000 mg/kg body weight (or the equivalent dose for inhalation);
(b) Ignore ingredients that are presumed not acutely toxic (e.g., water, sugar);
(c) Ignore ingredients if the data available are from a limit dose test (at the upper threshold for Category 4 for the appropriate
route of exposure as provided in Table A.1.1) and do not show acute toxicity.
Ingredients that fall within the scope of this paragraph are considered to be ingredients with a known acute toxicity estimate
(ATE). See note (b) to Table A.1.1 and paragraph A.1.3.3 for appropriate application of available data to the equation below, and
paragraph A.1.3.6.2.4.
The ATE of the mixture is determined by calculation from the ATE values for all relevant ingredients according to the following
formula below for oral, dermal or inhalation toxicity:

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Where:
Ci = concentration of ingredient i
n ingredients and i is running from 1 to n
ATEi = acute toxicity estimate of ingredient i.
A.1.3.6.2   Data are not available for one or more ingredients of the mixture.
A.1.3.6.2.1   Where an ATE is not available for an individual ingredient of the mixture, but available information provides a
derived conversion value, the formula in A.1.3.6.1 may be applied. This information may include evaluation of:
(a) Extrapolation between oral, dermal and inhalation acute toxicity estimates. Such an evaluation requires appropriate
pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data;
(b) Evidence from human exposure that indicates toxic effects but does not provide lethal dose data;
(c) Evidence from any other toxicity tests/assays available on the substance that indicates toxic acute effects but does not
necessarily provide lethal dose data; or
(d) Data from closely analogous substances using structure/activity relationships.

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A.1.3.6.2.2   This approach requires substantial supplemental technical information, and a highly trained and experienced
expert, to reliably estimate acute toxicity. If sufficient information is not available to reliably estimate acute toxicity, proceed to the
provisions of A.1.3.6.2.3.
A.1.3.6.2.3   In the event that an ingredient with unknown acute toxicity is used in a mixture at a concentration ≥1%, and the
mixture has not been classified based on testing of the mixture as a whole, the mixture cannot be attributed a definitive acute
toxicity estimate. In this situation the mixture is classified based on the known ingredients only. (Note: A statement that × percent of
the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknown toxicity is required on the label and safety data sheet in such cases; see Appendix
C to this section, Allocation of Label Elements and Appendix D to this section, Safety Data Sheets.)
Where an ingredient with unknown acute toxicity is used in a mixture at a concentration ≥1%, and the mixture is not classified
based on testing of the mixture as a whole, a statement that X% of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknown acute toxicity is
required on the label and safety data sheet in such cases; see Appendix C to this section, Allocation of Label Elements and
Appendix D to this section, Safety Data Sheets.)
A.1.3.6.2.4   If the total concentration of the relevant ingredient(s) with unknown acute toxicity is ≤10% then the formula
presented in A.1.3.6.1 must be used. If the total concentration of the relevant ingredient(s) with unknown acute toxicity is >10%, the
formula presented in A.1.3.6.1 is corrected to adjust for the percentage of the unknown ingredient(s) as follows:

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TaBlE A.1.2—ConvErsion From ExpErimEntallY OBtainEd AcUtE ToxicitY RangE ValUEs (or AcUtE ToxicitY HaZard CatEgoriEs) to
AcUtE ToxicitY Point EstimatEs for UsE in thE FormUlas for thE Classification of MixtUrEs

Exposure routes

Classification category or experimentally obtained
acute
toxicity range estimate

Oral (mg/kg bodyweight )

0 3 min ≤1 h

≤14 days.

1C

>1 h ≤4 h

≤14 days.

A.2.2.2   Irritation
A.2.2.2.1   A single irritant category (Category 2) is presented in the Table A.2.2. The major criterion for the irritant category is
that at least 2 tested animals have a mean score of ≥2.3 ≤4.0.
TaBlE A.2.2—SKin Irritation CatEgorY

Criteria

(1) Mean value of ≥2.3 ≤4.0 for erythema/eschar or for edema in at least 2 of 3 tested animals from gradings at 24, 48
Irritant
(Category and 72 hours after patch removal or, if reactions are delayed, from grades on 3 consecutive days after the onset of skin
reactions; or
2)

(2) Inflammation that persists to the end of the observation period normally 14 days in at least 2 animals, particularly
taking into account alopecia (limited area), hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, and scaling; or

(3) In some cases where there is pronounced variability of response among animals, with very definite positive effects
related to chemical exposure in a single animal but less than the criteria above.

A.2.2.2.2   Animal irritant responses within a test can be quite variable, as they are with corrosion. A separate irritant criterion
accommodates cases when there is a significant irritant response but less than the mean score criterion for a positive test. For
example, a substance might be designated as an irritant if at least 1 of 3 tested animals shows a very elevated mean score
throughout the study, including lesions persisting at the end of an observation period of normally 14 days. Other responses could
also fulfil this criterion. However, it should be ascertained that the responses are the result of chemical exposure. Addition of this
criterion increases the sensitivity of the classification system.
A.2.2.2.3   Reversibility of skin lesions is another consideration in evaluating irritant responses. When inflammation persists to
the end of the observation period in 2 or more test animals, taking into consideration alopecia (limited area), hyperkeratosis,
hyperplasia and scaling, then a chemical should be considered to be an irritant.

A.2.3   Classification Criteria for Substances Using Other Data Elements
A.2.3.1   Existing human and animal data including information from single or repeated exposure should be the first line of
analysis, as they give information directly relevant to effects on the skin. If a substance is highly toxic by the dermal route, a skin
corrosion/irritation study may not be practicable since the amount of test substance to be applied would considerably exceed the
toxic dose and, consequently, would result in the death of the animals. When observations are made of skin corrosion/irritation in
acute toxicity studies and are observed up through the limit dose, these data may be used for classification provided that the
dilutions used and species tested are equivalent. In vitro alternatives that have been scientifically validated shall be used to make
classification decisions. Solid substances (powders) may become corrosive or irritant when moistened or in contact with moist skin
or mucous membranes. Likewise, pH extremes like ≤2 and ≥11.5 may indicate skin effects, especially when associated with
significant buffering capacity. Generally, such substances are expected to produce significant effects on the skin. In the absence of
any other information, a substance is considered corrosive (Skin Category 1) if it has a pH ≤2 or a pH ≥11.5. However, if
consideration of alkali/acid reserve suggests the substance or mixture may not be corrosive despite the low or high pH value, then
further evaluation may be necessary. In some cases enough information may be available from structurally related compounds to
make classification decisions.
A.2.3.2   A tiered approach to the evaluation of initial information shall be used (Figure A.2.1) recognizing that all elements may
not be relevant in certain cases.
A.2.3.3   The tiered approach explains how to organize information on a substance and to make a weight-of-evidence decision
about hazard assessment and hazard classification.
A.2.3.4   All the above information that is available on a substance shall be evaluated. Although information might be gained
from the evaluation of single parameters within a tier, there is merit in considering the totality of existing information and making an
overall weight of evidence determination. This is especially true when there is information available on some but not all parameters.
Emphasis shall be placed upon existing human experience and data, followed by animal experience and testing data, followed by
other sources of information, but case-by-case determinations are necessary.

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A.2.4   Classification Criteria for Mixtures
A.2.4.1   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
A.2.4.1.1   The mixture shall be classified using the criteria for substances (See A.2.3).

A.2.4.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
A.2.4.2.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its skin corrosion/irritation, but there are sufficient data on
both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be
used in accordance with the following bridging principles, as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching,
Concentration of mixtures, Interpolation within one toxicity category, Substantially similar mixtures, and Aerosols.

A.2.4.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for All Ingredients or Only for Some Ingredients of the
Mixture

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A.2.4.3.1   For purposes of classifying the skin corrosion/irritation hazards of mixtures in the tiered approach:
The “relevant ingredients” of a mixture are those which are present in concentrations ≥1% (weight/weight for solids, liquids,
dusts, mists and vapors and volume/volume for gases.) If the classifier has reason to suspect that an ingredient present at a
concentration <1% will affect classification of the mixture for skin corrosion/irritation, that ingredient shall also be considered
relevant.
A.2.4.3.2   In general, the approach to classification of mixtures as irritant or corrosive to skin when data are available on the
ingredients, but not on the mixture as a whole, is based on the theory of additivity, such that each corrosive or irritant ingredient
contributes to the overall irritant or corrosive properties of the mixture in proportion to its potency and concentration. A weighting
factor of 10 is used for corrosive ingredients when they are present at a concentration below the concentration limit for classification
with Category 1, but are at a concentration that will contribute to the classification of the mixture as an irritant. The mixture is
classified as corrosive or irritant when the sum of the concentrations of such ingredients exceeds a cut-off value/concentration limit.
A.2.4.3.3   Table A.2.3 below provides the cut-off value/concentration limits to be used to determine if the mixture is considered
to be an irritant or a corrosive to the skin.
A.2.4.3.4   Particular care shall be taken when classifying certain types of chemicals such as acids and bases, inorganic salts,
aldehydes, phenols, and surfactants. The approach explained in A.2.4.3.1 and A.2.4.3.2 might not work given that many of such
substances are corrosive or irritant at concentrations <1%. For mixtures containing strong acids or bases the pH should be used as
classification criteria since pH will be a better indicator of corrosion than the concentration limits of Table A.2.3. A mixture containing
corrosive or irritant ingredients that cannot be classified based on the additivity approach shown in Table A.2.3, due to chemical
characteristics that make this approach unworkable, should be classified as Skin Category 1 if it contains ≥1% of a corrosive
ingredient and as Skin Category 2 when it contains ≥3% of an irritant ingredient. Classification of mixtures with ingredients for which
the approach in Table A.2.3 does not apply is summarized in Table A.2.4 below.
A.2.4.3.5   On occasion, reliable data may show that the skin corrosion/irritation of an ingredient will not be evident when
present at a level above the generic concentration cut-off values mentioned in Tables A.2.3 and A.2.4. In these cases the mixture
could be classified according to those data (See Use of cut-off values/concentration limits, paragraph A.0.4.3 of this Appendix).
A.2.4.3.6   If there are data showing that (an) ingredient(s) may be corrosive or irritant at a concentration of <1% (corrosive) or
<3% (irritant), the mixture shall be classified accordingly (See Use of cut-off values/concentration limits, paragraph A.0.4.3 of this
Appendix).
TaBlE A.2.3—ConcEntration of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as SKin CatEgorY 1 or 2 That WoUld TriggEr Classification of thE
MixtUrE as HaZardoUs to SKin
[Category 1 or 2]
Concentration triggering classification of a mixture as:
Skin corrosive

Skin irritant

Category 1

Sum of ingredients classified as:

Category 2
≥5% ≥1% but <5%.

Skin Category 1
Skin Category 2

≥10%.

(10 × Skin Category 1) + Skin Category 2

≥10%.

TaBlE A.2.4—ConcEntration of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE for Which thE AdditivitY Approach DoEs Not ApplY, That WoUld TriggEr
Classification of thE MixtUrE as HaZardoUs to SKin
Mixture
classified as:
Concentration: Skin

Ingredient:
Acid with pH ≤2

≥1% Category 1.

Base with pH ≥11.5

≥1% Category 1.

Other corrosive (Category 1) ingredients for which additivity does not apply

≥1% Category 1.

Other irritant (Category 2) ingredients for which additivity does not apply, including acids and bases

≥3% Category 2.

A.3   SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/EYE IRRITATION
A.3.1   Definitions and General Considerations
A.3.1.1   Serious eye damage is the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following
application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application.
Eye irritation is the production of changes in the eye following the application of test substance to the anterior surface of the eye,
which are fully reversible within 21 days of application.
A.3.1.2   Serious eye damage/eye irritation shall be classified using a tiered approach as detailed in Figure A.3.1. Emphasis
shall be placed upon existing human data (See A.0.2.6), followed by animal data, followed by other sources of information.
Classification results directly when the data satisfy the criteria in this section. In case the criteria cannot be directly applied,
classification of a substance or a mixture is made on the basis of the total weight of evidence (See A.0.3.1). This means that all
available information bearing on the determination of serious eye damage/eye irritation is considered together, including the results
of appropriate scientifically validated in vitro tests, relevant animal data, and human data such as epidemiological and clinical
studies and well-documented case reports and observations.

A.3.2   Classification Criteria for Substances Using Animal Test Data

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A.3.2.1   Irreversible effects on the eye/serious damage to eyes (Category 1).
A single hazard category is provided in Table A.3.1, for substances that have the potential to seriously damage the eyes.
Category 1, irreversible effects on the eye, includes the criteria listed below. These observations include animals with grade 4
cornea lesions and other severe reactions (e.g. destruction of cornea) observed at any time during the test, as well as persistent
corneal opacity, discoloration of the cornea by a dye substance, adhesion, pannus, and interference with the function of the iris or
other effects that impair sight. In this context, persistent lesions are considered those which are not fully reversible within an
observation period of normally 21 days. Category 1 also contains substances fulfilling the criteria of corneal opacity ≥3 and/or iritis
>1.5 detected in a Draize eye test with rabbits, because severe lesions like these usually do not reverse within a 21-day observation
period.
TaBlE A.3.1—IrrEvErsiBlE EYE EffEcts

A substance is classified as Serious Eye Damage Category 1 (irreversible effects on the eye) when it produces:
(a) at least in one tested animal, effects on the cornea, iris or conjunctiva that are not expected to reverse or have not fully
reversed within an observation period of normally 21 days; and/or
(b) at least in 2 of 3 tested animals, a positive response of:
(i) corneal opacity ≥3; and/or
(ii) iritis >1.5;
calculated as the mean scores following grading at 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation of the substance.
A.3.2.2   Reversible effects on the eye (Category 2).
A single category is provided in Table A.3.2 for substances that have the potential to induce reversible eye irritation.
TaBlE A.3.2—REvErsiBlE EYE EffEcts

A substance is classified as Eye irritant Category 2A (irritating to eyes) when it produces in at least in 2 of 3 tested animals a
positive response of:
(i) corneal opacity ≥1; and/or
(ii) iritis ≥1; and/or
(iii) conjunctival redness ≥2; and/or
(iv) conjunctival edema (chemosis) ≥2
calculated as the mean scores following grading at 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation of the substance, and which fully
reverses within an observation period of normally 21 days.
An eye irritant is considered mildly irritating to eyes (Category 2B) when the effects listed above are fully reversible within 7 days of
observation.
A.3.2.3   For those chemicals where there is pronounced variability among animal responses, this information may be taken into
account in determining the classification.

A.3.3   Classification Criteria for Substances Using Other Data Elements
A.3.3.1   Existing human and animal data should be the first line of analysis, as they give information directly relevant to effects
on the eye. Possible skin corrosion shall be evaluated prior to consideration of serious eye damage/eye irritation in order to avoid
testing for local effects on eyes with skin corrosive substances. In vitro alternatives that have been scientifically validated and
accepted shall be used to make classification decisions. Likewise, pH extremes like ≤2 and ≥11.5, may indicate serious eye
damage, especially when associated with significant buffering capacity. Generally, such substances are expected to produce
significant effects on the eyes. In the absence of any other information, a mixture/substance is considered to cause serious eye
damage (Eye Category 1) if it has a pH ≤2 or ≥11.5. However, if consideration of acid/alkaline reserve suggests the substance may
not have the potential to cause serious eye damage despite the low or high pH value, then further evaluation may be necessary. In
some cases enough information may be available from structurally related compounds to make classification decisions.
A.3.3.2   A tiered approach to the evaluation of initial information shall be used where applicable, recognizing that all elements
may not be relevant in certain cases (Figure A.3.1).
A.3.3.3   The tiered approach explains how to organize existing information on a substance and to make a weight-of-evidence
decision, where appropriate, about hazard assessment and hazard classification.
A.3.3.4   All the above information that is available on a substance shall be evaluated. Although information might be gained
from the evaluation of single parameters within a tier, consideration should be given to the totality of existing information and making
an overall weight-of-evidence determination. This is especially true when there is conflict in information available on some
parameters.

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A.3.4   Classification Criteria for Mixtures
A.3.4.1   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
A.3.4.1.1   The mixture will be classified using the criteria for substances.
A.3.4.1.2   Unlike other hazard classes, there are alternative tests available for skin corrosivity of certain types of chemicals that
can give an accurate result for classification purposes, as well as being simple and relatively inexpensive to perform. When
considering testing of the mixture, chemical manufacturers are encouraged to use a tiered weight of evidence strategy as included
in the criteria for classification of substances for skin corrosion and serious eye damage and eye irritation to help ensure an
accurate classification, as well as avoid unnecessary animal testing. In the absence of any other information, a mixture is
considered to cause serious eye damage (Eye Category 1) if it has a pH ≤2 or ≥11.5. However, if consideration of acid/alkaline
reserve suggests the substance or mixture may not have the potential to cause serious eye damage despite the low or high pH
value, then further evaluation may be necessary.

A.3.4.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
A.3.4.2.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its skin corrosivity or potential to cause serious eye
damage or eye irritation, but there are sufficient data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately

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characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be used in accordance with the following bridging principles, as found in
paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching, Concentration of mixtures, Interpolation within one toxicity category,
Substantially similar mixtures, and Aerosols.

A.3.4.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for All Ingredients or Only for Some Ingredients of the
Mixture
A.3.4.3.1   For purposes of classifying the eye corrosion/irritation hazards of mixtures in the tiered approach:
The “relevant ingredients” of a mixture are those which are present in concentrations ≥1% (weight/weight for solids, liquids,
dusts, mists and vapors and volume/volume for gases.) If the classifier has reason to suspect that an ingredient present at a
concentration <1% will affect classification of the mixture for eye corrosion/irritation, that ingredient shall also be considered
relevant.
A.3.4.3.2   In general, the approach to classification of mixtures as seriously damaging to the eye or eye irritant when data are
available on the ingredients, but not on the mixture as a whole, is based on the theory of additivity, such that each corrosive or
irritant ingredient contributes to the overall irritant or corrosive properties of the mixture in proportion to its potency and
concentration. A weighting factor of 10 is used for corrosive ingredients when they are present at a concentration below the
concentration limit for classification with Category 1, but are at a concentration that will contribute to the classification of the mixture
as an irritant. The mixture is classified as seriously damaging to the eye or eye irritant when the sum of the concentrations of such
ingredients exceeds a threshold cut-off value/concentration limit.
A.3.4.3.3   Table A.3.3 provides the cut-off value/concentration limits to be used to determine if the mixture should be classified
as seriously damaging to the eye or an eye irritant.
A.3.4.3.4   Particular care must be taken when classifying certain types of chemicals such as acids and bases, inorganic salts,
aldehydes, phenols, and surfactants. The approach explained in A.3.4.3.1 and A.3.4.3.2 might not work given that many of such
substances are corrosive or irritant at concentrations <1%. For mixtures containing strong acids or bases, the pH should be used as
classification criteria (See A.3.4.1) since pH will be a better indicator of serious eye damage than the concentration limits of Table
A.3.3. A mixture containing corrosive or irritant ingredients that cannot be classified based on the additivity approach applied in
Table A.3.3 due to chemical characteristics that make this approach unworkable, should be classified as Eye Category 1 if it
contains ≥1% of a corrosive ingredient and as Eye Category 2 when it contains ≥3% of an irritant ingredient. Classification of
mixtures with ingredients for which the approach in Table A.3.3 does not apply is summarized in Table A.3.4.
A.3.4.3.5   On occasion, reliable data may show that the reversible/irreversible eye effects of an ingredient will not be evident
when present at a level above the generic cut-off values/concentration limits mentioned in Tables A.3.3 and A.3.4. In these cases
the mixture could be classified according to those data (See also A.0.4.3 Use of cut-off values/concentration limits”). On occasion,
when it is expected that the skin corrosion/irritation or the reversible/irreversible eye effects of an ingredient will not be evident when
present at a level above the generic concentration/cut-off levels mentioned in Tables A.3.3 and A.3.4, testing of the mixture may be
considered. In those cases, the tiered weight of evidence strategy should be applied as referred to in section A.3.3, Figure A.3.1 and
explained in detail in this chapter.
A.3.4.3.6   If there are data showing that (an) ingredient(s) may be corrosive or irritant at a concentration of <1% (corrosive) or
<3% (irritant), the mixture should be classified accordingly (See also paragraph A.0.4.3, Use of cut-off values/concentration limits).
TaBlE A.3.3—ConcEntration of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as SKin CatEgorY 1 and/or EYE CatEgorY 1 or 2 That WoUld
TriggEr Classification of thE MixtUrEs as HaZardoUs to thE EYE
Concentration triggering classification of a mixture as:
Irreversible eye effects

Reversible eye effects

Category 1

Sum of ingredients classified as:

Category 2
≥3% ≥1% but <3%.

Eye or Skin Category 1

≥10%.

Eye Category 2

≥10%.

(10 × Eye Category 1) + Eye Category 2

≥3% ≥1% but <3%.

Skin Category 1 + Eye Category 1
10 × (Skin Category 1 + Eye Category 1) + Eye Category 2

≥10%.

Note: A mixture may be classified as Eye Category 2B in cases when all relevant ingredients are classified as Eye Category 2B.
TaBlE A.3.4—ConcEntration of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE for Which thE AdditivitY Approach DoEs Not ApplY, That WoUld TriggEr
Classification of thE MixtUrE as HaZardoUs to thE EYE
Mixture
classified as:
Concentration Eye

Ingredient
Acid with pH ≤2

≥1% Category 1.

Base with pH ≥11.5

≥1% Category 1.

Other corrosive (Category 1) ingredients for which additivity does not apply

≥1% Category 1.

Other irritant (Category 2) ingredients for which additivity does not apply, including acids and bases

≥3% Category 2.

A.4   RESPIRATORY OR SKIN SENSITIZATION
A.4.1   Definitions and General Considerations
A.4.1.1   Respiratory sensitizer means a chemical that will lead to hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the
chemical.

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Skin sensitizer means a chemical that will lead to an allergic response following skin contact.
A.4.1.2   For the purpose of this chapter, sensitization includes two phases: the first phase is induction of specialized
immunological memory in an individual by exposure to an allergen. The second phase is elicitation, i.e., production of a cellmediated or antibody-mediated allergic response by exposure of a sensitized individual to an allergen.
A.4.1.3   For respiratory sensitization, the pattern of induction followed by elicitation phases is shared in common with skin
sensitization. For skin sensitization, an induction phase is required in which the immune system learns to react; clinical symptoms
can then arise when subsequent exposure is sufficient to elicit a visible skin reaction (elicitation phase). As a consequence,
predictive tests usually follow this pattern in which there is an induction phase, the response to which is measured by a standardized
elicitation phase, typically involving a patch test. The local lymph node assay is the exception, directly measuring the induction
response. Evidence of skin sensitization in humans normally is assessed by a diagnostic patch test.
A.4.1.4   Usually, for both skin and respiratory sensitization, lower levels are necessary for elicitation than are required for
induction.
A.4.1.5   The hazard class “respiratory or skin sensitization” is differentiated into:
(a) Respiratory sensitization; and
(b) Skin sensitization.

A.4.2   Classification Criteria for Substances
A.4.2.1   Respiratory Sensitizers
A.4.2.1.1   Hazard Categories.
A.4.2.1.1.1   Effects seen in either humans or animals will normally justify classification in a weight of evidence approach for
respiratory sensitizers. Substances may be allocated to one of the two sub-categories 1A or 1B using a weight of evidence
approach in accordance with the criteria given in Table A.4.1 and on the basis of reliable and good quality evidence from human
cases or epidemiological studies and/or observations from appropriate studies in experimental animals.
A.4.2.1.1.2   Where data are not sufficient for sub-categorization, respiratory sensitizers shall be classified in Category 1.
TaBlE A.4.1—HaZard CatEgorY and SUB-CatEgoriEs for REspiratorY SEnsitiZErs
Category
1
Respiratory sensitizer

A substance is classified as a respiratory sensitizer.

(a) if there is evidence in humans that the substance can lead to specific respiratory hypersensitivity and/or

(b) if there are positive results from an appropriate animal test.1

Substances showing a high frequency of occurrence in humans; or a probability of occurrence of a high sensitization rate
Subcategory in humans based on animal or other tests.1 Severity of reaction may also be considered.
1A
Substances showing a low to moderate frequency of occurrence in humans; or a probability of occurrence of a low to
Subcategory moderate sensitization rate in humans based on animal or other tests.1 Severity of reaction may also be considered.
1B
1
At this writing, recognized and validated animal models for the testing of respiratory hypersensitivity are not available. Under
certain circumstances, data from animal studies may provide valuable information in a weight of evidence assessment.

A.4.2.1.2   Human evidence.
A.4.2.1.2.1   Evidence that a substance can lead to specific respiratory hypersensitivity will normally be based on human
experience. In this context, hypersensitivity is normally seen as asthma, but other hypersensitivity reactions such as
rhinitis/conjunctivitis and alveolitis are also considered. The condition will have the clinical character of an allergic reaction.
However, immunological mechanisms do not have to be demonstrated.
A.4.2.1.2.2   When considering the human evidence, it is necessary that in addition to the evidence from the cases, the following
be taken into account:
(a) The size of the population exposed;
(b) The extent of exposure.
A.4.2.1.2.3   The evidence referred to above could be:
(a) Clinical history and data from appropriate lung function tests related to exposure to the substance, confirmed by other
supportive evidence which may include:
(i) In vivo immunological test (e.g., skin prick test);
(ii) In vitro immunological test (e.g., serological analysis);
(iii) Studies that may indicate other specific hypersensitivity reactions where immunological mechanisms of action have not been
proven, e.g., repeated low-level irritation, pharmacologically mediated effects;
(iv) A chemical structure related to substances known to cause respiratory hypersensitivity;
(b) Data from positive bronchial challenge tests with the substance conducted according to accepted guidelines for the

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determination of a specific hypersensitivity reaction.
A.4.2.1.2.4   Clinical history should include both medical and occupational history to determine a relationship between exposure
to a specific substance and development of respiratory hypersensitivity. Relevant information includes aggravating factors both in
the home and workplace, the onset and progress of the disease, family history and medical history of the patient in question. The
medical history should also include a note of other allergic or airway disorders from childhood and smoking history.
A.4.2.1.2.5   The results of positive bronchial challenge tests are considered to provide sufficient evidence for classification on
their own. It is, however, recognized that in practice many of the examinations listed above will already have been carried out.
A.4.2.1.3   Animal studies.
A.4.2.1.3.1   Data from appropriate animal studies2 which may be indicative of the potential of a substance to cause sensitization
by inhalation in humans3 may include:
2
At this writing, recognized and validated animal models for the testing of respiratory hypersensitivity are not available. Under
certain circumstances, data from animal studies may provide valuable information in a weight of evidence assessment.
3
The mechanisms by which substances induce symptoms of asthma are not yet fully known. For preventive measures, these
substances are considered respiratory sensitizers. However, if on the basis of the evidence, it can be demonstrated that these
substances induce symptoms of asthma by irritation only in people with bronchial hyperactivity, they should not be considered as
respiratory sensitizers.

(a) Measurements of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and other specific immunological parameters, for example in mice
(b) Specific pulmonary responses in guinea pigs.

A.4.2.2   Skin Sensitizers
A.4.2.2.1   Hazard categories.
A.4.2.2.1.1   Effects seen in either humans or animals will normally justify classification in a weight of evidence approach for skin
sensitizers. Substances may be allocated to one of the two sub-categories 1A or 1B using a weight of evidence approach in
accordance with the criteria given in Table A.4.2 and on the basis of reliable and good quality evidence from human cases or
epidemiological studies and/or observations from appropriate studies in experimental animals according to the guidance values
provided in A.4.2.2.2.1 and A.4.2.2.3.2 for sub-category 1A and in A.4.2.2.2.2 and A.4.2.2.3.3 for sub-category 1B.
A.4.2.2.1.2   Where data are not sufficient for sub-categorization, skin sensitizers shall be classified in Category 1.
TaBlE A.4.2—HaZard CatEgorY and SUB-CatEgoriEs for SKin SEnsitiZErs
Category
1
Skin sensitizer

A substance is classified as a skin sensitizer.

(a) if there is evidence in humans that the substance can lead to sensitization by skin contact in a substantial number of
persons, or

(b) if there are positive results from an appropriate animal test.

Substances showing a high frequency of occurrence in humans and/or a high potency in animals can be presumed to
Subcategory have the potential to produce significant sensitization in humans. Severity of reaction may also be considered.
1A
Substances showing a low to moderate frequency of occurrence in humans and/or a low to moderate potency in animals
Subcategory can be presumed to have the potential to produce sensitization in humans. Severity of reaction may also be considered.
1B
A.4.2.2.2   Human evidence.
A.4.2.2.2.1   Human evidence for sub-category 1A may include:
(a) Positive responses at ≤500 µg/cm2 (Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT), Human Maximization Test (HMT)—induction
threshold);
(b) Diagnostic patch test data where there is a relatively high and substantial incidence of reactions in a defined population in
relation to relatively low exposure;
(c) Other epidemiological evidence where there is a relatively high and substantial incidence of allergic contact dermatitis in
relation to relatively low exposure.
A.4.2.2.2.2   Human evidence for sub-category 1B may include:
(a) Positive responses at >500 µg/cm2 (HRIPT, HMT—induction threshold);
(b) Diagnostic patch test data where there is a relatively low but substantial incidence of reactions in a defined population in
relation to relatively high exposure;
(c) Other epidemiological evidence where there is a relatively low but substantial incidence of allergic contact dermatitis in
relation to relatively high exposure.
A.4.2.2.3   Animal studies
A.4.2.2.3.1   For Category 1, when an adjuvant type test method for skin sensitization is used, a response of at least 30% of the
animals is considered as positive. For a non-adjuvant Guinea pig test method a response of at least 15% of the animals is

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considered positive. For Category 1, a stimulation index of three or more is considered a positive response in the local lymph node
assay.4
4
Test methods for skin sensitization are described in OECD Guideline 406 (the Guinea Pig Maximization test and the Buehler
guinea pig test) and Guideline 429 (Local Lymph Node Assay). Other methods may be used provided that they are scientifically
validated. The Mouse Ear Swelling Test (MEST), appears to be a reliable screening test to detect moderate to strong sensitizers,
and can be used, in accordance with professional judgment, as a first stage in the assessment of skin sensitization potential.

A.4.2.2.3.2   Animal test results for sub-category 1A can include data with values indicated in Table A.4.3 below:
TaBlE A.4.3—Animal TEst REsUlts for SUB-CatEgorY 1A
Assay

Criteria

Local lymph node assay

EC3 value ≤2%.

Guinea pig maximization test

≥30% responding at ≤0.1% intradermal induction dose or

≥60% responding at >0.1% to ≤1% intradermal induction dose.

Buehler assay

≥15% responding at ≤0.2% topical induction dose or

≥60% responding at >0.2% to ≤20% topical induction dose.

Note: EC3 refers to the estimated concentration of test chemical required to induce a stimulation index of 3 in the local lymph
node assay.
A.4.2.2.3.3   Animal test results for sub-category 1B can include data with values indicated in Table A.4.4 below:
TaBlE A.4.4—Animal TEst REsUlts for SUB-CatEgorY 1B
Assay

Criteria

Local lymph node assay

EC3 value >2%.

Guinea pig maximization test

≥30% to <60% responding at >0.1% to ≤1% intradermal induction dose or

≥30% responding at >1% intradermal induction dose.

Buehler assay

≥15% to <60% responding at >0.2% to ≤20% topical induction dose or

≥15% responding at >20% topical induction dose.

Note: EC3 refers to the estimated concentration of test chemical required to induce a stimulation index of 3 in the local lymph
node assay.
A.4.2.2.4   Specific considerations.
A.4.2.2.4.1   For classification of a substance, evidence shall include one or more of the following using a weight of evidence
approach:
(a) Positive data from patch testing, normally obtained in more than one dermatology clinic;
(b) Epidemiological studies showing allergic contact dermatitis caused by the substance. Situations in which a high proportion of
those exposed exhibit characteristic symptoms are to be looked at with special concern, even if the number of cases is small;
(c) Positive data from appropriate animal studies;
(d) Positive data from experimental studies in man (See paragraph A.0.2.6 of this Appendix);
(e) Well documented episodes of allergic contact dermatitis, normally obtained in more than one dermatology clinic;
(f) Severity of reaction.
A.4.2.2.4.2   Evidence from animal studies is usually much more reliable than evidence from human exposure. However, in
cases where evidence is available from both sources, and there is conflict between the results, the quality and reliability of the
evidence from both sources must be assessed in order to resolve the question of classification on a case-by-case basis. Normally,
human data are not generated in controlled experiments with volunteers for the purpose of hazard classification but rather as part of
risk assessment to confirm lack of effects seen in animal tests. Consequently, positive human data on skin sensitization are usually
derived from case-control or other, less defined studies. Evaluation of human data must, therefore, be carried out with caution as
the frequency of cases reflect, in addition to the inherent properties of the substances, factors such as the exposure situation,
bioavailability, individual predisposition and preventive measures taken. Negative human data should not normally be used to
negate positive results from animal studies. For both animal and human data, consideration should be given to the impact of
vehicle.
A.4.2.2.4.3   If none of the above-mentioned conditions are met, the substance need not be classified as a skin sensitizer.
However, a combination of two or more indicators of skin sensitization, as listed below, may alter the decision. This shall be
considered on a case-by-case basis.
(a) Isolated episodes of allergic contact dermatitis;
(b) Epidemiological studies of limited power, e.g., where chance, bias or confounders have not been ruled out fully with
reasonable confidence;
(c) Data from animal tests, performed according to existing guidelines, which do not meet the criteria for a positive result
described in A.4.2.2.3, but which are sufficiently close to the limit to be considered significant;
(d) Positive data from non-standard methods;

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(e) Positive results from close structural analogues.
A.4.2.2.4.4   Immunological contact urticaria.
A.4.2.2.4.4.1   Substances meeting the criteria for classification as respiratory sensitizers may, in addition, cause immunological
contact urticaria. Consideration shall be given to classifying these substances as skin sensitizers.
A.4.2.2.4.4.2   Substances which cause immunological contact urticaria without meeting the criteria for respiratory sensitizers
shall be considered for classification as skin sensitizers.
A.4.2.2.4.4.3   There is no recognized animal model available to identify substances which cause immunological contact
urticaria. Therefore, classification will normally be based on human evidence, similar to that for skin sensitization.

A.4.3   Classification Criteria for Mixtures
A.4.3.1   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
When reliable and good quality evidence, as described in the criteria for substances, from human experience or appropriate
studies in experimental animals, is available for the mixture, then the mixture shall be classified by weight of evidence evaluation of
these data. Care must be exercised in evaluating data on mixtures that the dose used does not render the results inconclusive.

A.4.3.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
A.4.3.2.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its sensitizing properties, but there are sufficient data on
both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be
used in accordance with the following agreed bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching,
Concentration of mixtures, Interpolation, Substantially similar mixtures, and Aerosols.

A.4.3.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for All Ingredients or Only for Some Ingredients of the
Mixture
The mixture shall be classified as a respiratory or skin sensitizer when at least one ingredient has been classified as a
respiratory or skin sensitizer and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit for the specific endpoint as
shown in Table A.4.5.
TaBlE A.4.5—CUt-Off ValUEs/ConcEntration Limits of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as EithEr REspiratorY SEnsitiZErs or SKin
SEnsitiZErs That WoUld TriggEr Classification of thE MixtUrE
Cut-off values/concentration limits triggering classification of a mixture as:
Respiratory Sensitizer
Category 1

Skin Sensitizer
Category 1

Solid/liquid

Ingredient classified as:

Gas

All physical states

Respiratory Sensitizer, Category 1

≥0.1%

≥0.1%

Respiratory Sensitizer, Sub-category 1A

≥0.1%

≥0.1%

Respiratory Sensitizer, Sub-category 1B

≥1.0%

≥0.2%

Skin Sensitizer, Category 1

≥0.1%

Skin Sensitizer, Sub-category 1A

≥0.1%

Skin Sensitizer, Sub-category 1B

≥1.0%

A.5   GERM CELL MUTAGENICITY
A.5.1   Definitions and General Considerations
A.5.1.1   A mutation is defined as a permanent change in the amount or structure of the genetic material in a cell. The term
mutation applies both to heritable genetic changes that may be manifested at the phenotypic level and to the underlying DNA
modifications when known (including, for example, specific base pair changes and chromosomal translocations). The term
mutagenic and mutagen will be used for agents giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations of cells and/or
organisms.
A.5.1.2   The more general terms genotoxic and genotoxicity apply to agents or processes which alter the structure, information
content, or segregation of DNA, including those which cause DNA damage by interfering with normal replication processes, or which
in a non-physiological manner (temporarily) alter its replication. Genotoxicity test results are usually taken as indicators for
mutagenic effects.
A.5.1.3   This hazard class is primarily concerned with chemicals that may cause mutations in the germ cells of humans that can
be transmitted to the progeny. However, mutagenicity/genotoxicity tests in vitro and in mammalian somatic cells in vivo are also
considered in classifying substances and mixtures within this hazard class.

A.5.2   Classification Criteria for Substances
A.5.2.1   The classification system provides for two different categories of germ cell mutagens to accommodate the weight of
evidence available. The two-category system is described in the Figure A.5.1.
FigUrE A.5.1—HaZard CatEgoriEs for GErm CEll MUtagEns

CATEGORY 1: Substances known to induce heritable mutations or to be regarded as if they induce heritable mutations in the germ
cells of humans.

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Category 1A: Substances known to induce heritable mutations in germ cells of humans.
Positive evidence from human epidemiological studies.
Category 1B: Substances which should be regarded as if they induce heritable mutations in the germ cells of humans.
(a) Positive result(s) from in vivo heritable germ cell mutagenicity tests in mammals; or
(b) Positive result(s) from in vivo somatic cell mutagenicity tests in mammals, in combination with some evidence that the
substance has potential to cause mutations to germ cells. This supporting evidence may, for example, be derived from
mutagenicity/genotoxicity tests in germ cells in vivo, or by demonstrating the ability of the substance or its metabolite(s) to
interact with the genetic material of germ cells; or
(c) Positive results from tests showing mutagenic effects in the germ cells of humans, without demonstration of
transmission to progeny; for example, an increase in the frequency of aneuploidy in sperm cells of exposed people.
CATEGORY 2: Substances which cause concern for humans owing to the possibility that they may induce heritable mutations in
the germ cells of humans.
Positive evidence obtained from experiments in mammals and/or in some cases from in vitro experiments, obtained from:
(a) Somatic cell mutagenicity tests in vivo, in mammals; or
(b) Other in vivo somatic cell genotoxicity tests which are supported by positive results from in vitro mutagenicity
assays.
Note: Substances which are positive in in vitro mammalian mutagenicity assays, and which also show
chemical structure activity relationship to known germ cell mutagens, should be considered for
classification as Category 2 mutagens.
A.5.2.2   Specific considerations for classification of substances as germ cell mutagens:
A.5.2.2.1   To arrive at a classification, test results are considered from experiments determining mutagenic and/or genotoxic
effects in germ and/or somatic cells of exposed animals. Mutagenic and/or genotoxic effects determined in in vitro tests shall also be
considered.
A.5.2.2.2   The system is hazard based, classifying chemicals on the basis of their intrinsic ability to induce mutations in germ
cells. The scheme is, therefore, not meant for the (quantitative) risk assessment of chemical substances.
A.5.2.2.3   Classification for heritable effects in human germ cells is made on the basis of scientifically validated tests.
Evaluation of the test results shall be done using expert judgment and all the available evidence shall be weighed for classification.
A.5.2.2.4   The classification of substances shall be based on the total weight of evidence available, using expert judgment. In
those instances where a single well-conducted test is used for classification, it shall provide clear and unambiguously positive
results. The relevance of the route of exposure used in the study of the substance compared to the route of human exposure should
also be taken into account.

A.5.3   Classification Criteria for Mixtures5
5
It should be noted that the classification criteria for health hazards usually include a tiered scheme in which test data available
on the complete mixture are considered as the first tier in the evaluation, followed by the applicable bridging principles, and lastly,
cut-off values/concentration limits or additivity. However, this approach is not used for Germ Cell Mutagenicity. These criteria for
Germ Cell Mutagenicity consider the cut-off values/concentration limits as the primary tier and allow the classification to be modified
only on a case-by-case evaluation based on available test data for the mixture as a whole.

A.5.3.1   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for All Ingredients or Only for Some Ingredients of the
Mixture
A.5.3.1.1   Classification of mixtures shall be based on the available test data for the individual ingredients of the mixture using
cut-off values/concentration limits for the ingredients classified as germ cell mutagens.
A.5.3.1.2   The mixture will be classified as a mutagen when at least one ingredient has been classified as a Category 1A,
Category 1B or Category 2 mutagen and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit as shown in Table
A.5.1 below for Category 1 and 2 respectively.
TaBlE A.5.1—CUt-Off ValUEs/ConcEntration Limits of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as GErm CEll MUtagEns That WoUld
TriggEr Classification of thE MixtUrE
Cut-off/concentration limits triggering classification of a mixture as:
Ingredient classified as:
Category 1A/B mutagen

Category 1 mutagen

Category 2 mutagen
≥0.1%
≥1.0%

Category 2 mutagen

Note: The cut-off values/concentration limits in the table above apply to solids and liquids (w/w units) as well as gases (v/v
units).

A.5.3.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Mixture Itself
The classification may be modified on a case-by-case basis based on the available test data for the mixture as a whole. In such
cases, the test results for the mixture as a whole must be shown to be conclusive taking into account dose and other factors such as
duration, observations and analysis (e.g. statistical analysis, test sensitivity) of germ cell mutagenicity test systems.

A.5.3.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
A.5.3.3.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its germ cell mutagenicity hazard, but there are sufficient
data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data
will be used in accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching,

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and Substantially similar mixtures.

A.5.4   Examples of Scientifically Validated Test Methods
A.5.4.1   Examples of in vivo heritable germ cell mutagenicity tests are:
(a) Rodent dominant lethal mutation test (OECD 478)
(b) Mouse heritable translocation assay (OECD 485)
(c) Mouse specific locus test
A.5.4.2   Examples of in vivo somatic cell mutagenicity tests are:
(a) Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test (OECD 475)
(b) Mouse spot test (OECD 484)
(c) Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test (OECD 474)
A.5.4.3   Examples of mutagenicity/genotoxicity tests in germ cells are:
(a) Mutagenicity tests:
(i) Mammalian spermatogonial chromosome aberration test (OECD 483)
(ii) Spermatid micronucleus assay
(b) Genotoxicity tests:
(i) Sister chromatid exchange analysis in spermatogonia
(ii) Unscheduled DNA synthesis test (UDS) in testicular cells
A.5.4.4   Examples of genotoxicity tests in somatic cells are:
(a) Liver Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) in vivo (OECD 486)
(b) Mammalian bone marrow Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCE)
A.5.4.5   Examples of in vitro mutagenicity tests are:
(a) In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (OECD 473)
(b) In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test (OECD 476)
(c) Bacterial reverse mutation tests (OECD 471)
A.5.4.6   As new, scientifically validated tests arise, these may also be used in the total weight of evidence to be considered.

A.6   CARCINOGENICITY
A.6.1   Definitions
Carcinogen means a substance or a mixture of substances which induce cancer or increase its incidence. Substances and
mixtures which have induced benign and malignant tumors in well-performed experimental studies on animals are considered also
to be presumed or suspected human carcinogens unless there is strong evidence that the mechanism of tumor formation is not
relevant for humans.
Classification of a substance or mixture as posing a carcinogenic hazard is based on its inherent properties and does not
provide information on the level of the human cancer risk which the use of the substance or mixture may represent.

A.6.2   Classification Criteria for Substances6
6
See Non-mandatory Appendix F Part A for further guidance regarding hazard classification for carcinogenicity. This appendix is
consistent with the GHS adn is provided as guidance excerpted from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
“Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans” (2006).

A.6.2.1 For the purpose of classification for carcinogenicity, substances are allocated to one of two categories based on strength
of evidence and additional weight of evidence considerations. In certain instances, route-specific classification may be warranted.
FigUrE A.6.1—HaZard CatEgoriEs for CarcinogEns

CATEGORY 1: Known or presumed human carcinogens.
The classification of a substance as a Category 1 carcinogen is done on the basis of epidemiological and/or animal data.
This classification is further distinguished on the basis of whether the evidence for classification is largely from human
data (Category 1A) or from animal data (Category 1B):
Category 1A: Known to have carcinogenic potential for humans. Classification in this category is largely based on human evidence.
Category 1B: Presumed to have carcinogenic potential for humans. Classification in this category is largely based on animal
evidence.
The classification of a substance in Category 1A and 1B is based on strength of evidence together with weight of evidence

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considerations (See paragraph A.6.2.5). Such evidence may be derived from:
—human studies that establish a causal relationship between human exposure to a substance and the
development of cancer (known human carcinogen); or
—animal experiments for which there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate animal carcinogenicity (presumed
human carcinogen).
In addition, on a case by case basis, scientific judgment may warrant a decision of presumed human carcinogenicity
derived from studies showing limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans together with limited evidence of
carcinogenicity in experimental animals.
CATEGORY 2: Suspected human carcinogens.
The classification of a substance in Category 2 is done on the basis of evidence obtained from human and/or animal
studies, but which is not sufficiently convincing to place the substance in Category 1A or B. This classification is based on
strength of evidence together with weight of evidence considerations (See paragraph A.6.2.5). Such evidence may be
from either limited evidence of carcinogenicity in human studies or from limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animal
studies.
Other considerations: Where the weight of evidence for the carcinogenicity of a substance does not meet the above criteria, any
positive study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles, and which reports statistically significant findings
regarding the carcinogenic potential of the substance, must be noted on the safety data sheet.
A.6.2.2   Classification as a carcinogen is made on the basis of evidence from reliable and acceptable methods, and is intended
to be used for substances which have an intrinsic property to produce such toxic effects. The evaluations are to be based on all
existing data, peer-reviewed published studies and additional data accepted by regulatory agencies.
A.6.2.3   Carcinogen classification is a one-step, criterion-based process that involves two interrelated determinations:
evaluations of strength of evidence and consideration of all other relevant information to place substances with human cancer
potential into hazard categories.
A.6.2.4   Strength of evidence involves the enumeration of tumors in human and animal studies and determination of their level
of statistical significance. Sufficient human evidence demonstrates causality between human exposure and the development of
cancer, whereas sufficient evidence in animals shows a causal relationship between the agent and an increased incidence of
tumors. Limited evidence in humans is demonstrated by a positive association between exposure and cancer, but a causal
relationship cannot be stated. Limited evidence in animals is provided when data suggest a carcinogenic effect, but are less than
sufficient. (Guidance on consideration of important factors in the classification of carcinogenicity and a more detailed description of
the terms “limited” and “sufficient” have been developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and are
provided in non-mandatory Appendix F).
A.6.2.5   Weight of evidence: Beyond the determination of the strength of evidence for carcinogenicity, a number of other factors
should be considered that influence the overall likelihood that an agent may pose a carcinogenic hazard in humans. The full list of
factors that influence this determination is very lengthy, but some of the important ones are considered here.
A.6.2.5.1   These factors can be viewed as either increasing or decreasing the level of concern for human carcinogenicity. The
relative emphasis accorded to each factor depends upon the amount and coherence of evidence bearing on each. Generally there
is a requirement for more complete information to decrease than to increase the level of concern. Additional considerations should
be used in evaluating the tumor findings and the other factors in a case-by-case manner.
A.6.2.5.2   Some important factors which may be taken into consideration, when assessing the overall level of concern are:
(a) Tumor type and background incidence;
(b) Multisite responses;
(c) Progression of lesions to malignancy;
(d) Reduced tumor latency;
Additional factors which may increase or decrease the level of concern include:
(e) Whether responses are in single or both sexes;
(f) Whether responses are in a single species or several species;
(g) Structural similarity or not to a substance(s) for which there is good evidence of carcinogenicity;
(h) Routes of exposure;
(i) Comparison of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion between test animals and humans;
(j) The possibility of a confounding effect of excessive toxicity at test doses; and,
(k) Mode of action and its relevance for humans, such as mutagenicity, cytotoxicity with growth stimulation, mitogenesis,
immunosuppression.
Mutagenicity: It is recognized that genetic events are central in the overall process of cancer development. Therefore evidence
of mutagenic activity in vivo may indicate that a substance has a potential for carcinogenic effects.
A.6.2.5.3   A substance that has not been tested for carcinogenicity may in certain instances be classified in Category 1A,
Category 1B, or Category 2 based on tumor data from a structural analogue together with substantial support from consideration of
other important factors such as formation of common significant metabolites, e.g., for benzidine congener dyes.
A.6.2.5.4   The classification should also take into consideration whether or not the substance is absorbed by a given route(s);
or whether there are only local tumors at the site of administration for the tested route(s), and adequate testing by other major

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route(s) show lack of carcinogenicity.
A.6.2.5.5   It is important that whatever is known of the physico-chemical, toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties of the
substances, as well as any available relevant information on chemical analogues, i.e., structure activity relationship, is taken into
consideration when undertaking classification.

A.6.3   Classification Criteria for Mixtures7
7
It should be noted that the classification criteria for health hazards usually include a tiered scheme in which test data available
on the complete mixture are considered as the first tier in the evaluation, followed by the applicable bridging principles, and lastly,
cut-off values/concentration limit or additivity. However, this approach is not used for Carcinogenicity. These criteria for
Carcinogenicity consider the cut-off values/concentration limits as the primary tier and allow the classification to be modified only on
a case-by-case evaluation based on available test data for the mixture as a whole.

A.6.3.1   The mixture shall be classified as a carcinogen when at least one ingredient has been classified as a Category 1 or
Category 2 carcinogen and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit as shown in Table A.6.1.
TaBlE A.6.1—CUt-Off ValUEs/ConcEntration Limits of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as CarcinogEn That WoUld TriggEr
Classification of thE MixtUrE

Ingredient classified as:

Category 1
carcinogen

Category 2
carcinogen
≥0.1%

Category 1 carcinogen

≥0.1% (note 1).

Category 2 carcinogen

Note: If a Category 2 carcinogen ingredient is present in the mixture at a concentration between 0.1% and 1%, information is
required on the SDS for a product. However, a label warning is optional. If a Category 2 carcinogen ingredient is present in the
mixture at a concentration of ≥1%, both an SDS and a label is required and the information must be included on each.

A.6.3.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
A mixture may be classified based on the available test data for the mixture as a whole. In such cases, the test results for the
mixture as a whole must be shown to be conclusive taking into account dose and other factors such as duration, observations and
analysis (e.g., statistical analysis, test sensitivity) of carcinogenicity test systems.

A.6.3.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its carcinogenic hazard, but there are sufficient data on both the
individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be used in
accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution; Batching; and Substantially
similar mixtures.

A.6.4   Classification of Carcinogenicity8
8
See Non-mandatory Appendix F for further guidance regarding hazard classification for carcinogenicity and how to relate
carcinogenicity classification information from IARC and NTP to GHS.

A.6.4.1   Chemical manufacturers, importers and employers evaluating chemicals may treat the following sources as
establishing that a substance is a carcinogen or potential carcinogen for hazard communication purposes in lieu of applying the
criteria described herein:
A.6.4.1.1   National Toxicology Program (NTP), “Report on Carcinogens” (latest edition);
A.6.4.1.2   International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans” (latest editions)
A.6.4.2   Where OSHA has included cancer as a health hazard to be considered by classifiers for a chemical covered by 29
CFR part 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, chemical manufacturers, importers, and employers shall classify the
chemical as a carcinogen.

A.7   REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY
A.7.1   Definitions and General Considerations
A.7.1.1   Reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well as
adverse effects on development of the offspring. Some reproductive toxic effects cannot be clearly assigned to either impairment of
sexual function and fertility or to developmental toxicity. Nonetheless, chemicals with these effects shall be classified as
reproductive toxicants.
For classification purposes, the known induction of genetically based inheritable effects in the offspring is addressed in Germ
cell mutagenicity (See A.5).
A.7.1.2   Adverse effects on sexual function and fertility means any effect of chemicals that interferes with reproductive ability or
sexual capacity. This includes, but is not limited to, alterations to the female and male reproductive system, adverse effects on onset
of puberty, gamete production and transport, reproductive cycle normality, sexual behaviour, fertility, parturition, pregnancy
outcomes, premature reproductive senescence, or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the
reproductive systems.
A.7.1.3   Adverse effects on development of the offspring means any effect of chemicals which interferes with normal
development of the conceptus either before or after birth, which is induced during pregnancy or results from parental exposure.

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These effects can be manifested at any point in the life span of the organism. The major manifestations of developmental toxicity
include death of the developing organism, structural abnormality, altered growth and functional deficiency.
A.7.1.4   Adverse effects on or via lactation are also included in reproductive toxicity, but for classification purposes, such effects
are treated separately (See A.7.2.1).

A.7.2   Classification Criteria for Substances
A.7.2.1   For the purpose of classification for reproductive toxicity, substances shall be classified in one of two categories in
accordance with Figure A.7.1(a). Effects on sexual function and fertility, and on development, shall be considered. In addition,
effects on or via lactation shall be classified in a separate hazard category in accordance with Figure A.7.1(b).
FigUrE A.7.1(a)—HaZard CatEgoriEs for REprodUctivE Toxicants

CATEGORY 1: Known or presumed human reproductive toxicant.
Substance shall be classified in Category 1 for reproductive toxicity when they are known to have produced an adverse
effect on sexual function and fertility or on development in humans or when there is evidence from animal studies,
possibly supplemented with other information, to provide a strong presumption that the substance has the capacity to
interfere with reproduction in humans. The classification of a substance is further distinguished on the basis of whether the
evidence for classification is primarily from human data (Category 1A) or from animal data (Category 1B).
Category 1A: Known human reproductive toxicant.
The classification of a substance in this category is largely based on evidence from humans.
Category 1B: Presumed human reproductive toxicant.
The classification of a substance in this category is largely based on evidence from experimental animals. Data from
animal studies shall provide sufficient evidence of an adverse effect on sexual function and fertility or on development in
the absence of other toxic effects, or if occurring together with other toxic effects the adverse effect on reproduction is
considered not to be a secondary non-specific consequence of other toxic effects. However, when there is mechanistic
information that raises doubt about the relevance of the effect for humans, classification in Category 2 may be more
appropriate.
CATEGORY 2: Suspected human reproductive toxicant.
Substances shall be classified in Category 2 for reproductive toxicity when there is some evidence from humans or
experimental animals, possibly supplemented with other information, of an adverse effect on sexual function and fertility,
or on development, in the absence of other toxic effects, or if occurring together with other toxic effects the adverse effect
on reproduction is considered not to be a secondary non-specific consequence of the other toxic effects, and where the
evidence is not sufficiently convincing to place the substance in Category 1. For instance, deficiencies in the study may
make the quality of evidence less convincing, and in view of this, Category 2 would be the more appropriate classification.
FigUrE A.7.1(b)—HaZard CatEgorY for EffEcts on or Via Lactation

EFFECTS ON OR VIA LACTATION
Effects on or via lactation shall be classified in a separate single category. Chemicals that are absorbed by women and have been
shown to interfere with lactation or that may be present (including metabolites) in breast milk in amounts sufficient to cause
concern for the health of a breastfed child, shall be classified to indicate this property hazardous to breastfed babies. This
classification shall be assigned on the basis of:
(a) absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion studies that indicate the likelihood the substance would be present in
potentially toxic levels in breast milk; and/or
(b) results of one or two generation studies in animals which provide clear evidence of adverse effect in the offspring due
to transfer in the milk or adverse effect on the quality of the milk; and/or
(c) human evidence indicating a hazard to babies during the lactation period.

A.7.2.2   Basis of Classification
A.7.2.2.1   Classification is made on the basis of the criteria, outlined above, an assessment of the total weight of evidence, and
the use of expert judgment. Classification as a reproductive toxicant is intended to be used for substances which have an intrinsic,
specific property to produce an adverse effect on reproduction and substances should not be so classified if such an effect is
produced solely as a non-specific secondary consequence of other toxic effects.
A.7.2.2.2   In the evaluation of toxic effects on the developing offspring, it is important to consider the possible influence of
maternal toxicity.
A.7.2.2.3   For human evidence to provide the primary basis for a Category 1A classification there must be reliable evidence of
an adverse effect on reproduction in humans. Evidence used for classification shall be from well conducted epidemiological studies,
if available, which include the use of appropriate controls, balanced assessment, and due consideration of bias or confounding
factors. Less rigorous data from studies in humans may be sufficient for a Category 1A classification if supplemented with adequate
data from studies in experimental animals, but classification in Category 1B may also be considered.

A.7.2.3   Weight of Evidence
A.7.2.3.1   Classification as a reproductive toxicant is made on the basis of an assessment of the total weight of evidence using
expert judgment. This means that all available information that bears on the determination of reproductive toxicity is considered
together. Included is information such as epidemiological studies and case reports in humans and specific reproduction studies
along with sub-chronic, chronic and special study results in animals that provide relevant information regarding toxicity to
reproductive and related endocrine organs. Evaluation of substances chemically related to the material under study may also be

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included, particularly when information on the material is scarce. The weight given to the available evidence will be influenced by
factors such as the quality of the studies, consistency of results, nature and severity of effects, level of statistical significance for
intergroup differences, number of endpoints affected, relevance of route of administration to humans and freedom from bias. Both
positive and negative results are considered together in a weight of evidence determination. However, a single, positive study
performed according to good scientific principles and with statistically or biologically significant positive results may justify
classification (See also A.7.2.2.3).
A.7.2.3.2   Toxicokinetic studies in animals and humans, site of action and mechanism or mode of action study results may
provide relevant information, which could reduce or increase concerns about the hazard to human health. If it is conclusively
demonstrated that the clearly identified mechanism or mode of action has no relevance for humans or when the toxicokinetic
differences are so marked that it is certain that the hazardous property will not be expressed in humans then a chemical which
produces an adverse effect on reproduction in experimental animals should not be classified.
A.7.2.3.3   In some reproductive toxicity studies in experimental animals the only effects recorded may be considered of low or
minimal toxicological significance and classification may not necessarily be the outcome. These effects include, for example, small
changes in semen parameters or in the incidence of spontaneous defects in the fetus, small changes in the proportions of common
fetal variants such as are observed in skeletal examinations, or in fetal weights, or small differences in postnatal developmental
assessments.
A.7.2.3.4   Data from animal studies shall provide sufficient evidence of specific reproductive toxicity in the absence of other
systemic toxic effects. However, if developmental toxicity occurs together with other toxic effects in the dam (mother), the potential
influence of the generalized adverse effects should be assessed to the extent possible. The preferred approach is to consider
adverse effects in the embryo/fetus first, and then evaluate maternal toxicity, along with any other factors which are likely to have
influenced these effects, as part of the weight of evidence. In general, developmental effects that are observed at maternally toxic
doses should not be automatically discounted. Discounting developmental effects that are observed at maternally toxic doses can
only be done on a case-by-case basis when a causal relationship is established or refuted.
A.7.2.3.5   If appropriate information is available it is important to try to determine whether developmental toxicity is due to a
specific maternally mediated mechanism or to a non-specific secondary mechanism, like maternal stress and the disruption of
homeostasis. Generally, the presence of maternal toxicity should not be used to negate findings of embryo/fetal effects, unless it
can be clearly demonstrated that the effects are secondary non-specific effects. This is especially the case when the effects in the
offspring are significant, e.g., irreversible effects such as structural malformations. In some situations it is reasonable to assume that
reproductive toxicity is due to a secondary consequence of maternal toxicity and discount the effects, for example if the chemical is
so toxic that dams fail to thrive and there is severe inanition; they are incapable of nursing pups; or they are prostrate or dying.

A.7.2.4   Maternal Toxicity
A.7.2.4.1   Development of the offspring throughout gestation and during the early postnatal stages can be influenced by toxic
effects in the mother either through non-specific mechanisms related to stress and the disruption of maternal homeostasis, or by
specific maternally-mediated mechanisms. So, in the interpretation of the developmental outcome to decide classification for
developmental effects it is important to consider the possible influence of maternal toxicity. This is a complex issue because of
uncertainties surrounding the relationship between maternal toxicity and developmental outcome. Expert judgment and a weight of
evidence approach, using all available studies, shall be used to determine the degree of influence to be attributed to maternal
toxicity when interpreting the criteria for classification for developmental effects. The adverse effects in the embryo/fetus shall be
first considered, and then maternal toxicity, along with any other factors which are likely to have influenced these effects, as weight
of evidence, to help reach a conclusion about classification.
A.7.2.4.2   Based on pragmatic observation, it is believed that maternal toxicity may, depending on severity, influence
development via non-specific secondary mechanisms, producing effects such as depressed fetal weight, retarded ossification, and
possibly resorptions and certain malformations in some strains of certain species. However, the limited numbers of studies which
have investigated the relationship between developmental effects and general maternal toxicity have failed to demonstrate a
consistent, reproducible relationship across species. Developmental effects which occur even in the presence of maternal toxicity
are considered to be evidence of developmental toxicity, unless it can be unequivocally demonstrated on a case by case basis that
the developmental effects are secondary to maternal toxicity. Moreover, classification shall be considered where there is a
significant toxic effect in the offspring, e.g., irreversible effects such as structural malformations, embryo/fetal lethality, or significant
post-natal functional deficiencies.
A.7.2.4.3   Classification shall not automatically be discounted for chemicals that produce developmental toxicity only in
association with maternal toxicity, even if a specific maternally-mediated mechanism has been demonstrated. In such a case,
classification in Category 2 may be considered more appropriate than Category 1. However, when a chemical is so toxic that
maternal death or severe inanition results, or the dams (mothers) are prostrate and incapable of nursing the pups, it is reasonable to
assume that developmental toxicity is produced solely as a secondary consequence of maternal toxicity and discount the
developmental effects. Classification is not necessarily the outcome in the case of minor developmental changes, e.g., a small
reduction in fetal/pup body weight or retardation of ossification when seen in association with maternal toxicity.
A.7.2.4.4   Some of the endpoints used to assess maternal toxicity are provided below. Data on these endpoints, if available,
shall be evaluated in light of their statistical or biological significance and dose-response relationship.
(a) Maternal mortality: An increased incidence of mortality among the treated dams over the controls shall be considered
evidence of maternal toxicity if the increase occurs in a dose-related manner and can be attributed to the systemic toxicity of the test
material. Maternal mortality greater than 10% is considered excessive and the data for that dose level shall not normally be
considered to need further evaluation.
(b) Mating index (Number of animals with seminal plugs or sperm/Number of mated × 100)
(c) Fertility index (Number of animals with implants/Number of matings × 100)
(d) Gestation length (If allowed to deliver)
(e) Body weight and body weight change: Consideration of the maternal body weight change and/or adjusted (corrected)

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maternal body weight shall be included in the evaluation of maternal toxicity whenever such data are available. The calculation of an
adjusted (corrected) mean maternal body weight change, which is the difference between the initial and terminal body weight minus
the gravid uterine weight (or alternatively, the sum of the weights of the fetuses), may indicate whether the effect is maternal or
intrauterine. In rabbits, the body weight gain may not be a useful indicator of maternal toxicity because of normal fluctuations in body
weight during pregnancy.
(f) Food and water consumption (if relevant): The observation of a significant decrease in the average food or water
consumption in treated dams (mothers) compared to the control group may be useful in evaluating maternal toxicity, particularly
when the test material is administered in the diet or drinking water. Changes in food or water consumption must be evaluated in
conjunction with maternal body weights when determining if the effects noted are reflective of maternal toxicity or more simply,
unpalatability of the test material in feed or water.
(g) Clinical evaluations (including clinical signs, markers, and hematology and clinical chemistry studies): The observation of
increased incidence of significant clinical signs of toxicity in treated dams (mothers) relative to the control group is useful in
evaluating maternal toxicity. If this is to be used as the basis for the assessment of maternal toxicity, the types, incidence, degree
and duration of clinical signs shall be reported in the study. Clinical signs of maternal intoxication include, but are not limited to:
coma, prostration, hyperactivity, loss of righting reflex, ataxia, or labored breathing.
(h) Post-mortem data: Increased incidence and/or severity of post-mortem findings may be indicative of maternal toxicity. This
can include gross or microscopic pathological findings or organ weight data, including absolute organ weight, organ-to-body weight
ratio, or organ-to-brain weight ratio. When supported by findings of adverse histopathological effects in the affected organ(s), the
observation of a significant change in the average weight of suspected target organ(s) of treated dams (mothers), compared to
those in the control group, may be considered evidence of maternal toxicity.

A.7.2.5   Animal and Experimental Data
A.7.2.5.1   A number of scientifically validated test methods are available, including methods for developmental toxicity testing
(e.g., OECD Test Guideline 414, ICH Guideline S5A, 1993), methods for peri- and post-natal toxicity testing (e.g., ICH S5B, 1995),
and methods for one or two-generation toxicity testing (e.g., OECD Test Guidelines 415, 416)
A.7.2.5.2   Results obtained from screening tests (e.g., OECD Guidelines 421—Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening
Test, and 422—Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with Reproduction/Development Toxicity Screening Test) can also be
used to justify classification, although the quality of this evidence is less reliable than that obtained through full studies.
A.7.2.5.3   Adverse effects or changes, seen in short- or long-term repeated dose toxicity studies, which are judged likely to
impair reproductive function and which occur in the absence of significant generalized toxicity, may be used as a basis for
classification, e.g., histopathological changes in the gonads.
A.7.2.5.4   Evidence from in vitro assays, or non-mammalian tests, and from analogous substances using structure-activity
relationship (SAR), can contribute to the procedure for classification. In all cases of this nature, expert judgment must be used to
assess the adequacy of the data. Inadequate data shall not be used as a primary support for classification.
A.7.2.5.5   It is preferable that animal studies are conducted using appropriate routes of administration which relate to the
potential route of human exposure. However, in practice, reproductive toxicity studies are commonly conducted using the oral route,
and such studies will normally be suitable for evaluating the hazardous properties of the substance with respect to reproductive
toxicity. However, if it can be conclusively demonstrated that the clearly identified mechanism or mode of action has no relevance
for humans or when the toxicokinetic differences are so marked that it is certain that the hazardous property will not be expressed in
humans then a substance which produces an adverse effect on reproduction in experimental animals should not be classified.
A.7.2.5.6   Studies involving routes of administration such as intravenous or intraperitoneal injection, which may result in
exposure of the reproductive organs to unrealistically high levels of the test substance, or elicit local damage to the reproductive
organs, e.g., by irritation, must be interpreted with extreme caution and on their own are not normally the basis for classification.
A.7.2.5.7   There is general agreement about the concept of a limit dose, above which the production of an adverse effect may
be considered to be outside the criteria which lead to classification. Some test guidelines specify a limit dose, other test guidelines
qualify the limit dose with a statement that higher doses may be necessary if anticipated human exposure is sufficiently high that an
adequate margin of exposure would not be achieved. Also, due to species differences in toxicokinetics, establishing a specific limit
dose may not be adequate for situations where humans are more sensitive than the animal model.
A.7.2.5.8   In principle, adverse effects on reproduction seen only at very high dose levels in animal studies (for example doses
that induce prostration, severe inappetence, excessive mortality) do not normally lead to classification, unless other information is
available, for example, toxicokinetics information indicating that humans may be more susceptible than animals, to suggest that
classification is appropriate.
A.7.2.5.9   However, specification of the actual “limit dose” will depend upon the test method that has been employed to provide
the test results.

A.7.3   Classification Criteria for Mixtures9
9
It should be noted that the classification criteria for health hazards usually include a tiered scheme in which test data available
on the complete mixture are considered as the first tier in the evaluation, followed by the applicable bridging principles, and lastly,
cut-off values/concentration limits or additivity. However, this approach is not used for Reproductive Toxicity. These criteria for
Reproductive Toxicity consider the cut-off values/concentration limits as the primary tier and allow the classification to be modified
only on a case-by-case evaluation based on available test data for the mixture as a whole.

A.7.3.1   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for All Ingredients or Only for Some Ingredients of the
Mixture
A.7.3.1.1   The mixture shall be classified as a reproductive toxicant when at least one ingredient has been classified as a
Category 1 or Category 2 reproductive toxicant and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit specified

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in Table A.7.1 for Category 1 and 2, respectively.
A.7.3.1.2   The mixture shall be classified for effects on or via lactation when at least one ingredient has been classified for
effects on or via lactation and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit specified in Table A.7.1 for the
additional category for effects on or via lactation.
TaBlE A.7.1—CUt-Off ValUEs/ConcEntration Limits of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as REprodUctivE Toxicants or for EffEcts
on or via Lactation That TriggEr Classification of thE MixtUrE
Cut-off values/concentration limits triggering classification of a mixture as:

Category 1 reproductive
toxicant

Ingredients classified as:

Category 2 reproductive
toxicant

Additional category
for
effects on or via
lactation

≥0.1%

Category 1 reproductive toxicant

≥0.1%

Category 2 reproductive toxicant

≥0.1%

Additional category for effects on or via
lactation

A.7.3.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
Available test data for the mixture as a whole may be used for classification on a case-by-case basis. In such cases, the test
results for the mixture as a whole must be shown to be conclusive taking into account dose and other factors such as duration,
observations and analysis (e.g., statistical analysis, test sensitivity) of reproduction test systems.

A.7.3.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
A.7.3.3.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its reproductive toxicity, but there are sufficient data on
both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data shall be
used in accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching, and
Substantially similar mixtures.

A.8   SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY SINGLE EXPOSURE
A.8.1   Definitions and General Considerations
A.8.1.1   Specific target organ toxicity—single exposure, (STOT-SE) means specific, non-lethal target organ toxicity arising from
a single exposure to a chemical. All significant health effects that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, immediate
and/or delayed and not specifically addressed in A.1 to A.7 and A.10 of this Appendix are included. Specific target organ toxicity
following repeated exposure is classified in accordance with SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY—REPEATED EXPOSURE
(A.9 of this Appendix) and is therefore not included here.
A.8.1.2   Classification identifies the chemical as being a specific target organ toxicant and, as such, it presents a potential for
adverse health effects in people who are exposed to it.
A.8.1.3   The adverse health effects produced by a single exposure include consistent and identifiable toxic effects in humans;
or, in experimental animals, toxicologically significant changes which have affected the function or morphology of a tissue/organ, or
have produced serious changes to the biochemistry or hematology of the organism, and these changes are relevant for human
health. Human data is the primary source of evidence for this hazard class.
A.8.1.4   Assessment shall take into consideration not only significant changes in a single organ or biological system but also
generalized changes of a less severe nature involving several organs.
A.8.1.5   Specific target organ toxicity can occur by any route that is relevant for humans, i.e., principally oral, dermal or
inhalation.
A.8.1.6   The classification criteria for specific organ systemic toxicity single exposure are organized as criteria for substances
Categories 1 and 2 (See A.8.2.1), criteria for substances Category 3 (See A.8.2.2) and criteria for mixtures (See A.8.3). See also
Figure A.8.1.

A.8.2   Classification Criteria for Substances
A.8.2.1   Substances of Category 1 and Category 2
A.8.2.1.1   Substances shall be classified for immediate or delayed effects separately, by the use of expert judgment on the
basis of the weight of all evidence available, including the use of recommended guidance values (See A.8.2.1.9). Substances shall
then be classified in Category 1 or 2, depending upon the nature and severity of the effect(s) observed, in accordance with Figure
A.8.1.
FigUrE A.8.1—HaZard CatEgoriEs for SpEcific TargEt Organ ToxicitY Following SinglE ExposUrE

CATEGORY 1: Substances that have produced significant toxicity in humans, or that, on the basis of evidence from studies in
experimental animals can be presumed to have the potential to produce significant toxicity in humans following single exposure
Substances are classified in Category 1 for STOT-SE on the basis of:
(a) reliable and good quality evidence from human cases or epidemiological studies; or
(b) observations from appropriate studies in experimental animals in which significant and/or severe toxic effects of relevance to
human health were produced at generally low exposure concentrations. Guidance dose/concentration values are provided below
(See A.8.2.1.9) to be used as part of weight-of-evidence evaluation.

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CATEGORY 2: Substances that, on the basis of evidence from studies in experimental animals, can be presumed to have the
potential to be harmful to human health following single exposure
Substances are classified in Category 2 for STOT-SE on the basis of observations from appropriate studies in experimental animals
in which significant toxic effects, of relevance to human health, were produced at generally moderate exposure concentrations.
Guidance dose/concentration values are provided below (See A.8.2.1.9) in order to help in classification.
In exceptional cases, human evidence can also be used to place a substance in Category 2 (See A.8.2.1.6).
CATEGORY 3: Transient target organ effects
There are target organ effects for which a substance does not meet the criteria to be classified in Categories 1 or 2 indicated above.
These are effects which adversely alter human function for a short duration after exposure and from which humans may recover in
a reasonable period without leaving significant alteration of structure or function. This category only includes narcotic effects and
respiratory tract irritation. Substances are classified specifically for these effects as discussed in A.8.2.2.
Note: The primary target organ/system shall be identified where possible, and where this is not possible, the substance shall be
identified as a general toxicant. The data shall be evaluated and, where possible, shall not include secondary effects (e.g., a
hepatotoxicant can produce secondary effects in the nervous or gastro-intestinal systems).
A.8.2.1.2   The relevant route(s) of exposure by which the classified substance produces damage shall be identified.
A.8.2.1.3   Classification is determined by expert judgment, on the basis of the weight of all evidence available including the
guidance presented below.
A.8.2.1.4   Weight of evidence of all available data, including human incidents, epidemiology, and studies conducted in
experimental animals is used to substantiate specific target organ toxic effects that merit classification.
A.8.2.1.5   The information required to evaluate specific target organ toxicity comes either from single exposure in humans (e.g.,
exposure at home, in the workplace or environmentally), or from studies conducted in experimental animals. The standard animal
studies in rats or mice that provide this information are acute toxicity studies which can include clinical observations and detailed
macroscopic and microscopic examination to enable the toxic effects on target tissues/organs to be identified. Results of acute
toxicity studies conducted in other species may also provide relevant information.
A.8.2.1.6   In exceptional cases, based on expert judgment, it may be appropriate to place certain substances with human
evidence of target organ toxicity in Category 2: (a) when the weight of human evidence is not sufficiently convincing to warrant
Category 1 classification, and/or (b) based on the nature and severity of effects. Dose/concentration levels in humans shall not be
considered in the classification and any available evidence from animal studies shall be consistent with the Category 2
classification. In other words, if there are also animal data available on the substance that warrant Category 1 classification, the
chemical shall be classified as Category 1.
A.8.2.1.7   Effects considered to support classification for Category 1 and 2
A.8.2.1.7.1   Classification is supported by evidence associating single exposure to the substance with a consistent and
identifiable toxic effect.
A.8.2.1.7.2   Evidence from human experience/incidents is usually restricted to reports of adverse health consequences, often
with uncertainty about exposure conditions, and may not provide the scientific detail that can be obtained from well-conducted
studies in experimental animals.
A.8.2.1.7.3   Evidence from appropriate studies in experimental animals can furnish much more detail, in the form of clinical
observations, and macroscopic and microscopic pathological examination and this can often reveal hazards that may not be lifethreatening but could indicate functional impairment. Consequently all available evidence, and evidence relevance to human health,
must be taken into consideration in the classification process. Relevant toxic effects in humans and/or animals include, but are not
limited to:
(a) Morbidity resulting from single exposure;
(b) Significant functional changes, more than transient in nature, in the respiratory system, central or peripheral nervous
systems, other organs or other organ systems, including signs of central nervous system depression and effects on special senses
(e.g., sight, hearing and sense of smell);
(c) Any consistent and significant adverse change in clinical biochemistry, hematology, or urinalysis parameters;
(d) Significant organ damage that may be noted at necropsy and/or subsequently seen or confirmed at microscopic
examination;
(e) Multi-focal or diffuse necrosis, fibrosis or granuloma formation in vital organs with regenerative capacity;
(f) Morphological changes that are potentially reversible but provide clear evidence of marked organ dysfunction; and,
(g) Evidence of appreciable cell death (including cell degeneration and reduced cell number) in vital organs incapable of
regeneration.
A.8.2.1.8   Effects considered not to support classification for Category 1 and 2
Effects may be seen in humans and/or animals that do not justify classification. Such effects include, but are not limited to:
(a) Clinical observations or small changes in bodyweight gain, food consumption or water intake that may have some
toxicological importance but that do not, by themselves, indicate “significant” toxicity;
(b) Small changes in clinical biochemistry, hematology or urinalysis parameters and/or transient effects, when such changes or
effects are of doubtful or of minimal toxicological importance;
(c) Changes in organ weights with no evidence of organ dysfunction;

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(d) Adaptive responses that are not considered toxicologically relevant; and,
(e) Substance-induced species-specific mechanisms of toxicity, i.e., demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be not relevant
for human health, shall not justify classification.
A.8.2.1.9   Guidance values to assist with classification based on the results obtained from studies conducted in experimental
animals for Category 1 and 2
A.8.2.1.9.1   In order to help reach a decision about whether a substance shall be classified or not, and to what degree it shall
be classified (Category 1 vs. Category 2), dose/concentration “guidance values” are provided for consideration of the
dose/concentration which has been shown to produce significant health effects. The principal argument for proposing such guidance
values is that all chemicals are potentially toxic and there has to be a reasonable dose/concentration above which a degree of toxic
effect is acknowledged.
A.8.2.1.9.2   Thus, in animal studies, when significant toxic effects are observed that indicate classification, consideration of the
dose/concentration at which these effects were seen, in relation to the suggested guidance values, provides useful information to
help assess the need to classify (since the toxic effects are a consequence of the hazardous property(ies) and also the
dose/concentration).
A.8.2.1.9.3   The guidance value (C) ranges for single-dose exposure which has produced a significant non-lethal toxic effect
are those applicable to acute toxicity testing, as indicated in Table A.8.1.
TaBlE A.8.1—GUidancE ValUE RangEs for SinglE-DosE ExposUrEs
Guidance value ranges for:
Route of exposure

Units

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Oral (rat)

mg/kg body weight

C ≤300

2000 ≥C >300

Guidance values do not apply.

Dermal (rat or rabbit)

mg/kg body weight

C ≤1,000

2000 ≥C >1,000

Inhalation (rat) gas

ppmV/4h

C ≤2,500

20,000 ≥C >2,500

Inhalation (rat) vapor

mg/1/4h

C ≤10

20 ≥C >10

Inhalation (rat) dust/mist/fume

mg/l/4h

C ≤1.0

5.0 ≥C >1.0

A.8.2.1.9.4   The guidance values and ranges mentioned in Table A.8.1 are intended only for guidance purposes, i.e., to be
used as part of the weight of evidence approach, and to assist with decisions about classification. They are not intended as strict
demarcation values. Guidance values are not provided for Category 3 since this classification is primarily based on human data;
animal data may be included in the weight of evidence evaluation.
A.8.2.1.9.5   Thus, it is feasible that a specific profile of toxicity occurs at a dose/concentration below the guidance value, e.g.,
<2000 mg/kg body weight by the oral route, however the nature of the effect may result in the decision not to classify. Conversely, a
specific profile of toxicity may be seen in animal studies occurring at above a guidance value, e.g., ≥2000 mg/kg body weight by the
oral route, and in addition there is supplementary information from other sources, e.g., other single dose studies, or human case
experience, which supports a conclusion that, in view of the weight of evidence, classification is the prudent action to take.
A.8.2.1.10   Other considerations
A.8.2.1.10.1   When a substance is characterized only by use of animal data the classification process includes reference to
dose/concentration guidance values as one of the elements that contribute to the weight of evidence approach.
A.8.2.1.10.2   When well-substantiated human data are available showing a specific target organ toxic effect that can be reliably
attributed to single exposure to a substance, the substance shall be classified. Positive human data, regardless of probable dose,
predominates over animal data. Thus, if a substance is unclassified because specific target organ toxicity observed was considered
not relevant or significant to humans, if subsequent human incident data become available showing a specific target organ toxic
effect, the substance shall be classified.
A.8.2.1.10.3   A substance that has not been tested for specific target organ toxicity shall, where appropriate, be classified on
the basis of data from a scientifically validated structure activity relationship and expert judgment-based extrapolation from a
structural analogue that has previously been classified together with substantial support from consideration of other important
factors such as formation of common significant metabolites.

A.8.2.2   Substances of Category 3
A.8.2.2.1   Criteria for respiratory tract irritation
The criteria for classifying substances as Category 3 for respiratory tract irritation are:
(a) Respiratory irritant effects (characterized by localized redness, edema, pruritis and/or pain) that impair function with
symptoms such as cough, pain, choking, and breathing difficulties are included. It is recognized that this evaluation is based
primarily on human data;
(b) Subjective human observations supported by objective measurements of clear respiratory tract irritation (RTI) (e.g.,
electrophysiological responses, biomarkers of inflammation in nasal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids);
(c) The symptoms observed in humans shall also be typical of those that would be produced in the exposed population rather
than being an isolated idiosyncratic reaction or response triggered only in individuals with hypersensitive airways. Ambiguous
reports simply of “irritation” should be excluded as this term is commonly used to describe a wide range of sensations including
those such as smell, unpleasant taste, a tickling sensation, and dryness, which are outside the scope of classification for respiratory
tract irritation;
(d) There are currently no scientifically validated animal tests that deal specifically with RTI; however, useful information may be

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obtained from the single and repeated inhalation toxicity tests. For example, animal studies may provide useful information in terms
of clinical signs of toxicity (dyspnoea, rhinitis etc) and histopathology (e.g., hyperemia, edema, minimal inflammation, thickened
mucous layer) which are reversible and may be reflective of the characteristic clinical symptoms described above. Such animal
studies can be used as part of weight of evidence evaluation; and,
(e) This special classification will occur only when more severe organ effects including the respiratory system are not observed
as those effects would require a higher classification.
A.8.2.2.2   Criteria for narcotic effects
The criteria for classifying substances in Category 3 for narcotic effects are:
(a) Central nervous system depression including narcotic effects in humans such as drowsiness, narcosis, reduced alertness,
loss of reflexes, lack of coordination, and vertigo are included. These effects can also be manifested as severe headache or
nausea, and can lead to reduced judgment, dizziness, irritability, fatigue, impaired memory function, deficits in perception and
coordination, reaction time, or sleepiness; and,
(b) Narcotic effects observed in animal studies may include lethargy, lack of coordination righting reflex, narcosis, and ataxia. If
these effects are not transient in nature, then they shall be considered for classification as Category 1 or 2.

A.8.3   Classification Criteria for Mixtures
A.8.3.1   Mixtures are classified using the same criteria as for substances, or alternatively as described below. As with
substances, mixtures may be classified for specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, repeated exposure, or both.

A.8.3.2   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for the Complete Mixture
When reliable and good quality evidence from human experience or appropriate studies in experimental animals, as described
in the criteria for substances, is available for the mixture, then the mixture shall be classified by weight of evidence evaluation of this
data. Care shall be exercised in evaluating data on mixtures, that the dose, duration, observation or analysis, do not render the
results inconclusive.

A.8.3.3   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Not Available for the Complete Mixture: Bridging Principles
A.8.3.3.1   Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its specific target organ toxicity, but there are sufficient
data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data
shall be used in accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching,
Concentration of mixtures, Interpolation within one toxicity category, Substantially similar mixtures, or Aerosols.

A.8.3.4   Classification of Mixtures When Data Are Available for All Ingredients or Only for Some Ingredients of the
Mixture
A.8.3.4.1   Where there is no reliable evidence or test data for the specific mixture itself, and the bridging principles cannot be
used to enable classification, then classification of the mixture is based on the classification of the ingredient substances. In this
case, the mixture shall be classified as a specific target organ toxicant (specific organ specified), following single exposure,
repeated exposure, or both when at least one ingredient has been classified as a Category 1 or Category 2 specific target organ
toxicant and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit specified in Table A.8.2 for Categories 1 and 2,
respectively.
TaBlE A.8.2—CUt-Off ValUEs/ConcEntration Limits of IngrEdiEnts of a MixtUrE ClassifiEd as a SpEcific TargEt Organ Toxicant That
WoUld TriggEr Classification of thE MixtUrE as CatEgorY 1 or 2
Cut-off values/concentration limits triggering classification of a mixture as:
Ingredient classified as:
Category 1   Target organ toxicant

Category 1

Category 2
≥1.0%
≥1.0%

Category 2   Target organ toxicant

A.8.3.4.2   These cut-off values and consequent classifications shall be applied equally and appropriately to both single- and
repeated-dose target organ toxicants.
A.8.3.4.3   Mixtures shall be classified for either or both single and repeated dose toxicity independently.
A.8.3.4.4   Care shall be exercised when toxicants affecting more than one organ system are combined that the potentiation or
synergistic interactions are considered, because certain substances can cause target organ toxicity at <1% concentration when
other ingredients in the mixture are known to potentiate its toxic effect.
A.8.3.4.5   Care shall be exercised when extrapolating the toxicity of a mixture that contains Category 3 ingredient(s). A cut-off
value/concentration limit of 20%, considered as an additive of all Category 3 ingredients for each hazard endpoint, is appropriate;
however, this cut-off value/concentration limit may be higher or lower depending on the Category 3 ingredient(s) involved and the
fact that some effects such as respiratory tract irritation may not occur below a certain concentration while other effects such as
narcotic effects may occur below this 20% value. Expert judgment shall be exercised. Respiratory tract irritation and narcotic effects
are to be evaluated separately in accordance with the criteria given in A.8.2.2. When conducting classifications for these hazards,
the contribution of each ingredient should be considered additive, unless there is evidence that the effects are not additive.

A.9   SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY REPEATED OR PROLONGED EXPOSURE
A.9.1   Definitions and general considerations
A.9.1.1   Specific target organ toxicity—repeated exposure (STOT-RE) means specific target organ toxicity arising from
repeated exposure to a substance or mixture. All significant health effects that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible,

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immediate and/or delayed and not specifically addressed in A.1 to A.7 and A.10 of this Appendix are included. Specific target organ
toxicity following a single-event exposure is classified in accordance with SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY—SINGLE
EXPOSURE (A.8 of this Appendix) and is therefore not included here.
A.9.1.2   Classification identifies the substance or mixture as being a specific target organ toxicant and, as such, it may present
a potential for adverse health effects in people who are exposed to it.
A.9.1.3   These adverse health effects produced by repeated exposure include consistent and identifiable toxic effects in
humans, or, in experimental animals, toxicologically significant changes which have affected the function or morphology of a
tissue/organ, or have produced serious changes to the biochemistry or hematology of the organism and these changes are relevant
for human health. Human data will be the primary source of evidence for this hazard class.
A.9.1.4   Assessment shall take into consideration not only significant changes in a single organ or biological system but also
generalized changes of a less severe nature involving several organs.
A.9.1.5   Specific target organ toxicity can occur by any route that is relevant for humans, e.g., principally oral, dermal or
inhalation.

A.9.2   Classification Criteria for Substances
A.9.2.1   Substances shall be classified as STOT-RE by expert judgment on the basis of the weight of all evidence available,
including the use of recommended guidance values which take into account the duration of exposure and the dose/concentration
which produced the effect(s), (See A.9.2.9). Substances shall be placed in one of two categories, depending upon the nature and
severity of the effect(s) observed, in accordance with Figure A.9.1.
FigUrE A.9.1—HaZard CatEgoriEs for SpEcific TargEt Organ ToxicitY Following REpEatEd ExposUrE

CATEGORY 1: Substances that have produced significant toxicity in humans, or that, on the basis of evidence from studies in
experimental animals can be presumed to have the potential to produce significant toxicity in humans following repeated or
prolonged exposure
Substances are classified in Category 1 for specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) on the basis of:
(a) reliable and good quality evidence from human cases or epidemiological studies; or,
(b) observations from appropriate studies in experimental animals in which significant and/or severe toxic effects, of
relevance to human health, were produced at generally low exposure concentrations. Guidance dose/concentration
values are provided below (See A.9.2.9) to be used as part of weight-of-evidence evaluation.
CATEGORY 2: Substances that, on the basis of evidence from studies in experimental animals can be presumed to have the
potential to be harmful to human health following repeated or prolonged exposure
Substances are classified in Category 2 for specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) on the basis of observations
from appropriate studies in experimental animals in which significant toxic effects, of relevance to human health, were
produced at generally moderate exposure concentrations. Guidance dose/concentration values are provided below (See
A.9.2.9) in order to help in classification.
In exceptional cases human evidence can also be used to place a substance in Category 2 (See A.9.2.6).
Note: The primary target organ/system shall be identified where possible, or the substance shall be identified as a general toxicant.
The data shall be carefully evaluated and, where possible, shall not include secondary effects (e.g., a hepatotoxicant can produce
secondary effects in the nervous or gastro-intestinal systems).
A.9.2.2   The relevant route of exposure by which the classified substance produces damage shall be identified.
A.9.2.3   Classification is determined by expert judgment, on the basis of the weight of all evidence available including the
guidance presented below.
A.9.2.4   Weight of evidence of all data, including human incidents, epidemiology, and studies conducted in experimental
animals, is used to substantiate specific target organ toxic effects that merit classification.
A.9.2.5   The information required to evaluate specific target organ toxicity comes either from repeated exposure in humans,
e.g., exposure at home, in the workplace or environmentally, or from studies conducted in experimental animals. The standard
animal studies in rats or mice that provide this information are 28 day, 90 day or lifetime studies (up to 2 years) that include
hematological, clinico-chemical and detailed macroscopic and microscopic examination to enable the toxic effects on target
tissues/organs to be identified. Data from repeat dose studies performed in other species may also be used. Other long-term
exposure studies, e.g., for carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity or reproductive toxicity, may also provide evidence of specific target organ
toxicity that could be used in the assessment of classification.
A.9.2.6   In exceptional cases, based on expert judgment, it may be appropriate to place certain substances with human
evidence of specific target organ toxicity in Category 2: (a) when the weight of human evidence is not sufficiently convincing to
warrant Category 1 classification, and/or (b) based on the nature and severity of effects. Dose/concentration levels in humans shall
not be considered in the classification and any available evidence from animal studies shall be consistent with the Category 2
classification. In other words, if there are also animal data available on the substance that warrant Category 1 classification, the
substance shall be classified as Category 1.

A.9.2.7   Effects Considered To Support Classification
A.9.2.7.1   Classification is supported by reliable evidence associating repeated exposure to the substance with a consistent and
identifiable toxic effect.
A.9.2.7.2   Evidence from human experience/incidents is usually restricted to reports of adverse health consequences, often
with uncertainty about exposure conditions, and may not provide the scientific detail that can be obtained from well-conducted
studies in experimental animals.

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A.9.2.7.3   Evidence from appropriate studies in experimental animals can furnish much more detail, in the form of clinical
observations, hematology, clinical chemistry, macroscopic and microscopic pathological examination and this can often reveal
hazards that may not be life-threatening but could indicate functional impairment. Consequently all available evidence, and
relevance to human health, must be taken into consideration in the classification process. Relevant toxic effects in humans and/or
animals include, but are not limited to:
(a) Morbidity or death resulting from repeated or long-term exposure. Morbidity or death may result from repeated exposure,
even to relatively low doses/concentrations, due to bioaccumulation of the substance or its metabolites, or due to the overwhelming
of the de-toxification process by repeated exposure;
(b) Significant functional changes in the central or peripheral nervous systems or other organ systems, including signs of central
nervous system depression and effects on special senses (e.g., sight, hearing and sense of smell);
(c) Any consistent and significant adverse change in clinical biochemistry, hematology, or urinalysis parameters;
(d) Significant organ damage that may be noted at necropsy and/or subsequently seen or confirmed at microscopic
examination;
(e) Multi-focal or diffuse necrosis, fibrosis or granuloma formation in vital organs with regenerative capacity;
(f) Morphological changes that are potentially reversible but provide clear evidence of marked organ dysfunction (e.g., severe
fatty change in the liver); and,
(g) Evidence of appreciable cell death (including cell degeneration and reduced cell number) in vital organs incapable of
regeneration.

A.9.2.8   Effects Considered Not To Support Classification
Effects may be seen in humans and/or animals that do not justify classification. Such effects include, but are not limited to:
(a) Clinical observations or small changes in bodyweight gain, food consumption or water intake that may have some
toxicological importance but that do not, by themselves, indicate “significant” toxicity;
(b) Small changes in clinical biochemistry, hematology or urinalysis parameters and/or transient effects, when such changes or
effects are of doubtful or of minimal toxicological importance;
(c) Changes in organ weights with no evidence of organ dysfunction;
(d) Adaptive responses that are not considered toxicologically relevant;
(e) Substance-induced species-specific mechanisms of toxicity, i.e., demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be not relevant
for human health, shall not justify classification.

A.9.2.9   Guidance Values To Assist With Classification Based on the Results Obtained From Studies Conducted in
Experimental Animals
A.9.2.9.1   In studies conducted in experimental animals, reliance on observation of effects alone, without reference to the
duration of experimental exposure and dose/concentration, omits a fundamental concept of toxicology, i.e., all substances are
potentially toxic, and what determines the toxicity is a function of the dose/concentration and the duration of exposure. In most
studies conducted in experimental animals the test guidelines use an upper limit dose value.
A.9.2.9.2   In order to help reach a decision about whether a substance shall be classified or not, and to what degree it shall be
classified (Category 1 vs. Category 2), dose/concentration “guidance values” are provided in Table A.9.1 for consideration of the
dose/concentration which has been shown to produce significant health effects. The principal argument for proposing such guidance
values is that all chemicals are potentially toxic and there has to be a reasonable dose/concentration above which a degree of toxic
effect is acknowledged. Also, repeated-dose studies conducted in experimental animals are designed to produce toxicity at the
highest dose used in order to optimize the test objective and so most studies will reveal some toxic effect at least at this highest
dose. What is therefore to be decided is not only what effects have been produced, but also at what dose/concentration they were
produced and how relevant is that for humans.
A.9.2.9.3   Thus, in animal studies, when significant toxic effects are observed that indicate classification, consideration of the
duration of experimental exposure and the dose/concentration at which these effects were seen, in relation to the suggested
guidance values, provides useful information to help assess the need to classify (since the toxic effects are a consequence of the
hazardous property(ies) and also the duration of exposure and the dose/concentration).
A.9.2.9.4   The decision to classify at all can be influenced by reference to the dose/concentration guidance values at or below
which a significant toxic effect has been observed.
A.9.2.9.5   The guidance values refer to effects seen in a standard 90-day toxicity study conducted in rats. They can be used as
a basis to extrapolate equivalent guidance values for toxicity studies of greater or lesser duration, using dose/exposure time
extrapolation similar to Haber's rule for inhalation, which states essentially that the effective dose is directly proportional to the
exposure concentration and the duration of exposure. The assessment should be done on a case-by-case basis; for example, for a
28-day study the guidance values below would be increased by a factor of three.
A.9.2.9.6   Thus for Category 1 classification, significant toxic effects observed in a 90-day repeated-dose study conducted in
experimental animals and seen to occur at or below the (suggested) guidance values (C) as indicated in Table A.9.1 would justify
classification:
TaBlE A.9.1—GUidancE ValUEs To Assist in CatEgorY 1 Classification
[Applicable to a 90-day study]

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Route of exposure

Units

Guidance values
(dose/concentration)

Oral (rat)

mg/kg body weight/day

C ≤10.

Dermal (rat or rabbit)

mg/kg body weight/day

C ≤20.

Inhalation (rat) gas

ppmV/6h/day

C ≤50.

Inhalation (rat) vapor

mg/liter/6h/day

C ≤0.2.

Inhalation (rat) dust/mist/fume

mg/liter/6h/day

C ≤0.02.

A.9.2.9.7   For Category 2 classification, significant toxic effects observed in a 90-day repeated-dose study conducted in
experimental animals and seen to occur within the (suggested) guidance value ranges as indicated in Table A.9.2 would justify
classification:
TaBlE A.9.2—GUidancE ValUEs To Assist in CatEgorY 2 Classification
[Applicable to a 90-day study]

Route of exposure

Units

Guidance values
(dose/concentration)

Oral (rat)

mg/kg body weight/day

10 1% flammable components, or the heat of combustion is ≥20 kJ/g; and
(a) for spray aerosols, in the ignition distance test, ignition occurs at a distance ≥15 cm (5.9 in), or
in the enclosed space ignition test, the
(i) Time equivalent is ≤300 s/m3; or
(ii) Deflagration density is ≤300 g/m3
(b) For foam aerosols, in the aerosol foam flammability test, the flame height is ≥4 cm and the flame duration is ≥2 s
and it does not meet the criteria for Category 1

Note: Aerosols not submitted to the flammability classification procedures in this Appendix shall be classified as extremely
flammable (Category 1).

B.3.3   Additional Classification Considerations
B.3.3.1   To classify a flammable aerosol, data on its flammable components, on its chemical heat of combustion and, if
applicable, the results of the aerosol foam flammability test (for foam aerosols) and of the ignition distance test and enclosed space
test (for spray aerosols) are necessary.
B.3.3.2   The chemical heat of combustion (ΔHc), in kilojoules per gram (kJ/g), is the product of the theoretical heat of
combustion (ΔHcomb), and a combustion efficiency, usually less than 1.0 (a typical combustion efficiency is 0.95 or 95%).
For a composite aerosol formulation, the chemical heat of combustion is the summation of the weighted heats of combustion for
the individual components, as follows:

View or download PDF

Where:
ΔHc = chemical heat of combustion (kJ/g);
wi% = mass fraction of component i in the product;
ΔHc(i) = specific heat of combustion (kJ/g) of component i in the product;
The chemical heats of combustion shall be found in literature, calculated or determined by tests (See ASTM D240-02, ISO
13943, Sections 86.1 to 86.3, and NFPA 30B (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)).
B.3.3.3   The Ignition Distance Test, Enclosed Space Ignition Test and Aerosol Foam Flammability Test shall be performed in
accordance with sub-sections 31.4, 31.5 and 31.6 of the of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).

B.4   OXIDIZING GASES
B.4.1   Definition
Oxidizing gas means any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material
more than air does.

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Note: “Gases which cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does” means pure gases or gas
mixtures with an oxidizing power greater than 23.5% (as determined by a method specified in ISO 10156 or 10156-2 (incorporated
by reference, See §1910.6) or an equivalent testing method.)

B.4.2   Classification Criteria
An oxidizing gas shall be classified in a single category for this class in accordance with Table B.4.1:
TaBlE B.4.1—CritEria for OxidiZing GasEs
Category Criteria
1

Any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air
does.

B.4.3   Additional Classification Considerations
Classification shall be in accordance with tests or calculation methods as described in ISO 10156 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6) and ISO 10156-2 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).

B.5   GASES UNDER PRESSURE
B.5.1   Definition
Gases under pressure are gases which are contained in a receptacle at a pressure of 200 kPa (29 psi) (gauge) or more, or
which are liquefied or liquefied and refrigerated.
They comprise compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases and refrigerated liquefied gases.

B.5.2   Classification Criteria
Gases under pressure shall be classified in one of four groups in accordance with Table B.5.1:
TaBlE B.5.1—CritEria for GasEs UndEr PrEssUrE
Group

Criteria

Compressed gas

A gas which when under pressure is entirely gaseous at −50 °C (−8 °F), including all gases with a critical
temperature1 ≤−50 °C (−58 °F).

Liquefied gas

A gas which when under pressure is partially liquid at temperatures above −50 °C (−58 °F). A distinction is
made between:

(a) High pressure liquefied gas: A gas with a critical temperature1 between −50 °C (−58 °F) and +65 °C (149
°F); and

(b) Low pressure liquefied gas: A gas with a critical temperature1 above +65 °C (149 °F).

Refrigerated
liquefied gas

A gas which is made partially liquid because of its low temperature.

Dissolved gas

A gas which when under pressure is dissolved in a liquid phase solvent.

1
The critical temperature is the temperature above which a pure gas cannot be liquefied, regardless of the degree of
compression.

B.6   FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
B.6.1   Definition
Flammable liquid means a liquid having a flash point of not more than 93 °C (199.4 °F).
Flash point means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable
mixture with air near the surface of the liquid, as determined by a method identified in Section B.6.3.

B.6.2   Classification Criteria
A flammable liquid shall be classified in one of four categories in accordance with Table B.6.1:
TaBlE B.6.1—CritEria for FlammaBlE LiQUids
Category

Criteria

1

Flash point <23 °C (73.4 °F) and initial boiling point ≤35 °C (95 °F).

2

Flash point <23 °C (73.4 °F) and initial boiling point >35 °C (95 °F).

3

Flash point ≥23 °C (73.4 °F) and ≤60 °C (140 °F).

4

Flash point >60 °C (140 °F) and ≤93 °C (199.4 °F).

B.6.3   Additional Classification Considerations
The flash point shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D56-05, ASTM D3278, ASTM D3828, ASTM D93-08
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), or any other method specified in GHS Revision 3, Chapter 2.6.
The initial boiling point shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D86-07a or ASTM D1078 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6).

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B.7   FLAMMABLE SOLIDS
B.7.1   Definitions
Flammable solid means a solid which is a readily combustible solid, or which may cause or contribute to fire through friction.
Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty chemicals which are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief
contact with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and if the flame spreads rapidly.

B.7.2   Classification Criteria
B.7.2.1   Powdered, granular or pasty chemicals shall be classified as flammable solids when the time of burning of one or more
of the test runs, performed in accordance with the test method described in the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6), Part III, sub-section 33.2.1, is less than 45 s or the rate of burning is more than 2.2 mm/s (0.0866 in/s).
B.7.2.2   Powders of metals or metal alloys shall be classified as flammable solids when they can be ignited and the reaction
spreads over the whole length of the sample in 10 min or less.
B.7.2.3   Solids which may cause fire through friction shall be classified in this class by analogy with existing entries (e.g.,
matches) until definitive criteria are established.
B.7.2.4   A flammable solid shall be classified in one of the two categories for this class using Method N.1 as described in Part
III, sub-section 33.2.1 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.7.1:
TaBlE B.7.1—CritEria for FlammaBlE Solids
Category

Criteria

1

Burning rate test:

Chemicals other than metal powders:

(a) Wetted zone does not stop fire; and

(b) Burning time <45 s or burning rate >2.2 mm/s.

Metal powders: Burning time ≤5 min.

2

Burning rate test:

Chemicals other than metal powders:

(a) Wetted zone stops the fire for at least 4 min; and

(b) Burning time <45 s or burning rate >2.2 mm/s.

Metal powders: Burning time >5 min and ≤10 min.

Note: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical as presented. If, for example, for the
purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and
which is considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be based on testing of the
chemical in the new form.

B.8   SELF-REACTIVE CHEMICALS
B.8.1   Definitions
Self-reactive chemicals are thermally unstable liquid or solid chemicals liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition
even without participation of oxygen (air). This definition excludes chemicals classified under this section as explosives, organic
peroxides, oxidizing liquids or oxidizing solids.
A self-reactive chemical is regarded as possessing explosive properties when in laboratory testing the formulation is liable to
detonate, to deflagrate rapidly or to show a violent effect when heated under confinement.

B.8.2   Classification Criteria
B.8.2.1   A self-reactive chemical shall be considered for classification in this class unless:
(a) It is classified as an explosive according to B.1 of this appendix;
(b) It is classified as an oxidizing liquid or an oxidizing solid according to B.13 or B.14 of this appendix, except that a mixture of
oxidizing substances which contains 5% or more of combustible organic substances shall be classified as a self-reactive chemical
according to the procedure defined in B.8.2.2;
(c) It is classified as an organic peroxide according to B.15 of this appendix;
(d) Its heat of decomposition is less than 300 J/g; or
(e) Its self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is greater than 75 °C (167 °F) for a 50 kg (110 lb) package.
B.8.2.2   Mixtures of oxidizing substances, meeting the criteria for classification as oxidizing liquids or oxidizing solids, which
contain 5% or more of combustible organic substances and which do not meet the criteria mentioned in B.8.2.1 (a), (c), (d) or (e),
shall be subjected to the self-reactive chemicals classification procedure in B.8.2.3. Such a mixture showing the properties of a selfreactive chemical type B to F shall be classified as a self-reactive chemical.
B.8.2.3   Self-reactive chemicals shall be classified in one of the seven categories of “types A to G” for this class, according to
the following principles:
(a) Any self-reactive chemical which can detonate or deflagrate rapidly, as packaged, will be defined as self-reactive chemical

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TYPE A;
(b) Any self-reactive chemical possessing explosive properties and which, as packaged, neither detonates nor deflagrates
rapidly, but is liable to undergo a thermal explosion in that package will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE B;
(c) Any self-reactive chemical possessing explosive properties when the chemical as packaged cannot detonate or deflagrate
rapidly or undergo a thermal explosion will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE C;
(d) Any self-reactive chemical which in laboratory testing meets the criteria in (d)(i), (ii), or (iii) will be defined as self-reactive
chemical TYPE D:
(i) Detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent effect when heated under confinement; or
(ii) Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no violent effect when heated under confinement; or
(iii) Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect when heated under confinement;
(e) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor deflagrates at all and shows low or no effect
when heated under confinement will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE E;
(f) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and
shows only a low or no effect when heated under confinement as well as low or no explosive power will be defined as self-reactive
chemical TYPE F;
(g) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and
shows no effect when heated under confinement nor any explosive power, provided that it is thermally stable (self-accelerating
decomposition temperature is 60 °C (140 °F) to 75 °C (167 °F) for a 50 kg (110 lb) package), and, for liquid mixtures, a diluent
having a boiling point greater than or equal to 150 °C (302 °F) is used for desensitization will be defined as self-reactive chemical
TYPE G. If the mixture is not thermally stable or a diluent having a boiling point less than 150 °C (302 °F) is used for desensitization,
the mixture shall be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE F.

B.8.3   Additional Classification Considerations
B.8.3.1   For purposes of classification, the properties of self-reactive chemicals shall be determined in accordance with test
series A to H as described in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).
B.8.3.2   Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) shall be determined in accordance with the UN ST/SG/AC.10,
Part II, section 28 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).
B.8.3.3   The classification procedures for self-reactive substances and mixtures need not be applied if:
(a) There are no chemical groups present in the molecule associated with explosive or self-reactive properties; examples of
such groups are given in Tables A6.1 and A6.2 in the Appendix 6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6); or
(b) For a single organic substance or a homogeneous mixture of organic substances, the estimated SADT is greater than 75 °C
(167 °F) or the exothermic decomposition energy is less than 300 J/g. The onset temperature and decomposition energy may be
estimated using a suitable calorimetric technique (See 20.3.3.3 in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6)).

B.9   PYROPHORIC LIQUIDS
B.9.1   Definition
Pyrophoric liquid means a liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact
with air.

B.9.2   Classification Criteria
A pyrophoric liquid shall be classified in a single category for this class using test N.3 in Part III, sub-section 33.3.1.5 of the UN
ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.9.1:
TaBlE B.9.1—CritEria for PYrophoric LiQUids
Category Criteria
1

The liquid ignites within 5 min when added to an inert carrier and exposed to air, or it ignites or chars a filter paper on
contact with air within 5 min.

B.9.3   Additional Classification Considerations
The classification procedure for pyrophoric liquids need not be applied when experience in production or handling shows that
the chemical does not ignite spontaneously on coming into contact with air at normal temperatures (i.e., the substance is known to
be stable at room temperature for prolonged periods of time (days)).

B.10   PYROPHORIC SOLIDS
B.10.1   Definition
Pyrophoric solid means a solid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with
air.

B.10.2   Classification Criteria

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A pyrophoric solid shall be classified in a single category for this class using test N.2 in Part III, sub-section 33.3.1.4 of the UN
ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.10.1:
TaBlE B.10.1—CritEria for PYrophoric Solids
Category

Criteria

1

The solid ignites within 5 min of coming into contact with air.

Note: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical as presented. If, for example, for the
purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and
which is considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be based on testing of the
chemical in the new form.

B.10.3   Additional Classification Considerations
The classification procedure for pyrophoric solids need not be applied when experience in production or handling shows that the
chemical does not ignite spontaneously on coming into contact with air at normal temperatures (i.e., the chemical is known to be
stable at room temperature for prolonged periods of time (days)).

B.11   SELF-HEATING CHEMICALS
B.11.1   Definition
A self-heating chemical is a solid or liquid chemical, other than a pyrophoric liquid or solid, which, by reaction with air and
without energy supply, is liable to self-heat; this chemical differs from a pyrophoric liquid or solid in that it will ignite only when in
large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days).
Note: Self-heating of a substance or mixture is a process where the gradual reaction of that substance or mixture with oxygen
(in air) generates heat. If the rate of heat production exceeds the rate of heat loss, then the temperature of the substance or mixture
will rise which, after an induction time, may lead to self-ignition and combustion.

B.11.2   Classification Criteria
B.11.2.1   A self-heating chemical shall be classified in one of the two categories for this class if, in tests performed in
accordance with test method N.4 in Part III, sub-section 33.3.1.6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6),
the result meets the criteria shown in Table B.11.1.
TaBlE B.11.1—CritEria for SElf-HEating ChEmicals
Category Criteria
1

A positive result is obtained in a test using a 25 mm sample cube at 140 °C (284 °F).

2

A negative result is obtained in a test using a 25 mm cube sample at 140 °C (284 °F), a positive result is obtained in a
test using a 100 mm sample cube at 140 °C (284 °F), and:

(a) The unit volume of the chemical is more than 3 m3; or

(b) A positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm cube sample at 120 °C (248 °F) and the unit volume of the
chemical is more than 450 liters; or

(c) A positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm cube sample at 100 °C (212 °F).

B.11.2.2   Chemicals with a temperature of spontaneous combustion higher than 50 °C (122 °F) for a volume of 27 m3 shall not
be classified as self-heating chemicals.
B.11.2.3   Chemicals with a spontaneous ignition temperature higher than 50 °C (122 °F) for a volume of 450 liters shall not be
classified in Category 1 of this class.

B.11.3   Additional Classification Considerations
B.11.3.1   The classification procedure for self-heating chemicals need not be applied if the results of a screening test can be
adequately correlated with the classification test and an appropriate safety margin is applied.
B.11.3.2   Examples of screening tests are:
(a) The Grewer Oven test (VDI guideline 2263, part 1, 1990, Test methods for the Determination of the Safety Characteristics of
Dusts) with an onset temperature 80°K above the reference temperature for a volume of 1 l;
(b) The Bulk Powder Screening Test (Gibson, N. Harper, D. J. Rogers, R. Evaluation of the fire and explosion risks in drying
powders, Plant Operations Progress, 4 (3), 181-189, 1985) with an onset temperature 60°K above the reference temperature for a
volume of 1 l.

B.12   CHEMICALS WHICH, IN CONTACT WITH WATER, EMIT FLAMMABLE GASES
B.12.1   Definition
Chemicals which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases are solid or liquid chemicals which, by interaction with water, are
liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

B.12.2   Classification Criteria
B.12.2.1   A chemical which, in contact with water, emits flammable gases shall be classified in one of the three categories for
this class, using test N.5 in Part III, sub-section 33.4.1.4 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in

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accordance with Table B.12.1:
TaBlE B.12.1—CritEria for ChEmicals Which, in Contact With WatEr, Emit FlammaBlE GasEs
Category Criteria
1

Any chemical which reacts vigorously with water at ambient temperatures and demonstrates generally a tendency for the
gas produced to ignite spontaneously, or which reacts readily with water at ambient temperatures such that the rate of
evolution of flammable gas is equal to or greater than 10 liters per kilogram of chemical over any one minute.

2

Any chemical which reacts readily with water at ambient temperatures such that the maximum rate of evolution of
flammable gas is equal to or greater than 20 liters per kilogram of chemical per hour, and which does not meet the
criteria for Category 1.

3

Any chemical which reacts slowly with water at ambient temperatures such that the maximum rate of evolution of
flammable gas is equal to or greater than 1 liter per kilogram of chemical per hour, and which does not meet the criteria
for Categories 1 and 2.

Note: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical as presented. If, for example, for the
purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and
which is considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be based on testing of the
chemical in the new form.
B.12.2.2   A chemical is classified as a chemical which, in contact with water emits flammable gases if spontaneous ignition
takes place in any step of the test procedure.

B.12.3   Additional Classification Considerations
The classification procedure for this class need not be applied if:
(a) The chemical structure of the chemical does not contain metals or metalloids;
(b) Experience in production or handling shows that the chemical does not react with water, (e.g., the chemical is manufactured
with water or washed with water); or
(c) The chemical is known to be soluble in water to form a stable mixture.

B.13   OXIDIZING LIQUIDS
B.13.1   Definition
Oxidizing liquid means a liquid which, while in itself not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or
contribute to, the combustion of other material.

B.13.2   Classification Criteria
An oxidizing liquid shall be classified in one of the three categories for this class using test O.2 in Part III, sub-section 34.4.2 of
the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.13.1:
TaBlE B.13.1—CritEria for OxidiZing LiQUids
Category Criteria
1

Any chemical which, in the 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose tested, spontaneously ignites; or the mean
pressure rise time of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose is less than that of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of
50% perchloric acid and cellulose;

2

Any chemical which, in the 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose tested, exhibits a mean pressure rise time
less than or equal to the mean pressure rise time of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of 40% aqueous sodium chlorate solution
and cellulose; and the criteria for Category 1 are not met;

3

Any chemical which, in the 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose tested, exhibits a mean pressure rise time
less than or equal to the mean pressure rise time of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of 65% aqueous nitric acid and cellulose;
and the criteria for Categories 1 and 2 are not met.

B.13.3   Additional Classification Considerations
B.13.3.1   For organic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be applied if:
(a) The chemical does not contain oxygen, fluorine or chlorine; or
(b) The chemical contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine and these elements are chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen.
B.13.3.2   For inorganic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be applied if the chemical does not
contain oxygen or halogen atoms.
B.13.3.3   In the event of divergence between test results and known experience in the handling and use of chemicals which
shows them to be oxidizing, judgments based on known experience shall take precedence over test results.
B.13.3.4   In cases where chemicals generate a pressure rise (too high or too low), caused by chemical reactions not
characterizing the oxidizing properties of the chemical, the test described in Part III, sub-section 34.4.2 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6) shall be repeated with an inert substance (e.g., diatomite (kieselguhr)) in place of the
cellulose in order to clarify the nature of the reaction.

B.14   OXIDIZING SOLIDS

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B.14.1   Definition
Oxidizing solid means a solid which, while in itself is not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or
contribute to, the combustion of other material.

B.14.2   Classification Criteria
An oxidizing solid shall be classified in one of the three categories for this class using test O.1 in Part III, sub-section 34.4.1 of
the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.14.1:
TaBlE B.14.1—CritEria for OxidiZing Solids
Category Criteria
1

Any chemical which, in the 4:1 or 1:1 sample-to-cellulose ratio (by mass) tested, exhibits a mean burning time less than
the mean burning time of a 3:2 mixture, by mass, of potassium bromate and cellulose.

2

Any chemical which, in the 4:1 or 1:1 sample-to-cellulose ratio (by mass) tested, exhibits a mean burning time equal to or
less than the mean burning time of a 2:3 mixture (by mass) of potassium bromate and cellulose and the criteria for
Category 1 are not met.

3

Any chemical which, in the 4:1 or 1:1 sample-to-cellulose ratio (by mass) tested, exhibits a mean burning time equal to or
less than the mean burning time of a 3:7 mixture (by mass) of potassium bromate and cellulose and the criteria for
Categories 1 and 2 are not met.

Note 1: Some oxidizing solids may present explosion hazards under certain conditions (e.g., when stored in large quantities).
For example, some types of ammonium nitrate may give rise to an explosion hazard under extreme conditions and the “Resistance
to detonation test” (IMO: Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, 2005, Annex 3, Test 5) may be used to assess this hazard.
When information indicates that an oxidizing solid may present an explosion hazard, it shall be indicated on the Safety Data Sheet.
Note 2: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the chemical as presented. If, for example, for the
purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and
which is considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be based on testing of the
chemical in the new form.

B.14.3   Additional Classification Considerations
B.14.3.1   For organic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be applied if:
(a) The chemical does not contain oxygen, fluorine or chlorine; or
(b) The chemical contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine and these elements are chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen.
B.14.3.2   For inorganic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be applied if the chemical does not
contain oxygen or halogen atoms.
B.14.3.3   In the event of divergence between test results and known experience in the handling and use of chemicals which
shows them to be oxidizing, judgements based on known experience shall take precedence over test results.

B.15   ORGANIC PEROXIDES
B.15.1   Definition
B.15.1.1   Organic peroxide means a liquid or solid organic chemical which contains the bivalent -0-0- structure and as such is
considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.
The term organic peroxide includes organic peroxide mixtures containing at least one organic peroxide. Organic peroxides are
thermally unstable chemicals, which may undergo exothermic self-accelerating decomposition. In addition, they may have one or
more of the following properties:
(a) Be liable to explosive decomposition;
(b) Burn rapidly;
(c) Be sensitive to impact or friction;
(d) React dangerously with other substances.
B.15.1.2   An organic peroxide is regarded as possessing explosive properties when in laboratory testing the formulation is liable
to detonate, to deflagrate rapidly or to show a violent effect when heated under confinement.

B.15.2   Classification Criteria
B.15.2.1   Any organic peroxide shall be considered for classification in this class, unless it contains:
(a) Not more than 1.0% available oxygen from the organic peroxides when containing not more than 1.0% hydrogen peroxide;
or
(b) Not more than 0.5% available oxygen from the organic peroxides when containing more than 1.0% but not more than 7.0%
hydrogen peroxide.
Note:The available oxygen content (%) of an organic peroxide mixture is given by the formula:

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Where:
ni = number of peroxygen groups per molecule of organic peroxide i;
ci = concentration (mass %) of organic peroxide i;
mi = molecular mass of organic peroxide i.
B.15.2.2   Organic peroxides shall be classified in one of the seven categories of “Types A to G” for this class, according to the
following principles:
(a) Any organic peroxide which, as packaged, can detonate or deflagrate rapidly shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE A;
(b) Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties and which, as packaged, neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly,
but is liable to undergo a thermal explosion in that package shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE B;
(c) Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties when the chemical as packaged cannot detonate or deflagrate rapidly
or undergo a thermal explosion shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE C;
(d) Any organic peroxide which in laboratory testing meets the criteria in (d)(i), (ii), or (iii) shall be defined as organic peroxide
TYPE D:
(i) Detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent effect when heated under confinement; or
(ii) Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no violent effect when heated under confinement; or
(iii) Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect when heated under confinement;
(e) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor deflagrates at all and shows low or no effect when
heated under confinement shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE E;
(f) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and shows
only a low or no effect when heated under confinement as well as low or no explosive power shall be defined as organic peroxide
TYPE F;
(g) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and shows no
effect when heated under confinement nor any explosive power, provided that it is thermally stable (self-accelerating decomposition
temperature is 60 °C (140 °F) or higher for a 50 kg (110 lb) package), and, for liquid mixtures, a diluent having a boiling point of not
less than 150 °C (302 °F) is used for desensitization, shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE G. If the organic peroxide is not
thermally stable or a diluent having a boiling point less than 150 °C (302 °F) is used for desensitization, it shall be defined as organic
peroxide TYPE F.

B.15.3   Additional Classification Considerations
B.15.3.1   For purposes of classification, the properties of organic peroxides shall be determined in accordance with test series
A to H as described in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).
B.15.3.2   Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) shall be determined in accordance with the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), Part II, section 28.
B.15.3.3   Mixtures of organic peroxides may be classified as the same type of organic peroxide as that of the most dangerous
ingredient. However, as two stable ingredients can form a thermally less stable mixture, the SADT of the mixture shall be
determined.

B.16   CORROSIVE TO METALS
B.16.1   Definition
A chemical which is corrosive to metals means a chemical which by chemical action will materially damage, or even destroy,
metals.

B.16.2   Classification Criteria
A chemical which is corrosive to metals shall be classified in a single category for this class, using the test in Part III, sub-section
37.4 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.16.1:
TaBlE B.16.1—CritEria for ChEmicals CorrosivE to MEtal
Category Criteria
1

Corrosion rate on either steel or aluminium surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm per year at a test temperature of 55 °C (131 °F)
when tested on both materials.

Note: Where an initial test on either steel or aluminium indicates the chemical being tested is corrosive, the follow-up test on the
other metal is not necessary.

B.16.3   Additional Classification Considerations
The specimen to be used for the test shall be made of the following materials:

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(a) For the purposes of testing steel, steel types S235JR+CR (1.0037 resp.St 37-2), S275J2G3+CR (1.0144 resp.St 44-3), ISO
3574, Unified Numbering System (UNS) G 10200, or SAE 1020;
(b) For the purposes of testing aluminium: Non-clad types 7075-T6 or AZ5GU-T6.

Appendix C to §1910.1200—Allocation of Label Elements (Mandatory)
C.1   The label for each hazardous chemical shall include the product identifier used on the safety data sheet.
C.1.1   The labels on shipped containers shall also include the name, address, and telephone number of the chemical
manufacturer, importer, or responsible party.
C.2   The label for each hazardous chemical that is classified shall include the signal word, hazard statement(s), pictogram(s),
and precautionary statement(s) specified in C.4 for each hazard class and associated hazard category, except as provided for in
C.2.1 through C.2.4.

C.2.1   Precedence of Hazard Information
C.2.1.1   If the signal word “Danger” is included, the signal word “Warning” shall not appear;
C.2.1.2   If the skull and crossbones pictogram is included, the exclamation mark pictogram shall not appear where it is used for
acute toxicity;
C.2.1.3   If the corrosive pictogram is included, the exclamation mark pictogram shall not appear where it is used for skin or eye
irritation;
C.2.1.4   If the health hazard pictogram is included for respiratory sensitization, the exclamation mark pictogram shall not appear
where it is used for skin sensitization or for skin or eye irritation.

C.2.2   Hazard Statement Text
C.2.2.1   The text of all applicable hazard statements shall appear on the label, except as otherwise specified. The information in
italics shall be included as part of the hazard statement as provided. For example: “causes damage to organs (state all organs
affected) through prolonged or repeated exposure (state route of exposure if no other routes of exposure cause the hazard)”.
Hazard statements may be combined where appropriate to reduce the information on the label and improve readability, as long as
all of the hazards are conveyed as required.
C.2.2.2   If the chemical manufacturer, importer, or responsible party can demonstrate that all or part of the hazard statement is
inappropriate to a specific substance or mixture, the corresponding statement may be omitted from the label.

C.2.3   Pictograms
C.2.3.1   Pictograms shall be in the shape of a square set at a point and shall include a black hazard symbol on a white
background with a red frame sufficiently wide to be clearly visible. A square red frame set at a point without a hazard symbol is not a
pictogram and is not permitted on the label.

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C.2.4   Precautionary Statement Text
C.2.4.1   There are four types of precautionary statements presented, “prevention,” “response,” “storage,” and “disposal.” The
core part of the precautionary statement is presented in bold print. This is the text, except as otherwise specified, that shall appear
on the label. Where additional information is required, it is indicated in plain text.
C.2.4.2   When a backslash or diagonal mark (/) appears in the precautionary statement text, it indicates that a choice has to be
made between the separated phrases. In such cases, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or responsible party can choose the
most appropriate phrase(s). For example, “Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection” could read
“wear eye protection”.
C.2.4.3   When three full stops (*  *  *) appear in the precautionary statement text, they indicate that all applicable conditions are
not listed. For example, in “Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/*  *  */equipment”, the use of “*  *  *” indicates that other
equipment may need to be specified. In such cases, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or responsible party can choose the other
conditions to be specified.
C.2.4.4   When text in italics is used in a precautionary statement, this indicates specific conditions applying to the use or
allocation of the precautionary statement. For example, “Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/*  *  */equipment” is only

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required for flammable solids “if dust clouds can occur”. Text in italics is intended to be an explanatory, conditional note and is not
intended to appear on the label.
C.2.4.5   Where square brackets ([  ]) appear around text in a precautionary statement, this indicates that the text in square
brackets is not appropriate in every case and should be used only in certain circumstances. In these cases, conditions for use
explaining when the text should be used are provided. For example, one precautionary statement states: “[In case of inadequate
ventilation] wear respiratory protection.” This statement is given with the condition for use “- text in square brackets may be used if
additional information is provided with the chemical at the point of use that explains what type of ventilation would be adequate for
safe use”. This means that, if additional information is provided with the chemical explaining what type of ventilation would be
adequate for safe use, the text in square brackets should be used and the statement would read: “In case of inadequate ventilation
wear respiratory protection.” However, if the chemical is supplied without such ventilation information, the text in square brackets
should not be used, and the precautionary statement should read: “Wear respiratory protection.”
C.2.4.6   Precautionary statements may be combined or consolidated to save label space and improve readability. For example,
“Keep away from heat, sparks and open flame,” “Store in a well-ventilated place” and “Keep cool” can be combined to read “Keep
away from heat, sparks and open flame and store in a cool, well-ventilated place.”
C.2.4.7   In most cases, the precautionary statements are independent (e.g., the phrases for explosive hazards do not modify
those related to certain health hazards, and products that are classified for both hazard classes shall bear appropriate precautionary
statements for both). Where a chemical is classified for a number of hazards, and the precautionary statements are similar, the most
stringent shall be included on the label (this will be applicable mainly to preventive measures). An order of precedence may be
imposed by the chemical manufacturer, importer or responsible party in situations where phrases concern “Response.” Rapid action
may be crucial. For example, if a chemical is carcinogenic and acutely toxic, rapid action may be crucial, and first aid measures for
acute toxicity will take precedence over those for long-term effects. In addition, medical attention to delayed health effects may be
required in cases of incidental exposure, even if not associated with immediate symptoms of intoxication.
C.2.4.8   If the chemical manufacturer, importer, or responsible party can demonstrate that a precautionary statement is
inappropriate to a specific substance or mixture, the precautionary statement may be omitted from the label.

C.3   Supplementary Hazard Information
C.3.1   To ensure that non-standardized information does not lead to unnecessarily wide variation or undermine the required
information, supplementary information on the label is limited to when it provides further detail and does not contradict or cast doubt
on the validity of the standardized hazard information.
C.3.2   Where the chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor chooses to add supplementary information on the label, the
placement of supplemental information shall not impede identification of information required by this section.
C.3.3   Where an ingredient with unknown acute toxicity is used in a mixture at a concentration ≥1%, and the mixture is not
classified based on testing of the mixture as a whole, a statement that X% of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknown acute
toxicity is required on the label.

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Appendix D to §1910.1200—Safety Data Sheets (Mandatory)
A safety data sheet (SDS) shall include the information specified in Table D.1 under the section number and heading indicated
for sections 1-11 and 16. If no relevant information is found for any given subheading within a section, the SDS shall clearly indicate
that no applicable information is available. Sections 12-15 may be included in the SDS, but are not mandatory.

TaBlE D.1—MinimUm Information for an SDS
Heading
1. Identification

2. Hazard(s)
identification

Subheading
(a) Product identifier used on the label;
(b) Other means of identification;
(c) Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use;
(d) Name, address, and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other
responsible party;
(e) Emergency phone number.
(a) Classification of the chemical in accordance with paragraph (d) of §1910.1200;
(b) Signal word, hazard statement(s), symbol(s) and precautionary statement(s) in accordance
with paragraph (f) of §1910.1200. (Hazard symbols may be provided as graphical reproductions
in black and white or the name of the symbol, e.g., flame, skull and crossbones);
(c) Describe any hazards not otherwise classified that have been identified during the
classification process;
(d) Where an ingredient with unknown acute toxicity is used in a mixture at a concentration ≥1%
and the mixture is not classified based on testing of the mixture as a whole, a statement that
X% of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknown acute toxicity is required.
Except as provided for in paragraph (i) of §1910.1200 on trade secrets:

3.
Composition/information
on ingredients

For Substances

(a) Chemical name;

(b) Common name and synonyms;

(c) CAS number and other unique identifiers;

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(d) Impurities and stabilizing additives which are themselves classified and which contribute to
the classification of the substance.

For Mixtures

In addition to the information required for substances:

(a) The chemical name and concentration (exact percentage) or concentration ranges of all
ingredients which are classified as health hazards in accordance with paragraph (d) of
§1910.1200 and

(1) Are present above their cut-off/concentration limits; or

(2) Present a health risk below the cut-off/concentration limits.

(b) The concentration (exact percentage) shall be specified unless a trade secret claim is made
in accordance with paragraph (i) of §1910.1200, when there is batch-to-batch variability in the
production of a mixture, or for a group of substantially similar mixtures (See A.0.5.1.2) with
similar chemical composition. In these cases, concentration ranges may be used.

For All Chemicals Where a Trade Secret is Claimed

Where a trade secret is claimed in accordance with paragraph (i) of §1910.1200, a statement
that the specific chemical identity and/or exact percentage (concentration) of composition has
been withheld as a trade secret is required.
4. First-aid measures
(a) Description of necessary measures, subdivided according to the different routes of exposure,
i.e., inhalation, skin and eye contact, and ingestion;
(b) Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed.
(c) Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed, if necessary.
(a) Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing media.
5. Fire-fighting
measures
(b) Specific hazards arising from the chemical (e.g., nature of any hazardous combustion
products).
(c) Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters.
6. Accidental release
(a) Personal precautions, protective equipment, and emergency procedures.
measures
(b) Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up.
7. Handling and storage (a) Precautions for safe handling.
(b) Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities.
8. Exposure
(a) OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL), American Conference of Governmental Industrial
controls/personal
Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV), and any other exposure limit used or
protection
recommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing the safety data
sheet, where available.
(b) Appropriate engineering controls.
(c) Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment.
9. Physical and
(a) Appearance (physical state, color, etc.);
chemical properties

(b) Odor;

(c) Odor threshold;

(d) pH;

(e) Melting point/freezing point;

(f) Initial boiling point and boiling range;

(g) Flash point;

(h) Evaporation rate;

(i) Flammability (solid, gas);

(j) Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits;

(k) Vapor pressure;

(l) Vapor density;

(m) Relative density;

(n) Solubility(ies);

(o) Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water;

(p) Auto-ignition temperature;

(q) Decomposition temperature;

(r) Viscosity.
10. Stability and
(a) Reactivity;
reactivity

(b) Chemical stability;

(c) Possibility of hazardous reactions;

(d) Conditions to avoid (e.g., static discharge, shock, or vibration);

(e) Incompatible materials;

(f) Hazardous decomposition products.
11. Toxicological
Description of the various toxicological (health) effects and the available data used to identify
information
those effects, including:

(a) Information on the likely routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact);

(b) Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics;

(c) Delayed and immediate effects and also chronic effects from short- and long-term exposure;

(d) Numerical measures of toxicity (such as acute toxicity estimates).

(e) Whether the hazardous chemical is listed in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report

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12. Ecological
information (Nonmandatory)

13. Disposal
considerations (Nonmandatory)
14. Transport
information (Nonmandatory)

15. Regulatory
information (Nonmandatory)
16. Other information,
including date of
preparation or last
revision

on Carcinogens (latest edition) or has been found to be a potential carcinogen in the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs (latest edition), or by OSHA.
(a) Ecotoxicity (aquatic and terrestrial, where available);
(b) Persistence and degradability;
(c) Bioaccumulative potential;
(d) Mobility in soil;
(e) Other adverse effects (such as hazardous to the ozone layer).
Description of waste residues and information on their safe handling and methods of disposal,
including the disposal of any contaminated packaging.
(a) UN number;

(b) UN proper shipping name;
(c) Transport hazard class(es);
(d) Packing group, if applicable;
(e) Environmental hazards (e.g., Marine pollutant (Yes/No));
(f) Transport in bulk (according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code);
(g) Special precautions which a user needs to be aware of, or needs to comply with, in
connection with transport or conveyance either within or outside their premises.
Safety, health and environmental regulations specific for the product in question.

The date of preparation of the SDS or the last change to it.

Appendix E to §1910.1200—Definition of “Trade Secret” (Mandatory)
The following is a reprint of the Restatement of Torts section 757, comment b (1939):
b. Definition of trade secret. A trade secret may consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is
used in one's business, and which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. It
may be a formula for a chemical compound, a process of manufacturing, treating or preserving materials, a pattern for a machine or
other device, or a list of customers. It differs from other secret information in a business (see s759 of the Restatement of Torts which
is not included in this Appendix) in that it is not simply information as to single or ephemeral events in the conduct of the business,
as, for example, the amount or other terms of a secret bid for a contract or the salary of certain employees, or the security
investments made or contemplated, or the date fixed for the announcement of a new policy or for bringing out a new model or the
like. A trade secret is a process or device for continuous use in the operations of the business. Generally it relates to the production
of goods, as, for example, a machine or formula for the production of an article. It may, however, relate to the sale of goods or to
other operations in the business, such as a code for determining discounts, rebates or other concessions in a price list or catalogue,
or a list of specialized customers, or a method of bookkeeping or other office management.
Secrecy. The subject matter of a trade secret must be secret. Matters of public knowledge or of general knowledge in an
industry cannot be appropriated by one as his secret. Matters which are completely disclosed by the goods which one markets
cannot be his secret. Substantially, a trade secret is known only in the particular business in which it is used. It is not requisite that
only the proprietor of the business know it. He may, without losing his protection, communicate it to employees involved in its use.
He may likewise communicate it to others pledged to secrecy. Others may also know of it independently, as, for example, when they
have discovered the process or formula by independent invention and are keeping it secret. Nevertheless, a substantial element of
secrecy must exist, so that, except by the use of improper means, there would be difficulty in acquiring the information. An exact
definition of a trade secret is not possible. Some factors to be considered in determining whether given information is one's trade
secret are: (1) The extent to which the information is known outside of his business; (2) the extent to which it is known by employees
and others involved in his business; (3) the extent of measures taken by him to guard the secrecy of the information; (4) the value of
the information to him and his competitors; (5) the amount of effort or money expended by him in developing the information; (6) the
ease or difficulty with which the information could be properly acquired or duplicated by others.
Novelty and prior art. A trade secret may be a device or process which is patentable; but it need not be that. It may be a device
or process which is clearly anticipated in the prior art or one which is merely a mechanical improvement that a good mechanic can
make. Novelty and invention are not requisite for a trade secret as they are for patentability. These requirements are essential to
patentability because a patent protects against unlicensed use of the patented device or process even by one who discovers it
properly through independent research. The patent monopoly is a reward to the inventor. But such is not the case with a trade
secret. Its protection is not based on a policy of rewarding or otherwise encouraging the development of secret processes or
devices. The protection is merely against breach of faith and reprehensible means of learning another's secret. For this limited
protection it is not appropriate to require also the kind of novelty and invention which is a requisite of patentability. The nature of the
secret is, however, an important factor in determining the kind of relief that is appropriate against one who is subject to liability under
the rule stated in this Section. Thus, if the secret consists of a device or process which is a novel invention, one who acquires the
secret wrongfully is ordinarily enjoined from further use of it and is required to account for the profits derived from his past use. If, on
the other hand, the secret consists of mechanical improvements that a good mechanic can make without resort to the secret, the
wrongdoer's liability may be limited to damages, and an injunction against future use of the improvements made with the aid of the
secret may be inappropriate.

Appendix F to §1910.1200—Guidance for Hazard Classifications Re: Carcinogenicity (Non-Mandatory)
The mandatory criteria for classification of a chemical for carcinogenicity under HCS (§1910.1200) are found in Appendix A.6 to
this section. This non-mandatory Appendix provides additional guidance on hazard classification for carcinogenicity. Part A of

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Appendix F includes background guidance provided by GHS based on the Preamble of the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) “Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans” (2006). Part B provides IARC classification
information. Part C provides background guidance from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) “Report on Carcinogens” (RoC),
and Part D is a table that compares GHS carcinogen hazard categories to carcinogen classifications under IARC and NTP, allowing
classifiers to be able to use information from IARC and NTP RoC carcinogen classifications to complete their classifications under
the GHS, and thus the HCS.

Part A: Background Guidance1
1
The text of Appendix F, Part A, on the IARC Monographs, is paraphrased from the 2006 Preamble to the “Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans”; the Classifier is referred to the full IARC Preamble for the complete text. The text is
not part of the agreed GHS text on the harmonized system developed by the OECD Task Force-HCL.

As noted in Footnote 6 of Appendix A.6. to this section, the GHS includes as guidance for classifiers information taken from the
Preamble of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans” (2006), providing guidance on the evaluation of the strength and evidence of carcinogenic risks to humans. This guidance
also discusses some additional considerations in classification and an approach to analysis, rather than hard-and-fast rules. Part A
is consistent with Appendix A.6, and should help in evaluating information to determine carcinogenicity.
Carcinogenicity in humans:
The evidence relevant to carcinogenicity from studies in humans is classified into one of the following categories:
(a) Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity: A causal relationship has been established between exposure to the agent and human
cancer. That is, a positive relationship has been observed between the exposure and cancer in studies in which chance, bias and
confounding could be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
(b) Limited evidence of carcinogenicity: A positive association has been observed between exposure to the agent and cancer for
which a causal interpretation is considered by the Working Group to be credible, but chance, bias or confounding could not be ruled
out with reasonable confidence.
In some instances, the above categories may be used to classify the degree of evidence related to carcinogenicity in specific
organs or tissues.
Carcinogenicity in experimental animals:
The evidence relevant to carcinogenicity in experimental animals is classified into one of the following categories:
(a) Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity: A causal relationship has been established between the agent and an increased
incidence of malignant neoplasms or of an appropriate combination of benign and malignant neoplasms in two or more species of
animals or two or more independent studies in one species carried out at different times or in different laboratories or under different
protocols. An increased incidence of tumors in both sexes of a single species in a well-conducted study, ideally conducted under
Good Laboratory Practices, can also provide sufficient evidence.
Exceptionally, a single study in one species and sex might be considered to provide sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity when
malignant neoplasms occur to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, type of tumor or age at onset, or when there are
strong findings of tumors at multiple sites.
(b) Limited evidence of carcinogenicity: The data suggest a carcinogenic effect but are limited for making a definitive evaluation
because, e.g. the evidence of carcinogenicity is restricted to a single experiment; there are unresolved questions regarding the
adequacy of the design, conduct or interpretation of the studies; the agent increases the incidence only of benign neoplasms or
lesions of uncertain neoplastic potential; or the evidence of carcinogenicity is restricted to studies that demonstrate only promoting
activity in a narrow range of tissues or organs.

Guidance on How To Consider Important Factors in Classification of Carcinogenicity (See Reference Section)
The weight of evidence analysis called for in GHS and the HCS (§1910.1200) is an integrative approach that considers
important factors in determining carcinogenic potential along with the strength of evidence analysis. The IPCS “Conceptual
Framework for Evaluating a Mode of Action for Chemical Carcinogenesis” (2001), International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI)
“Framework for Human Relevance Analysis of Information on Carcinogenic Modes of Action” (Meek, et al., 2003; Cohen et al.,
2003, 2004), and Preamble to the IARC Monographs (2006; Section B.6. (Scientific Review and Evaluation; Evaluation and
Rationale)) provide a basis for systematic assessments that may be performed in a consistent fashion. The IPCS also convened a
panel in 2004 to further develop and clarify the human relevance framework. However, the above documents are not intended to
dictate answers, nor provide lists of criteria to be checked off.

Mode of Action
Various documents on carcinogen assessment all note that mode of action in and of itself, or consideration of comparative
metabolism, should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and are part of an analytic evaluative approach. One must look closely at
any mode of action in animal experiments, taking into consideration comparative toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics between the animal
test species and humans to determine the relevance of the results to humans. This may lead to the possibility of discounting very
specific effects of certain types of substances. Life stage-dependent effects on cellular differentiation may also lead to qualitative
differences between animals and humans. Only if a mode of action of tumor development is conclusively determined not to be
operative in humans may the carcinogenic evidence for that tumor be discounted. However, a weight of evidence evaluation for a
substance calls for any other tumorigenic activity to be evaluated, as well.

Responses in Multiple Animal Experiments
Positive responses in several species add to the weight of evidence that a substance is a carcinogen. Taking into account all of
the factors listed in A.6.2.5.2 and more, such chemicals with positive outcomes in two or more species would be provisionally
considered to be classified in GHS Category 1B until human relevance of animal results are assessed in their entirety. It should be

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noted, however, that positive results for one species in at least two independent studies, or a single positive study showing
unusually strong evidence of malignancy may also lead to Category 1B.

Responses Are in One Sex or Both Sexes
Any case of gender-specific tumors should be evaluated in light of the total tumorigenic response to the substance observed at
other sites (multi-site responses or incidence above background) in determining the carcinogenic potential of the substance.
If tumors are seen only in one sex of an animal species, the mode of action should be carefully evaluated to see if the response
is consistent with the postulated mode of action. Effects seen only in one sex in a test species may be less convincing than effects
seen in both sexes, unless there is a clear patho-physiological difference consistent with the mode of action to explain the single sex
response.

Confounding Effects of Excessive Toxicity or Localized Effects
Tumors occurring only at excessive doses associated with severe toxicity generally have doubtful potential for carcinogenicity in
humans. In addition, tumors occurring only at sites of contact and/or only at excessive doses need to be carefully evaluated for
human relevance for carcinogenic hazard. For example, forestomach tumors, following administration by gavage of an irritating or
corrosive, non-mutagenic chemical, may be of questionable relevance. However, such determinations must be evaluated carefully
in justifying the carcinogenic potential for humans; any occurrence of other tumors at distant sites must also be considered.

Tumor Type, Reduced Tumor Latency
Unusual tumor types or tumors occurring with reduced latency may add to the weight of evidence for the carcinogenic potential
of a substance, even if the tumors are not statistically significant.
Toxicokinetic behavior is normally assumed to be similar in animals and humans, at least from a qualitative perspective. On the
other hand, certain tumor types in animals may be associated with toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics that are unique to the animal
species tested and may not be predictive of carcinogenicity in humans. Very few such examples have been agreed internationally.
However, one example is the lack of human relevance of kidney tumors in male rats associated with compounds causing α2uglobulin nephropathy (IARC, Scientific Publication N° 1472). Even when a particular tumor type may be discounted, expert judgment
must be used in assessing the total tumor profile in any animal experiment.
2
While most international agencies do not consider kidney tumors coincident with α2u-globulin nephropathy to be a predictor of
risk in humans, this view is not universally held. (See: Doi et al., 2007).

Part B: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)3
3
Preamble of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans” (2006).

IARC Carcinogen Classification Categories:
Group 1: The agent is carcinogenic to humans
This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be placed in
this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in
experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
Group 2:
This category includes agents for which, at one extreme, the degree of evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is almost
sufficient, as well as those for which, at the other extreme, there are no human data but for which there is evidence of
carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Agents are assigned to either Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) or Group 2B
(possibly carcinogenic to humans) on the basis of epidemiological and experimental evidence of carcinogenicity and mechanistic
and other relevant data. The terms probably carcinogenic and possibly carcinogenic have no quantitative significance and are used
simply as descriptors of different levels of evidence of human carcinogenicity, with probably carcinogenic signifying a higher level of
evidence than possibly carcinogenic.
Group 2A: The agent is probably carcinogenic to human.
This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in
experimental animals. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of
carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the
carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in this
category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. An agent may be assigned to this category if it clearly
belongs, based on mechanistic considerations, to a class of agents for which one or more members have been classified in Group 1
or Group 2A.
Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans.
This category is used for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient
evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in
humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent for which there is
inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals
together with supporting evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data may be placed in this group. An agent may be classified
in this category solely on the basis of strong evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data.

Part C: National Toxicology Program (NTP), “Report on Carcinogens”, Background Guidance
NTP Listing Criteria4:

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4

See: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/15209.

The criteria for listing an agent, substance, mixture, or exposure circumstance in the Report on Carcinogens (RoC) are as
follows:
Known To Be A Human Carcinogen: There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans5 that indicates a
causal relationship between exposure to the agent, substance, or mixture, and human cancer.
5

This evidence can include traditional cancer epidemiology studies, data from clinical studies, and/or data derived from the study
of tissues or cells from humans exposed to the substance in question that can be useful for evaluating whether a relevant cancer
mechanism is operating in people.
Reasonably Anticipated To Be A Human Carcinogen: There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans that
indicates that a causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors,
could not adequately be excluded,
or
there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals that indicates there is an increased incidence of
malignant and/or a combination of malignant and benign tumors in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, or by multiple routes
of exposure, or to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or type of tumor, or age at onset,
or
there is less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however, the agent, substance, or mixture
belongs to a well-defined, structurally-related class of substances whose members are listed in a previous Report on Carcinogens
as either known to be a human carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, or there is convincing relevant
information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in humans.
Conclusions regarding carcinogenicity in humans or experimental animals are based on scientific judgment, with consideration
given to all relevant information. Relevant information includes, but is not limited to, dose response, route of exposure, chemical
structure, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sensitive sub-populations, genetic effects, or other data relating to mechanism of action or
factors that may be unique to a given substance. For example, there may be substances for which there is evidence of
carcinogenicity in laboratory animals, but there are compelling data indicating that the agent acts through mechanisms that do not
operate in humans and would therefore not reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer in humans.

Part D: Table Relating Approximate Equivalences Among IARC, NTP RoC, and GHS Carcinogenicity Classifications
The following table may be used to perform hazard classifications for carcinogenicity under the HCS (§1910.1200). It relates the
approximated GHS hazard categories for carcinogenicity to the classifications provided by IARC and NTP, as described in Parts B
and C of this Appendix.
ApproximatE EQUivalEncEs Among CarcinogEn Classification SchEmEs
IARC

GHS

NTP RoC

Group 1

Category 1A

Known.

Group 2A

Category 1B

Reasonably Anticipated (See Note 1).

Group 2B

Category 2

Reasonably Anticipated (See Note 1).

Note 1:
1. Limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans (corresponding to IARC 2A/GHS 1B);
2. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals (again, essentially corresponding to IARC 2A/GHS
1B);
3. Less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however:
a. The agent, substance, or mixture belongs to a well-defined, structurally-related class of substances whose members are
listed in a previous RoC as either “Known” or “Reasonably Anticipated” to be a human carcinogen, or
b. There is convincing relevant information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in
humans.

*References
Cohen, S.M., J. Klaunig, M.E. Meek, R.N. Hill, T. Pastoor, L. Lehman-McKeeman, J. Bucher, D.G. Longfellow, J. Seed, V. Dellarco,
P. Fenner-Crisp, and D. Patton. 2004. Evaluating the human relevance of chemically induced animal tumors. Toxicol. Sci.
78(2):181-186.
Cohen, S.M., M.E. Meek, J.E. Klaunig, D.E. Patton, P.A. Fenner-Crisp. 2003. The human relevance of information on carcinogenic
modes of action: Overview. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 33(6):581-9.
Meek, M.E., J.R. Bucher, S.M. Cohen, V. Dellarco, R.N. Hill, L. Lehman-McKeeman, D.G. Longfellow, T. Pastoor, J. Seed, D.E.
Patton. 2003. A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Crit. Rev.
Toxicol. 33(6):591-653.
Sonich-Mullin, C., R. Fielder, J. Wiltse, K. Baetcke, J. Dempsey, P. Fenner-Crisp, D. Grant, M. Hartley, A. Knapp, D. Kroese, I.
Mangelsdorf, E. Meek, J.M. Rice, and M. Younes. 2001. The conceptual framework for evaluating a mode of action for
chemical carcinogenesis. Reg. Toxicol. Pharm. 34:146-152.

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International Programme on Chemical Safety Harmonization Group. 2004. Report of the First Meeting of the Cancer Working Group.
World Health Organization. Report IPCS/HSC-CWG-1/04. Geneva.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human. Preambles to
Volumes. World Health Organization. Lyon, France.
Cohen, S.M., P.A. Fenner-Crisp, and D.E. Patton. 2003. Special Issue: Cancer Modes of Action and Human Relevance. Critical
Reviews in Toxicology, R.O. McClellan, ed., Volume 33/Issue 6. CRC Press.
Capen, C.C., E. Dybing, and J.D. Wilbourn. 1999. Species differences in thyroid, kidney and urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Scientific Publication N° 147.
Doi, A.M., G. Hill, J. Seely, J.R. Hailey, G. Kissling, and J.R. Buchera. 2007. α2u-Globulin nephropathy and renal tumors in National
Toxicology Program studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 35:533-540.
[59 FR 6170, Feb. 9, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 17479, Apr. 13, 1994; 59 FR 65948, Dec. 22, 1994; 61 FR 9245, Mar. 7. 1996; 77
FR 17785, Mar. 26, 2012; 78 FR 9313, Feb. 8, 2013]

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