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pdfSMS: Getting Ready
Safety
Management
Systems
Form Approved
OMB No. 0704-0188
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1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)
2. REPORT TYPE
3. DATES COVERED (From – To)
15-06-2015
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
FTA Safety Management Systems (SMS) Framework
DTFT60-11-D-00003
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5d. PROJECT NUMBER
Lynn Spencer, FTA; Jim Caton, Dan Maurino and Ream Lazaro, BCG
VA-27-4258
5e. TASK NUMBER
0006
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER
Boyd, Caton & Grant Transportation Group, Inc.
1145 Grove Park Lane, Earlysville, VA 22936
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
Office of Transit Safety and Oversight, Office of System Safety
Federal Transit Administration, 1200 New Jersey Ave, S.E., Washington, D.C. 20590
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT - The FTA SMS Framework provides the building blocks of SMS and some of the major milestones for its implementation. By sharing this Framework, the
FTA aims to standardize the understanding of SMS and actively support its implementation through communication and partnership with the public transportation
industry.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
Federal Transit Administration, Office of Transit Safety and Oversight, Safety Management Systems Framework
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ABSTRACT
a. REPORT
b. ABSTRACT
c. THIS PAGE
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
SMS Framework ............................................................................................................................................ 1
What is the SMS Framework?................................................................................................................... 1
Why SMS? ................................................................................................................................................. 1
What are the attributes of SMS? .............................................................................................................. 2
Executive Management Commitment........................................................................................................... 3
SMS Components and Sub-components ....................................................................................................... 4
I – Safety Management Policy................................................................................................................... 5
II – Safety Risk Management..................................................................................................................... 8
III – Safety Assurance .............................................................................................................................. 10
IV – Safety Promotion ............................................................................................................................. 11
SMS Implementation and Maturity ............................................................................................................. 12
SMS Implementation Phases....................................................................................................................... 13
Phase 1 – Planning, Organization and Policy Development .................................................................... 13
Phase 2 – Safety Risk Management ........................................................................................................ 14
Phase 3 – Safety Assurance..................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix A: Sample SMS Policy Statement.................................................................................................A1
Table of Contents
FTA SMS Framework
SMS Framework
What is the SMS Framework?
SMS is the basis for FTA’s new National Public Transportation Safety Program. Effective SMS
implementation will improve public transportation safety and provide transit agencies with a structure for
understanding and addressing safety risks through proactive and timely organizational decision-making.
FTA developed this SMS Framework to guide public transportation and oversight agencies by:
•
•
•
•
Providing a brief overview of key SMS concepts;
Describing attributes of an effective SMS;
Presenting FTA’s adopted SMS components and sub-components; and
Presenting SMS development phases and sample tasks.
FTA’S SMS Framework provides the building blocks of SMS and some of the major milestones for its
implementation. By sharing this Framework, FTA aims to standardize the understanding of SMS and
actively support its implementation through communication and partnership with the public
transportation industry.
Why SMS?
The safety of passengers and employees is a top priority for all public transportation industry
stakeholders. When compared to other modes of surface transportation, public transit has demonstrated
a strong safety record. However, accidents still occur. In recent years the understanding of how accidents
happen in the public transportation industry has expanded. Looking beyond the assignment of blame to
an individual employee or supervisor, SMS allows public transportation agencies to examine how
organizational factors contribute to incidents, accidents, and near misses. Organizational factors include
how an agency:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Allocates its resources;
Defines and establishes operational procedures;
Supervises frontline personnel;
Selects and trains staff;
Monitors service delivery operations; and
Resolves human performance issues.
Recent investigations of accidents and incidents have revealed the importance of these organizational
factors after the fact. SMS proactively identifies and analyzes contributing organizational factors before
the fact—before accidents or incidents bring them to light.
Successful management of these organizational factors requires that transit agencies make wise decisions
about how they identify, prioritize, and address safety concerns. To date, most public transportation
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FTA SMS Framework
agencies have experience in applying system safety principles to address safety concerns. SMS builds on
this experience by integrating basic system safety principles – updated to reflect advances in safety
thinking–into specific organizational and management processes through:
•
•
•
•
•
Increasing the focus on hazard identification across the organization;
Broadening the scope of safety data collection;
Emphasizing the importance of managing safety risks across all areas of operations;
Integrating data from other organizational processes into safety data analysis;
Promoting participation and contribution of frontline personnel in the management of safety;
and
• Fostering an organizational culture that encourages proactive safety reporting and safety risk
management.
SMS is a management system, akin to a financial or quality management system. It ensures that a public
transportation agency, regardless of its size or service environment, has the necessary organizational
structures, activities and tools in place, and the necessary safety accountabilities to direct and control
resources to manage safety optimally.
SMS activities proactively detect safety concerns and organizational factors, and correct them using datadriven prioritization. As such, important to its success is the:
1. Effective collection, analysis, and sharing of safety data, and
2. Active, accurate, and routine safety performance measurement.
SMS provides transit and oversight agencies with additional tools and activities, and therefore new
opportunities, to efficiently and effectively align safety priorities and promote continuous improvement in
safety performance.
What are the attributes of SMS?
SMS is a formal, top-down, organization-wide approach to managing safety risks and assuring the
effectiveness of safety risk mitigations. SMS helps a transit agency focus its safety management efforts by
ensuring that:
1. Senior management has access to the information necessary to strategically allocate resources
based on the unique safety priorities of the specific transit agency;
2. Lines of safety decision-making accountability are established throughout the organization to
support the resolution of safety concerns and thus promote a proactive safety culture; and
3. Transit agencies address organizational factors that may lead to safety breakdowns, identify
system-wide trends in safety, and manage hazards before they result in accidents or incidents.
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FTA SMS Framework
SMS can be adapted to the mode, size, and complexity
of any transit agency in any environment: urban,
suburban, or rural. The extent to which SMS processes,
activities, and tools are implemented (and
documented) will vary from agency to agency. For a
small transit operation, SMS processes will likely be
straightforward, and activities and tools less
burdensome. For a larger transit agency with hundreds
or thousands of employees and multiple modes, SMS
processes will likely be complex, and activities and tools
more resource-intensive.
SMS is adaptable
•
•
SMS adapts to transit agencies of all
sizes, service environments, modes,
and operating characteristics.
SMS provides the necessary processes,
activities, and tools to manage safety
effectively.
The FTA SMS Framework helps to standardize the building blocks of an effective SMS; however, each
transit agency will determine the level of detail necessary to identify and establish its accountabilities, as
well as the complexity and detail of its own processes, activities, and tools to address its unique safety
risks.
Executive Management Commitment
It is a basic management tenet that accountabilities flow top-down. Therefore, as a management system,
SMS requires that safety accountability reside with the top executive of a transit agency. While this is
usually at the CEO or General Manager level, an agency’s Board of Directors also plays an integral role for
establishing a sound foundation for safety management.
Regardless of agency size, executive management must play a significant role in developing and
sustaining an SMS and a positive safety culture. Without the ongoing commitment of agency executives,
any attempt for successful integration of SMS practices into the agency’s activities will likely fall short. As
such, before going into detail for each of the four components of the FTA SMS Framework, it is important
to discuss the role of executive management in SMS implementation and continued operation.
SMS requires management commitment
• The Accountable Executive is
ultimately responsible for safety
management.
• Executive management includes
the management of safety through
SMS among its top priorities.
• Support for safety and the SMS is
visible throughout all levels of
management.
Executive management is ultimately accountable for
safety because they are tasked with allocating
resources to address business functions, including the
management of safety, as organizational processes.
SMS requires the establishment of explicit lines of
decision-making accountability at the senior
management levels. Within SMS, the individual with
ultimate accountability for its day-to-day operation is
known as the Accountable Executive. Typically, the
Accountable Executive is the head of a transit agency:
its CEO, President, General Manager, or Executive
Director. Regardless of title, the Accountable Executive
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FTA SMS Framework
plays a central role in the development, implementation, and operation of SMS, in addition to setting
safety objectives and safety performance targets.
The Accountable Executive does not need to hold special qualifications or be a safety expert. However,
the Accountable Executive must:
• Understand how SMS works, what it seeks to achieve, the potential benefits it will generate for
the agency, and his or her role in the management system operation;
• Know the key personnel to consult for the safety information that will inform decisions related to
the allocation of resources; and
• Have an understanding of significant safety issues that a transit agency might face during delivery
of services.
For an Accountable Executive, safety information–like financial, schedule, planning, and service
information – is an integral source of the overall information necessary to allocate resources, set budgets,
and manage safety risks. The Accountable Executive should use safety reports and analyses, which are
products of SMS processes, as factors in budget planning.
The Board of Directors, or equivalent authority, plays a similar critical role in budget planning and will
need to stay informed of top agency safety management priorities and, in consultation with the
Accountable Executive, ensure that safety risks are minimized through the strategic application of
available resources.
SMS Components and Sub-components
The FTA SMS Framework is comprised of four components and eleven sub-components.
Safety Management Systems Components
Safety Management Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Safety Management Policy Statement
Safety Accountabilities and Responsibilities
Integration with Public Safety and Emergency
Management
SMS Documentation and Records
Safety Risk Management
5.
6.
Hazard Identification and Analysis
Safety Risk Evaluation
Safety Assurance
7.
8.
9.
Safety Performance Monitoring and
Measurement
Management of Change
Continuous Improvement
Safety Promotion
10. Safety Communication
11. Competencies and Training
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FTA SMS Framework
Each component and its sub-components are applicable to an agency of any size. SMS provides the
flexibility for each transit agency to decide how to implement these processes and activities. SMS
components interact with each other to provide an effective system of feedback. The following sections
describe the components of SMS and serves as guidance to the transit agencies in their implementation
of SMS.
I – Safety Management Policy
The Safety Management Policy is the written foundation of a public transportation agency’s safety
management system. It formally and explicitly commits an agency to the development and
implementation of the organizational structures and resources necessary to sustain the safety
management processes and activities of an SMS. An effective Safety Management Policy establishes that
a transit agency’s top executive is ultimately accountable for safety management.
The Safety Management Policy component encompasses an
agency’s safety objectives and safety performance targets,
and the necessary organizational structures to accomplish
them. It establishes senior leadership and employee
accountabilities and responsibilities for safety management
throughout an agency. It also commits senior leadership to
the oversight of an agency’s safety performance through
SMS is formal and structured
•
SMS defines management
commitment to meet established
safety objectives and safety
performance targets.
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FTA SMS Framework
meetings and regular reviews of activity outputs and discussions of resource allocation with key agency
stakeholders.
The Safety Management Policy is implemented in practice though the Safety Management Policy
Statement, which the Accountable Executive formally endorses.
Safety Management Policy sub-components
1. Safety Management Policy Statement – This sub-component clearly frames the fundamentals
upon which a transit agency will build and operate its SMS. It documents executive
management’s commitment to the SMS, and places the management of safety at the same level
as a transit agency’s topmost business processes.
To be effective, a transit agency’s Safety Management Policy Statement addresses the following
six crucial aspects:
• Must be signed by the highest executive in the agency (typically, the Accountable
Executive (CEO/GM) or Board of Directors/oversight entity) to convey that SMS is
important to the highest level of the organization;
• Includes a clear statement about providing resources for managing safety during service
delivery because no activities, safety-oriented or otherwise, can operate without
resources;
• Commits the agency to an employee safety reporting program to convey that receiving
safety information from employees is critical to the operation and success of the SMS;
• Defines conditions under which exemptions from disciplinary actions would be
applicable, thus encouraging the reporting of safety concerns by employees;
• Spells out unacceptable operational behaviors; and
• Is communicated, with visible and explicit support from executive management,
throughout the transit agency.
Finally, the Safety Management Policy Statement documents management’s commitment to
continuous safety improvement, as well as to the continuous improvement of the safety
management system itself.
2. Safety Accountabilities and Responsibilities – This sub-component defines the accountabilities and
responsibilities for the performance of the SMS. It describes the relationships between the
Accountable Executive and a transit agency’s governance structure.
Under the Safety Accountabilities and Responsibilities sub-component, an Accountable Executive
is identified and accountabilities, responsibilities, and authorities are defined for the executive
and senior managers. These accountabilities, responsibilities (and their delegation), and
authorities ensure the effective and efficient operation of the SMS, and may vary from agency to
agency based on the size and complexity of the agency.
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FTA SMS Framework
It is critical to appoint a subject matter expert for the implementation and day-to-day operation
of the SMS, as well as staff necessary to support the subject matter expert in the day-to-day
operation of the SMS. The following sample responsibilities would most likely fall to this SMS
manager:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Directs collection and analysis of safety information;
Manages hazard identification and safety risk evaluation activities;
Monitors safety risk mitigations;
Provides periodic reports on safety performance;
Advises senior management on safety matters;
Maintains safety management documentation; and
Plans and organizes safety training.
While SMS responsibilities will not look the same at all transit agencies, the following are some
anticipated, and minimum, sample responsibilities that fall on all line and technical management
personnel who have responsibilities under SMS:
•
•
•
•
Actively support and promote the SMS;
Ensure that they and their staff comply with the SMS processes and procedures;
Assist in ensuring that resources are available to achieve the outcomes of the SMS; and
Continually monitor their area of SMS responsibility.
Each transit agency will determine the structure for accountabilities and responsibilities that will
best support its SMS. However, the following principles apply to all:
• Ensure accountability for SMS performance is at the highest level of the organization;
• Implement SMS in a manner that meets transit agency safety performance objectives;
• Establish the meeting or committee structure necessary for the size of the agency to
ensure that safety information moves up, down and across the agency; and
• Effectively communicate roles and responsibilities to all relevant individuals.
3. Integration with Public Safety and Emergency Management – This sub-component ensures
integration of programs that have input into, or output from, the SMS. Each transit agency will
identify and describe the necessary coordination with both external organizations and internal
departments for dealing with emergencies and abnormal operations, as well as the return to
normal operations. This sub-component addresses the various internal and external programs
that may affect safety management and includes an index of the plans and procedures that
support the transit agency’s public safety and emergency management activities.
4. SMS Documentation and Records – This sub-component includes the activities for the
documentation of SMS implementation, the tools required for day-to-day SMS operation, and the
management of new or revised safety requirements, regulatory or otherwise.
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FTA SMS Framework
The extent and complexity of the SMS documentation will be commensurate to an agency’s size
and complexity. SMS documentation and records must be readily available to those with
accountabilities for SMS performance or responsibilities for SMS implementation and operation.
II – Safety Risk Management
The Safety Risk Management component is comprised of
the processes, activities, and tools a transit agency needs
to identify and analyze hazards and evaluate safety risks
in operations and supporting activities. It allows a transit
agency to carefully examine what could cause harm, and
determine whether the agency has taken sufficient
precautions to minimize the harm, or if further
mitigations are necessary.
SMS is proactive
• Safety Risk Management promotes
the identification of hazards before
they escalate into accidents or
incidents.
• Safety Risk Management evaluates
safety risk and establishes
necessary mitigations.
All transit agencies have implemented activities to
identify safety concerns. Under an SMS, this practice will
expand to ensure use of both proactive (i.e. employee safety reporting) and reactive (i.e. investigations)
sources that are as comprehensive as necessary for the size and complexity of the agency.
Through ongoing Safety Risk Management activities, safety hazards and concerns in transit operations are
identified, evaluated, and mitigations are put in place to manage their safety risk.
Safety Risk Management sub-components
5. Hazard Identification and Analysis – As the first two steps in the Safety Risk Management process,
hazard identification and analysis identify and address hazards before they escalate into incidents
or accidents. They also provide a foundation for the risk evaluation and mitigation activities that
follow.
Hazards are an inevitable part of transit operations. Only after a transit agency identifies hazards
can it address them. Many transit agencies have some of the following hazard identification
sources in place:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Employee safety reporting program
Observations of operations
Inspections
Internal safety investigations
Accident reports
Compliance programs
Committee reviews
Industry data
Governmental sources (FTA, NTSB, oversight agency)
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FTA SMS Framework
• Customer and public feedback or complaints
There are many sources for safety information and many ways to identify hazards, and the
sources and methods used depend on the size and complexity of the organization. The data
sources may vary, but there are key attributes of effective hazard identification:
• The more comprehensive the data sources, the more confident management can be that
safety concerns are being identified;
• Training employees on proper identification and reporting of safety concerns increases
the likelihood that hazards can be addressed;
• Focus on the collection of safety concerns while safety representatives work with
operations and management personnel to identify the exact hazard(s); and
• Promote and support agency-wide safety concern reporting and hazard identification.
Each transit agency will establish its preferred methods for hazard analysis. As appropriate,
subject matter experts from relevant departments should be involved in a transit agency’s hazard
analysis.
6. Safety Risk Evaluation and Mitigation – Following hazard identification, a transit agency
implements activities and tools to evaluate safety risks associated with identified hazards, and
subsequently develops mitigations to reduce safety risk exposure.
The term “safety risk” represents the likelihood that people could be harmed, or equipment
could be damaged, by the potential consequences of a hazard and the extent of the harm or
damage. Therefore, safety risk is expressed and measured by the predicted probability and
severity of a hazard’s potential consequences.
Safety risk evaluation must consider existing mitigations when determining whether further
measures are needed to mitigate the potential consequences of a hazard. Safety risk mitigations
are actions taken to reduce the likelihood and/or severity of the potential consequences of a
hazard.
Safety risk mitigation enables a transit agency to actively “manage” safety risk in a manner that is
aligned with its safety performance targets, and consists of initial, ongoing, and revised
mitigations.
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FTA SMS Framework
III – Safety Assurance
The Safety Assurance component ensures that
mitigations are implemented, adhered to, appropriate, Safety Assurance builds confidence and
effective and sufficient in addressing the potential assures mitigation effectiveness
consequences of identified hazards. Mitigations
• Safety Assurance ensures that transit
developed under the Safety Risk Management process
agencies implement appropriate and
are “handed-off” to Safety Assurance analysts
effective mitigations.
reviewing the data to determine if (1) the mitigations
• Safety Assurance is a never-ending
are effective, and (2) that no new risks have been
process that monitors the safety
introduced through implementation of the mitigations.
performance of an organization.
Safety Assurance also ensures that the SMS is effective
in meeting an agency’s safety objectives and safety performance targets. A transit agency assures its
safety objectives are met through the collection and analysis of safety data, including the tracking of
safety risk mitigations.
A transit agency implements its Safety Assurance process through the active monitoring of operations,
safety reporting systems, routine workplace observations, inspections, audits, and other activities,
designed to support safety oversight and performance monitoring. An effective employee safety
reporting program is essential to the Safety Assurance function.
Safety Assurance also helps a transit agency evaluate whether an anticipated change may affect the
safety of operations. If an anticipated change is determined to introduce safety risk, a transit agency
would conduct Safety Risk Management activities to minimize the safety risk associated with the change.
Safety Assurance sub-components
7. Safety Performance Monitoring and Measurement – SMS generates data and information that
senior management needs in order to evaluate whether implemented safety risk mitigations are
appropriate and effective, and how well an agency’s safety performance is in line with established
safety objectives and safety performance targets. Safety performance monitoring does not focus
on monitoring individuals, but rather monitoring the safety performance of a transit agency itself
through routine monitoring of operations and maintenance activities.
Examples of safety performance monitoring activities include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Monitor employee safety reporting program
Monitor service delivery activities (must include field observations)
Monitor operational and maintenance data
Conduct safety surveys
Conduct safety audits, studies, reviews, and inspections
Conduct safety investigations
Evaluate data and information from external agencies or peers
Page | 10
FTA SMS Framework
8. Management of Change – Change may introduce new hazards and safety risk into transit
operations. Therefore, agencies should establish the criteria that define when a change must be
evaluated through the Safety Risk Management process. If a proposed or identified change meets
or triggers those criteria, the agency uses Safety Risk Management to review existing mitigations
to determine if they are sufficient or if new mitigations are necessary. It is important that a transit
agency leverage its field monitoring activities (under the Safety Performance Monitoring and
Measurement sub-component) to support the identification of changes in a system that may not
be planned.
9. Continuous Improvement – Evaluation of the SMS is necessary to ensure that it effectively and
efficiently allows the agency to meet safety objectives and performance targets. Transit agencies
should address any identified weaknesses in SMS organizational structures, processes, and
resources in a timely manner, and also complete annual reviews of overall safety performance.
IV – Safety Promotion
Safety Promotion provides visibility of executive
management’s commitment to safety, and fosters
improved safety performance by increasing safety
awareness through safety communication and training.
Through communication of lessons learned and broader
safety information, employees are made aware of
safety priorities and safety concerns at both the
organizational level and as they relate to their own
duties and responsibilities.
SMS promotes a strong culture of safety
•
Safety Promotion encourages and
teaches safety through effective
communication and training.
• Safety Promotion ensures employees
at all levels get the training they need
to do their job safely.
The appropriate training for all staff, regardless of their level in the agency, provides visibility for, and
knowledge of, the SMS. It ensures employees receive the training they need to do their job safely, and
gives them shared ownership of the transit agency’s safety mission. This training commitment
demonstrates management’s commitment to establishing an effective SMS.
Safety Promotion sub-components
10. Safety Communication – A two-way feedback loop between frontline employees and
management about safety information is crucial in establishing a positive safety culture.
Effective safety communication makes personnel aware of safety priorities and initiatives and
ensures that feedback is captured and acted upon as appropriate. Safety-related information
must be actively and routinely communicated, and must focus on raising awareness of hazards
and potential safety risks. Regular discussion of safety concerns promotes an environment that
encourages employees to report concerns and demonstrates management commitment to both
the employees and the agency’s safety performance objectives.
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FTA SMS Framework
11. Competencies and Training – Training of all employees with respect to their role and
responsibilities as they relate to agency safety performance is perhaps the most critical driver
for successful SMS implementation. It also shapes employee perception of executive
management’s commitment to safety. Achieving appropriate levels of competency for each staff
level enables the consistent application of their skills to help the transit agency achieve its safety
performance objectives.
At the frontline employee level, safety management training should provide for the development
of safety reporting competencies, i.e. employees should receive formal training on the expected
contents of employee safety reporting (what to report; what not to report) and the procedures
established for reporting.
At the safety management level, formal training should develop safety data management
competencies, i.e. how to analyze safety data, extract information from the safety data, and turn
safety information into safety intelligence for senior management decision-making for the
allocation of safety management resources.
SMS Implementation and Maturity
SMS implementation occurs over time and requires a shift in the management and perception of safety
by individuals and the organization as a whole.
A transit agency builds SMS maturity through a series of steps that lead to confidence that safety risk is
being identified, evaluated, and mitigated to an extent that is consistent with its safety objectives and
safety performance targets. An agency’s SMS is mature when agency employees, from Accountable
Executive to frontline operators, can unequivocally answer these five questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are our most serious safety concerns?
How do we know this?
What are we doing about it?
Is what we are doing working?
How do we know what we are doing is working?
The steps to SMS implementation maturity will vary among transit agencies, as constraints and
possibilities in approaching safety management, its communication, and training will vary greatly from
agency to agency. The FTA hopes that this SMS Framework, and subsequent training, guidance, and
assistance, will help expedite SMS maturity within the industry.
While every transit agency is unique, the common goal from the Board of Directors to the Accountable
Executive, middle management, supervisors, and frontline employees is to ensure that passengers reach
their destination safely and employees return home each day.
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FTA SMS Framework
SMS Implementation Phases
The FTA proposes three phases for SMS
implementation. Each implementation phase is
associated with a component of the FTA SMS
Framework. There is no specific phase associated with
Safety Promotion because safety management training
and safety communication are ongoing activities that
intertwine in all implementation phases and the life
cycle of SMS.
The Three Implementation Phases of SMS
• Phase 1 – Planning, Organization and
Policy Development
• Phase 2 – Safety Risk Management
• Phase 3 – Safety Assurance
Phase 1 – Planning, Organization and Policy Development
The objectives of Phase 1 are to (a) generate a blueprint of how to meet and integrate SMS requirements
into a transit agency’s service delivery operations, (b) create an accountability framework for the
development of SMS implementation activities, and (c) develop safety policy documents.
The SMS gap analysis is central to Phase 1. A gap analysis is an assessment of where the transit agency is
today with respect to implementing SMS, as compared to a fully mature SMS. From the SMS gap analysis,
a transit agency can determine the status of its safety management processes, including the
organizational structures and resources necessary to support them. From this baseline, a transit agency
can plan to develop or strengthen existing safety management processes.
The output of Phase 1 is the SMS implementation plan and completion of safety policy development.
Phase 1 Completion
At the completion of Phase 1, a transit agency should have finished the following tasks in a manner that
meets the expectations set forth in relevant requirements and guidance material:
• Appoint the person and/or assemble the team responsible for the development of the SMS
implementation plan;
• Conduct an SMS implementation gap analysis by reference to the components and subcomponents of the FTA SMS Framework;
• Develop an SMS implementation plan that describes the development of organizational
structures and deployment of resources that are required for managing safety under SMS. The
SMS implementation plan must detail the tasks, the task owners, and due dates;
• As part of the SMS implementation plan:
− Identify the Accountable Executive and the safety management accountabilities of
managers;
− Develop the Safety Management Policy Statement draft;
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FTA SMS Framework
− Identify the departments involved with the integration of emergency plans, procedures,
and/or protocols that direct both internal emergency response to transit related events
and external emergency response with local emergency services for community-wide
emergency activities;
− Develop the blueprint of essential activities and tools of the Safety Risk Management
process;
− Develop the blueprint of essential activities and tools of the Safety Assurance process;
− Identify safety management training needs based on audience groups; and
− Develop the infrastructure for safety management communication.
Phase 2 – Safety Risk Management
The objectives of Phase 2 are to (a) establish and implement Safety Risk Management activities and tools
so a transit agency can identify and analyze hazards and evaluate safety risks, and (b) correct potential
shortcomings, from an SMS viewpoint, in activities and tools that an agency already has in place.
Organizationally, this is accomplished when safety risk management responsibility moves beyond just the
safety department and into each operational division of the agency.
Most transit agencies have Safety Risk Management activities, though at different levels of
implementation maturity and with different degrees of effectiveness. These activities and tools may
include information analysis from accident reports, incident investigations, and employee reports.
Phase 2 strives to strengthen existing activities and tools and to develop those that do not yet exist.
Toward the end of Phase 2, a transit agency will be ready to perform integrated safety analyses based on
information obtained through different methods of safety data collection.
Phase 2 Completion
At the completion of Phase 2, a transit agency should have finished the following tasks in a manner that
meets the expectations set forth in relevant requirements and guidance material:
• Hazard identification and analysis
− Establish criteria and guidance for the activities and tools for hazard identification and
analysis; and
−
Establish an employee safety reporting program.
Clearly identify the non-punitive aspects of the employee safety reporting program.
Clearly identify behaviors that are exempt from discipline.
• Safety risk evaluation and mitigation
− Develop and adopt safety risk matrices for probability and severity, and evaluate safety
risks associated with service delivery operations; and
− Establish criteria for the elevation of safety risks to executive management, as necessary.
• Develop hazard identification, analysis, safety risk evaluation, and mitigation documentation;
• Develop and deliver training for hazard identification, analysis, safety risk evaluation, and
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FTA SMS Framework
mitigation to relevant personnel, and include the training material in relevant transit agency
documentation;
• Communicate the start of the employee safety reporting program; and
• Communicate the completion of the tasks above to relevant personnel throughout a transit
agency.
Phase 3 – Safety Assurance
The objectives of Phase 3 are to (a) implement essential Safety Assurance activities and tools that allow a
transit agency to monitor safety performance during service delivery operations, (b) manage operational
change, and (c) provide for continuous improvement of the SMS.
Phase 3 strives to strengthen existing Safety Assurance activities and to develop those that do not yet
exist. At the end of Phase 3, a transit agency will be ready to monitor safety risk controls and engage in
continuous corrective action to maintain their effectiveness over time and under changing operational
demands.
Phase 3 Completion
At the completion of Phase 3, a transit agency should have finished the following tasks in a manner that
meets the expectations set forth in relevant requirements and guidance material:
• Safety performance monitoring and measurement
− Develop safety performance monitoring and measurement activities; and
− Establish safety performance indicators and safety performance targets.
• Management of change
− Define trigger thresholds for engaging in change management activities (i.e. hazard
identification, analysis, and safety risk evaluation); and
− Ensure no service delivery operations will be initiated in the changed environment until
an initial evaluation has been conducted.
• Continuous improvement
−
−
Develop criteria for SMS continuous improvement;
Establish SMS assessments; and
− Define internal SMS assessment activities.
− Identify safety assurance and oversight activities carried out by external agencies.
• Document all safety performance and monitoring, management of change, and continuous
improvement activities;
• Develop and deliver training on safety performance and monitoring, management of change and
continuous improvement, and include the training material in relevant documentation; and
• Communicate the completion of all the above tasks to relevant personnel.
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FTA SMS Framework
Appendix A: Sample SMS Policy Statement
The management of safety is one of our core business functions. [Transit agency] is committed to
developing, implementing, maintaining, and constantly improving processes to ensure that all our transit
service delivery activities take place under a balanced allocation of organizational resources, aimed at
achieving the highest level of safety performance and meeting established standards.
All levels of management and all employees are accountable for the delivery of this highest level of safety
performance, starting with the [Chief Executive Officer (CEO)/Managing Director/or as appropriate to the
organization].
[Transit agency] commitment is to:
• Support the management of safety through the provision of appropriate resources, that will
result in an organizational culture that fosters safe practices, encourages effective employee
safety reporting and communication, and actively manages safety with the same attention to
results as the attention to the results of the other management systems of the organization;
• Integrate the management of safety among the primary responsibilities of all managers and
employees;
• Clearly define for all staff, managers and employees alike, their accountabilities and
responsibilities for the delivery of the organization’s safety performance and the performance of
our safety management system;
• Establish and operate hazard identification and analysis, and safety risk evaluation activities,
including an employee safety reporting program as a fundamental source for safety concerns and
hazard identification, in order to eliminate or mitigate the safety risks of the consequences of
hazards resulting from our operations or activities to a point which is consistent with our
acceptable level of safety performance;
• Ensure that no action will be taken against any employee who discloses a safety concern through
the employee safety reporting program, unless disclosure indicates, beyond any reasonable
doubt, an illegal act, gross negligence, or a deliberate or willful disregard of regulations or
procedures;
• Comply with, and wherever possible exceed, legislative and regulatory requirements and
standards;
• Ensure that sufficient skilled and trained human resources are available to implement safety
management processes;
• Ensure that all staff are provided with adequate and appropriate safety-related information and
training, are competent in safety management matters, and are allocated only tasks
commensurate with their skills;
• Establish and measure our safety performance against realistic and data-driven safety
performance indicators and safety performance targets;
• Continually improve our safety performance through management processes that ensure that
appropriate safety management action is taken and is effective; and
Appendix | A1
FTA SMS Framework
• Ensure externally supplied systems and services to support our operations are delivered meeting
our safety performance standards.
Accountable Executive
Date
Appendix | A2
| File Type | application/pdf |
| File Title | FTA SMS Framework |
| Subject | Safety Management Systems |
| Author | Federal Transit Administration |
| File Modified | 2015-08-26 |
| File Created | 2015-08-26 |