1625-0066 Stat/Authority

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(12) Illinois Waterway (Calumet-Sag Channel): From the junction of the Illinois River
with the Mississippi River RM 0 to Chicago
Harbor at Lake Michigan, approximately RM
350.
(13) Kanawha River: From junction with
Ohio River at RM 0 to RM 90.6 at Deepwater,
West Virginia.
(14) Kaskaskia River: From junction with
the Mississippi River at RM 0 to RM 36.2 at
Fayetteville, Illinois.
(15) Kentucky River: From junction with
Ohio River at RM 0 to confluence of Middle
and North Forks at RM 258.6.
(16) Lower Mississippi River: From Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, RM 233.9 to Cairo, Illinois,
RM 953.8.
(17) Upper Mississippi River: From Cairo, Illinois, RM 953.8 to Minneapolis, Minnesota,
RM 1,811.4.
(18) Missouri River: From junction with Mississippi River at RM 0 to Sioux City, Iowa, at
RM 734.8.
(19) Monongahela River: From junction with
Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at RM
0 to junction of the Tygart and West Fork Rivers, Fairmont, West Virginia, at RM 128.7.
(20) Ohio River: From junction with the Mississippi River at RM 0 to junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, at RM 981.
(21) Ouachita-Black Rivers: From the mouth
of the Black River at its junction with the Red
River at RM 0 to RM 351 at Camden, Arkansas.
(22) Pearl River: From junction of West
Pearl River with the Rigolets at RM 0 to Bogalusa, Louisiana, RM 58.
(23) Red River: From RM 0 to the mouth of
Cypress Bayou at RM 236.
(24) Tennessee River: From junction with
Ohio River at RM 0 to confluence with Holstein and French Rivers at RM 652.
(25) White River: From RM 9.8 to RM 255 at
Newport, Arkansas.
(26) Willamette River: From RM 21 upstream
of Portland, Oregon, to Harrisburg, Oregon, at
RM 194.
(27) Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway: From
its confluence with the Tennessee River to the
Warrior River at Demopolis, Alabama.
(Pub. L. 95–502, title II, § 206, Oct. 21, 1978, 92
Stat. 1700; Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100
Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 99–662, title XIV, § 1404(b),
Nov. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 4270.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 1802 of this title, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 99–662, title XIV, § 1405(b), Nov. 17,
1986, 100 Stat. 4271.
AMENDMENTS
1986—Pub. L. 99–514, in introductory provisions, substituted ‘‘Internal Revenue Code of 1986’’ for ‘‘Internal
Revenue Code of 1954’’, which for purposes of codification was translated as ‘‘title 26’’ thus requiring no
change in text.
Par. (27). Pub. L. 99–662 added par. (27).
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 99–662 effective Jan. 1, 1987,
see section 1404(c) of Pub. L. 99–662 set out as a note
under section 4042 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

§ 1901

CHAPTER 33—PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
FROM SHIPS
Sec.

1901.
1902.
1902a.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.

Definitions.
Ships subject to preventive measures.
Discharge of agricultural cargo residue.
Administration and enforcement.
Certificates.
Pollution reception facilities.
Incidents involving ships.
Violations.
Penalties for violations.
MARPOL Protocol; proposed amendments.
Legal actions.
Effect on other laws.
International law.
Compliance reports.
Coordination.
Plastic pollution public education program.

§ 1901. Definitions
(a) Unless the context indicates otherwise, as
used in this chapter—
(1) ‘‘Administrator’’ means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;
(2) ‘‘Antarctica’’ means the area south of 60
degrees south latitude;
(3) ‘‘Antarctic Protocol’’ means the Protocol
on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic
Treaty, signed October 4, 1991, in Madrid, and
all annexes thereto, and includes any future
amendments thereto which have entered into
force;
(4) ‘‘MARPOL Protocol’’ means the Protocol
of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships, 1973, and includes the Convention;
(5) ‘‘Convention’’ means the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, including Protocols I and II
and Annexes I, II, V, and VI thereto, including
any modification or amendments to the Convention, Protocols, or Annexes which have entered into force for the United States;
(6) ‘‘discharge’’, ‘‘emission’’, ‘‘garbage’’,
‘‘harmful substance’’, and ‘‘incident’’ shall
have the meanings provided in the Convention;
(7) ‘‘navigable waters’’ includes the territorial sea of the United States (as defined in
Presidential Proclamation 5928 of December
27, 1988) and the internal waters of the United
States;
(8) ‘‘owner’’ means any person holding title
to, or in the absence of title, any other indicia
of ownership of, a ship or terminal, but does
not include a person who, without participating in the management or operation of a ship
or terminal, holds indicia of ownership primarily to protect a security interest in the
ship or terminal;
(9) ‘‘operator’’ means—
(a) in the case of a ship, a charterer by demise or any other person, except the owner,
who is responsible for the operation, manning, victualing, and supplying of the vessel,
or
(b) in the case of a terminal, any person,
except the owner, responsible for the operation of the terminal by agreement with the
owner;

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TITLE 33—NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS

(10) ‘‘person’’ means an individual, firm, public or private corporation, partnership, association, State, municipality, commission, political subdivision of a State, or any interstate
body;
(11) ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of the
department in which the Coast Guard is operating;
(12) ‘‘ship’’ means a vessel of any type whatsoever, including hydrofoils, air-cushion vehicles, submersibles, floating craft whether selfpropelled or not, and fixed or floating platforms;
(13) ‘‘submersible’’ means a submarine, or
any other vessel designed to operate under
water; and
(14) ‘‘terminal’’ means an onshore facility or
an offshore structure located in the navigable
waters of the United States or subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States and used, or
intended to be used, as a port or facility for
the transfer or other handling of a harmful
substance.
(b) For purposes of this chapter, the requirements of Annex V shall apply to the navigable
waters of the United States, as well as to all
other waters and vessels over which the United
States has jurisdiction.
(c) For the purposes of this chapter, the requirements of Annex IV to the Antarctic Protocol shall apply in Antarctica to all vessels over
which the United States has jurisdiction.
(Pub. L. 96–478, § 2, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2297;
Pub. L. 100–220, title II, § 2101, Dec. 29, 1987, 101
Stat. 1460; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title X,
§ 1003(f), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1748; Pub. L.
104–227, title II, § 201(a), Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat.
3042; Pub. L. 110–280, § 3, July 21, 2008, 122 Stat.
2611.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original
‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 96–478, Oct. 21, 1980, 94
Stat. 2297, known as the ‘‘Act to Prevent Pollution
from Ships’’. For complete classification of this Act to
the Code, see Short Title note below and Tables.
Presidential Proclamation 5928, referred to in subsec.
(a)(7), is set out under section 1331 of Title 43, Public
Lands.
AMENDMENTS
2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–280 added par. (1), redesignated pars. (1) to (5) as (2) to (6), respectively, in par.
(5) substituted ‘‘V, and VI’’ for ‘‘and V’’, in par. (6) substituted ‘‘ ‘discharge’, ‘emission’, ‘garbage’, ‘harmful
substance’, and ‘incident’ ’’ for ‘‘ ‘discharge’ and ‘garbage’ and ‘harmful substance’ and ‘incident’ ’’, added
par. (7), and redesignated pars. (6) to (12) as (8) to (14),
respectively.
1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–227, § 201(a)(1), (2), added
pars. (1) and (2) and redesignated former pars. (1) to (10)
as (3) to (12), respectively.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–227, § 201(a)(3), added subsec.
(c).
1993—Subsec. (a)(9), (10). Pub. L. 103–160 added par. (9)
and redesignated former par. (9) as (10).
1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–220, § 2101(1), designated
existing provisions as subsec. (a).
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–220, § 2101(2), amended par.
(1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: ‘‘ ‘MARPOL Protocol’ means the Protocol of 1978
Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, done at London

Page 552

on February 17, 1978. This Protocol incorporates and
modifies the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, done at London on
November 2, 1973;’’.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–220, § 2101(3), substituted
‘‘Annexes I, II, and V thereto, including any modification or amendments to the Convention, Protocols, or
Annexes which have entered into force for the United
States’’ for ‘‘Annexes I and II attached thereto’’.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 100–220, § 2101(4), inserted ‘‘and
‘garbage’ ’’.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–220, § 2101(5), added subsec. (b).
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1987 AMENDMENT
Section 2002 of title II of Pub. L. 100–220 provided
that:
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsections
(b) and (c), this title [enacting sections 1912 to 1915 of
this title, amending this section and sections 1902, 1903,
1905, and 1907 to 1909 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 2267 of
this title, and section 6981 of Title 42, The Public
Health and Welfare] shall be effective on the date on
which Annex V to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, enters into
force for the United States. [Annex V entered into force
for the United States Dec. 31, 1988.]
‘‘(b) EXCEPTIONS.—Sections 2001, 2002, 2003, 2108, 2202,
2203, 2204, and subtitle C of this title [enacting sections
1912, 1914, and 1915 of this title, and provisions set out
as notes under this section, section 2267 of this title,
and section 6981 of Title 42] shall be effective on the
date of the enactment of this title [Dec. 29, 1987].
‘‘(c) ISSUANCE OF REGULATIONS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The authority to prescribe regulations pursuant to this title shall be effective on the
date of enactment of this title [Dec. 29, 1987].
‘‘(2) EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGULATIONS.—Any regulation prescribed pursuant to this title shall not be effective before the effective date of the provision of
this title under which the regulation is prescribed.’’
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section 14(a), (b) of Pub. L. 96–478 provided:
‘‘(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this Act [see Short Title note below] is effective
upon the date of enactment [Oct. 21, 1980], or on the
date the MARPOL Protocol becomes effective as to the
United States, whichever is later. [The MARPOL Protocol became effective as to the United States Oct. 2,
1983.]
‘‘(b) The Secretary and the heads of Federal departments shall have the authority to issue regulations,
standards, and certifications under sections 3(c), 3(d),
4(b), 5(a), 6(a), 6(c), and 6(f) [sections 1902(c), (d), 1903(b),
1904(a), and 1905(a), (c), (f) of this title] effective on the
date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1980]. Section
13(a)(2) [amending section 391a(3)(E) of former Title 46,
Shipping] is effective upon the date of enactment of
this Act [Oct. 21, 1980].’’
SHORT TITLE OF 2008 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 110–280, § 1, July 21, 2008, 122 Stat. 2611, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section and sections 1902, 1903 to 1905, and 1907 to 1911 of this title] may
be cited as the ‘Maritime Pollution Prevention Act of
2008’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 1987 AMENDMENT
Section 2001 of title II of Pub. L. 100–220 provided
that: ‘‘This title [see Effective Date of 1987 Amendment
note above] may be cited as the ‘Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987’.’’
SHORT TITLE
Section 1 of Pub. L. 96–478 provided: ‘‘That this
[enacting this chapter, amending section 1321 of
title and section 742c(c) of Title 16, Conservation,
section 391a of former Title 46, Shipping, repealing

Act
this
and
sec-

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TITLE 33—NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS

tions 1001 to 1011 and 1013 to 1016 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1001 of
this title, and section 742c of Title 16] may be cited as
the ‘Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships’.’’
SAVINGS PROVISION: REGULATIONS IN EFFECT UNTIL
SUPERSEDED
Section 14(c) of Pub. L. 96–478 provided that: ‘‘Any
rights or liabilities existing on the effective date of
this Act [see Effective Date note above] shall not be affected by this enactment [see Short Title note above].
Any regulations or procedures promulgated or effected
pursuant to the Oil Pollution Act, 1961, as amended
[section 1001 et seq. of this title], remain in effect until
modified or superseded by regulations promulgated
under the authority of the MARPOL Protocol or this
Act.’’
TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS
For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and
assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities
and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security,
and for treatment of related references, see sections
468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set
out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
INTERIM AUTHORITY FOR DRY BULK CARGO RESIDUE
DISPOSAL
Pub. L. 108–293, title VI, § 623, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat.
1063, provided that:
‘‘(a) EXTENSION OF INTERIM AUTHORITY.—The Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is
operating shall continue to implement and enforce
United States Coast Guard 1997 Enforcement Policy for
Cargo Residues on the Great Lakes (hereinafter in this
section referred to as the ‘Policy’) or revisions thereto,
in accordance with that policy, for the purpose of regulating incidental discharges from vessels of residues of
dry bulk cargo into the waters of the Great Lakes
under the jurisdiction of the United States, until the
earlier of—
‘‘(1) the date regulations are promulgated under
subsection (b) for the regulation of incidental discharges from vessels of dry bulk cargo residue into
the waters of the Great Lakes under the jurisdiction
of the United States; or
‘‘(2) September 30, 2008.
‘‘(b) PERMANENT AUTHORITY.—Notwithstanding any
other law, the Commandant of the Coast Guard may
promulgate regulations governing the discharge of dry
bulk cargo residue on the Great Lakes.
‘‘(c) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.—No later than 90
days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug.
9, 2004], the Secretary of the department in which the
Coast Guard is operating shall commence the environmental assessment necessary to promulgate the regulations under subsection (b).’’
STUDY AND REGULATION OF GREAT LAKES CARGO
RESIDUES
Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. A, § 1117(b), (c)], Dec. 21,
2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–209, provided that:
‘‘(b) The Secretary shall conduct a study of the effectiveness of the United States 1997 Enforcement Policy
for Cargo Residues on the Great Lakes (‘Policy’) by
September 30, 2002.
‘‘(c) The Secretary is authorized to promulgate regulations to implement and enforce a program to regulate
incidental discharges from vessels of residues of nonhazardous and non-toxic dry bulk cargo into the waters
of the Great Lakes, which takes into account the finding in the study required under subsection (b). This
program shall be consistent with the Policy.’’
CERTAIN ALASKAN CRUISE SHIP OPERATIONS
Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title XIV], Dec. 21,
2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–315, provided that:

§ 1901

‘‘SEC. 1401. PURPOSE.
‘‘The purpose of this title is to:
‘‘(1) Ensure that cruise vessels operating in the waters of the Alexander Archipelago and the navigable
waters of the United States within the State of Alaska and within the Kachemak Bay National Estuarine
Research Reserve comply with all applicable environmental laws, including, but not limited to, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33
U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), the Act to Prevent Pollution from
Ships, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), and the protections contained within this title.
‘‘(2) Ensure that cruise vessels do not discharge untreated sewage within the waters of the Alexander
Archipelago, the navigable waters of the United
States in the State of Alaska, or within the
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.
‘‘(3) Prevent the unregulated discharge of treated
sewage and graywater while in ports in the State of
Alaska or traveling near the shore in the Alexander
Archipelago and the navigable waters of the United
States in the State of Alaska or within the
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.
‘‘(4) Ensure that discharges of sewage and graywater from cruise vessels operating in the Alexander
Archipelago and the navigable waters of the United
States in the State of Alaska or within the
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
can be monitored for compliance with the requirements contained in this title.
‘‘SEC. 1402. APPLICABILITY.
‘‘This title applies to all cruise vessels authorized to
carry 500 or more passengers for hire.
‘‘SEC. 1403. PROHIBITION ON DISCHARGE OF UNTREATED SEWAGE.
‘‘No person shall discharge any untreated sewage
from a cruise vessel into the waters of the Alexander
Archipelago or the navigable waters of the United
States within the State of Alaska or within the
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.
‘‘SEC. 1404. LIMITATIONS ON DISCHARGE OF
TREATED SEWAGE OR GRAYWATER.
‘‘(a) No person shall discharge any treated sewage or
graywater from a cruise vessel into the waters of the
Alexander Archipelago or the navigable waters of the
United States within the State of Alaska or within the
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
unless—
‘‘(1) the cruise vessel is underway and proceeding at
a speed of not less than six knots;
‘‘(2) the cruise vessel is not less than one nautical
mile from the nearest shore, except in areas designated by the Secretary, in consultation with the
State of Alaska;
‘‘(3) the discharge complies with all applicable
cruise vessel effluent standards established pursuant
to this title and any other applicable law; and
‘‘(4) the cruise vessel is not in an area where the
discharge of treated sewage or graywater is prohibited.
‘‘(b) The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary, may promulgate regulations allowing the discharge of treated sewage or graywater, otherwise prohibited under paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section, where the discharge meets effluent standards determined by the Administrator as appropriate for discharges into the marine environment. In promulgating
such regulations, the Administrator shall take into account the best available scientific information on the
environmental effects of the regulated discharges. The
effluent discharge standards promulgated under this
section shall, at a minimum, be consistent with all relevant State of Alaska water quality standards in force
at the time of the enactment of this title [Dec. 21, 2000].
‘‘(c) Until such time as the Administrator promulgates regulations under paragraph (b) of this section,
treated sewage and graywater may be discharged from
vessels subject to this title in circumstances otherwise

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TITLE 33—NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS

prohibited under paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section, provided that—
‘‘(1) the discharge satisfies the minimum level of effluent quality specified in 40 CFR 133.102, as in effect
on the date of enactment of this section [Dec. 21,
2000];
‘‘(2) the geometric mean of the samples from the
discharge during any 30-day period does not exceed 20
fecal coliform/100 ml and not more than 10 percent of
the samples exceed 40 fecal coliform/100 ml;
‘‘(3) concentrations of total residual chlorine may
not exceed 10.0 µg/l; and
‘‘(4) prior to any such discharge occurring, the
owner, operator or master, or other person in charge
of a cruise vessel, can demonstrate test results from
at least five samples taken from the vessel representative of the effluent to be discharged, on different
days over a 30-day period, conducted in accordance
with the guidelines promulgated by the Administrator in 40 CFR Part 136, which confirm that the
water quality of the effluents proposed for discharge
is in compliance with paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of
this subsection. To the extent not otherwise being
done by the owner, operator, master or other person
in charge of a cruise vessel pursuant to section 1406,
the owner, operator, master or other person in charge
of a cruise vessel shall demonstrate continued compliance through periodic sampling. Such sampling
and test results shall be considered environmental
compliance records that must be made available for
inspection pursuant to section 1406(d) of this title.
‘‘SEC. 1405. SAFETY EXCEPTION.
‘‘Sections 1403 and 1404 of this title shall not apply to
discharges made for the purpose of securing the safety
of the cruise vessel or saving life at sea, provided that
all reasonable precautions have been taken for the purpose of preventing or minimizing the discharge.
‘‘SEC. 1406. INSPECTION AND SAMPLING REGIME.
‘‘(a) The Secretary shall incorporate into the commercial vessel examination program an inspection regime sufficient to verify that cruise vessels visiting
ports in the State of Alaska or operating in the waters
of the Alexander Archipelago or the navigable waters of
the United States within the State of Alaska or within
the Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve are in full compliance with this title, the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.], as
amended, and any regulations issued thereunder, other
applicable Federal laws and regulations, and all applicable international treaty requirements.
‘‘(b) The inspection regime shall, at a minimum, include—
‘‘(1) examination of environmental compliance
records and procedures; and
‘‘(2) inspection of the functionality and proper operation of installed equipment for abatement and control of any discharge.
‘‘(c) The inspection regime may—
‘‘(1) include unannounced inspections of any aspect
of cruise vessel operations, equipment or discharges
pertinent to the verification under subsection (a) of
this section; and
‘‘(2) require the owner, operator or master, or other
person in charge of a cruise vessel subject to this
title to maintain and produce a logbook detailing the
times, types, volumes or flow rates and locations of
any discharges of sewage or graywater under this
title.
‘‘(d) The inspection regime shall incorporate a plan
for sampling and testing cruise vessel discharges to ensure that any discharges of sewage or graywater are in
compliance with this title, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.], as amended, and
any other applicable laws and regulations, and may require the owner, operator or master, or other person in
charge of a cruise vessel subject to this title to conduct
such samples or tests, and to produce any records of
such sampling or testing at the request of the Secretary or Administrator.

Page 554

‘‘SEC. 1407. CRUISE VESSEL EFFLUENT STANDARDS.
‘‘Pursuant to this title and the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1251 et
seq.], as amended, the Administrator may promulgate
effluent standards for treated sewage and graywater
from cruise vessels operating in the waters of the Alexander Archipelago or the navigable waters of the
United States within the State of Alaska or within the
Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.
Regulations implementing such standards shall take
into account the best available scientific information
on the environmental effects of the regulated discharges and the availability of new technologies for
wastewater treatment. Until such time as the Administrator promulgates such effluent standards, treated
sewage effluent discharges shall not have a fecal coliform bacterial count of greater than 200 per 100 milliliters nor suspended solids greater than 150 milligrams
per liter.
‘‘SEC. 1408. REPORTS.
‘‘(a) Any owner, operator or master, or other person
in charge of a cruise vessel who has knowledge of a discharge from the cruise vessel in violation of section
1403 or 1404 or pursuant to section 1405 of this title, or
any regulations promulgated thereunder, shall immediately report that discharge to the Secretary, who
shall provide a copy to the Administrator upon request.
‘‘(b) The Secretary may prescribe the form of reports
required under this section.
‘‘SEC. 1409. ENFORCEMENT.
‘‘(a) ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES.—
‘‘(1) VIOLATIONS.—Any person who violates section
1403, 1404, 1408, or 1413 of this title, or any regulations
promulgated pursuant to this title may be assessed a
class I or class II civil penalty by the Secretary or
Administrator.
‘‘(2) CLASSES OF PENALTIES.—
‘‘(A) CLASS I.—The amount of a class I civil penalty under this section may not exceed $10,000 per
violation, except that the maximum amount of any
class I civil penalty under this section shall not exceed $25,000. Before assessing a civil penalty under
this clause, the Secretary or Administrator, as the
case may be, shall give to the person to be assessed
such penalty written notice of the Secretary’s or
Administrator’s proposal to assess the penalty and
the opportunity to request, within 30 days of the
date the notice is received by such person, a hearing on the proposed penalty. Such hearing shall not
be subject to section 554 or 556 of title 5, but shall
provide a reasonable opportunity to be heard and to
present evidence.
‘‘(B) CLASS II.—The amount of a class II civil penalty under this section may not exceed $10,000 per
day for each day during which the violation continues, except that the maximum amount of any
class II civil penalty under this section shall not
exceed $125,000. Except as otherwise provided in this
subsection, a class II civil penalty shall be assessed
and collected in the same manner, and subject to
the same provisions as in the case of civil penalties
assessed and collected after notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record in accordance
with section 554 of title 5, United States Code. The
Secretary and Administrator may issue rules for
discovery procedures for hearings under this paragraph.
‘‘(3) RIGHTS OF INTERESTED PERSONS.—
‘‘(A) PUBLIC NOTICE.—Before issuing an order assessing a class II civil penalty under this section,
the Secretary or Administrator, as the case may be,
shall provide public notice of and reasonable opportunity to comment on the proposed issuance of
each order.
‘‘(B) PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE.—Any person who
comments on a proposed assessment of a class II
civil penalty under this section shall be given no-

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TITLE 33—NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS

tice of any hearing held under this paragraph and of
the order assessing such penalty. In any hearing
held under this paragraph, such person shall have a
reasonable opportunity to be heard and present evidence.
‘‘(C) RIGHTS OF INTERESTED PERSONS TO A HEARING.—If no hearing is held under subsection (2) before issuance of an order assessing a class II civil
penalty under this section, any person who commented on the proposed assessment may petition,
within 30 days after the issuance of such order, the
Administrator or Secretary, as the case may be, to
set aside such order and to provide a hearing on the
penalty. If the evidence presented by the petitioner
in support of the petition is material and was not
considered in the issuance of the order, the Administrator or Secretary shall immediately set aside
such order and provide a hearing in accordance
with subsection (2)(B). If the Administrator or Secretary denies a hearing under this clause, the Administrator or Secretary shall provide to the petitioner, and publish in the Federal Register, notice
of and the reasons for such denial.
‘‘(4) FINALITY OF ORDER.—An order assessing a class
II civil penalty under this paragraph shall become
final 30 days after its issuance unless a petition for
judicial review is filed under subparagraph (6) or a
hearing is requested under subsection (3)(C). If such a
hearing is denied, such order shall become final 30
days after such denial.
‘‘(5) EFFECT OF ACTION ON COMPLIANCE.—No action
by the Administrator or Secretary under this paragraph shall affect any person’s obligation to comply
with any section of this title.
‘‘(6) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Any person against whom a
civil penalty is assessed under this paragraph or who
commented on the proposed assessment of such penalty in accordance with subsection (3) may obtain review of such assessment—
‘‘(A) in the case of assessment of a class I civil
penalty, in the United States District Court for the
District of Columbia or in the District of Alaska; or
‘‘(B) in the case of assessment of a class II civil
penalty, in the United States Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia Circuit or for any other
circuit in which such person resides or transacts
business, by filing a notice of appeal in such court
within the 30-day period beginning on the date the
civil penalty order is issued and by simultaneously
sending a copy of such notice by certified mail to
the Administrator or Secretary, as the case may be,
and the Attorney General. The Administrator or
Secretary shall promptly file in such court a certified copy of the record on which the order was issued. Such court shall not set aside or remand such
order unless there is not substantial evidence in the
record, taken as a whole, to support the finding of
a violation or unless the Administrator’s or Secretary’s assessment of the penalty constitutes an
abuse of discretion and shall not impose additional
civil penalties for the same violation unless the Administrator’s or Secretary’s assessment of the penalty constitutes an abuse of discretion.
‘‘(7) COLLECTION.—If any person fails to pay an assessment of a civil penalty—
‘‘(A) after the assessment has become final, or
‘‘(B) after a court in an action brought under subsection (6) has entered a final judgment in favor of
the Administrator or Secretary, as the case may be,
the Administrator or Secretary shall request the
Attorney General to bring a civil action in an appropriate district court to recover the amount assessed (plus interest at currently prevailing rates
from the date of the final order or the date of the
final judgment, as the case may be). In such an action, the validity, amount, and appropriateness of
such penalty shall not be subject to review. Any
person who fails to pay on a timely basis the
amount of an assessment of a civil penalty as described in the first sentence of this subparagraph

§ 1901

shall be required to pay, in addition to such amount
and interest, attorneys fees and costs for collection
proceedings and a quarterly nonpayment penalty
for each quarter during which such failure to pay
persists. Such nonpayment penalty shall be in an
amount equal to 20 percent of the aggregate
amount of such person’s penalties and nonpayment
penalties which are unpaid as of the beginning of
such quarter.
‘‘(8) SUBPOENAS.—The Administrator or Secretary,
as the case may be, may issue subpoenas for the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of relevant papers, books, or documents in connection with hearings under this section. In case of
contumacy or refusal to obey a subpoena issued pursuant to this subsection and served upon any person,
the district court of the United States for any district in which such person is found, resides, or transacts business, upon application by the United States
and after notice to such person, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring such person to appear
and give testimony before the Administrator or Secretary or to appear and produce documents before the
Administrator or Secretary, or both, and any failure
to obey such order of the court may be punished by
such court as a contempt thereof.
‘‘(b) CIVIL PENALTIES.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Any person who violates section
1403, 1404, 1408, or 1413 of this title, or any regulations
promulgated pursuant to this title shall be subject to
a civil penalty not to exceed $25,000 per day for each
violation. Each day a violation continues constitutes
a separate violation.
‘‘(2) JURISDICTION.—An action to impose a civil penalty under this section may be brought in the district
court of the United States for the district in which
the defendant is located, resides, or transacts business, and such court shall have jurisdiction to assess
such penalty.
‘‘(3) LIMITATION.—A person is not liable for a civil
judicial penalty under this paragraph for a violation
if the person has been assessed a civil administrative
penalty under paragraph (a) for the violation.
‘‘(c) DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT.—In determining the
amount of a civil penalty under paragraphs (a) or (b) of
this section, the court, the Secretary or the Administrator, as the case may be, shall consider the seriousness of the violation or violations, the economic benefit (if any) resulting from the violation, any history of
such violations, any good-faith efforts to comply with
the applicable requirements, the economic impact of
the penalty on the violator, and other such matters as
justice may require.
‘‘(d) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—
‘‘(1) NEGLIGENT VIOLATIONS.—Any person who negligently violates section 1403, 1404, 1408, or 1413 of this
title, or any regulations promulgated pursuant to
this title commits a Class A misdemeanor.
‘‘(2) KNOWING VIOLATIONS.—Any person who knowingly violates section 1403, 1404, 1408, or 1413 of this
title, or any regulations promulgated pursuant to
this title commits a Class D felony.
‘‘(3) FALSE STATEMENTS.—Any person who knowingly makes any false statement, representation, or
certification in any record, report or other document
filed or required to be maintained under this title or
the regulations issued thereunder, or who falsifies,
tampers with, or knowingly renders inaccurate any
testing or monitoring device or method required to be
maintained under this title, or the regulations issued
thereunder, commits a Class D felony.
‘‘(e) AWARDS.—
‘‘(1) The Secretary, the Administrator, or the court,
when assessing any fines or civil penalties, as the
case may be, may pay from any fines or civil penalties collected under this section an amount not to
exceed one-half of the penalty or fine collected, to
any individual who furnishes information which leads
to the payment of the penalty or fine. If several individuals provide such information, the amount shall

§ 1901

TITLE 33—NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS

be divided equitably among such individuals. No officer or employee of the United States, the State of
Alaska or any federally recognized Tribe who furnishes information or renders service in the performance of his or her official duties shall be eligible for
payment under this subsection.
‘‘(2) The Secretary, Administrator or the court,
when assessing any fines or civil penalties, as the
case may be, may pay, from any fines or civil penalties collected under this section, to the State of
Alaska or to any federally recognized Tribe providing
information or investigative assistance which leads
to payment of the penalty or fine, an amount which
reflects the level of information or investigative assistance provided. Should the State of Alaska or a
federally recognized Tribe and an individual under
paragraph (1) of this section be eligible for an award,
the Secretary, the Administrator, or the court, as the
case may be, shall divide the amount equitably.
‘‘(f) LIABILITY IN REM.—A cruise vessel operated in
violation of this title or the regulations issued thereunder is liable in rem for any fine imposed under subsection (d) of this section or for any civil penalty imposed under subsections (a) or (b) of this section, and
may be proceeded against in the United States district
court of any district in which the cruise vessel may be
found.
‘‘(g) COMPLIANCE ORDERS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Whenever on the basis of any information available to him the Administrator finds
that any person is in violation of section 1403, 1404,
1408, or 1413 of this title, or any regulations promulgated pursuant to this title, the Administrator shall
issue an order requiring such person to comply with
such section or requirement, or shall bring a civil action in accordance with subsection (b).
‘‘(2) COPIES OF ORDERS, SERVICE.—A copy of any
order issued under this subsection shall be sent immediately by the Administrator to the State of Alaska. In any case in which an order under this subsection is issued to a corporation, a copy of such
order shall be served on any appropriate corporate officer. Any order issued under this subsection shall be
by personal service, shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of the violation, and shall specify a
time for compliance not to exceed 30 days in the case
of a violation of an interim compliance schedule or
operation and maintenance requirement and not to
exceed a time the Administrator determines to be
reasonable in the case of a violation of a final deadline, taking into account the seriousness of the violation and any good faith efforts to comply with applicable requirements.
‘‘(h) CIVIL ACTIONS.—The Administrator is authorized
to commence a civil action for appropriate relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction, for any
violation for which he is authorized to issue a compliance order under this subsection. Any action under subsection (h) may be brought in the district court of the
United States for the district in which the defendant is
located or resides or is doing business, and such court
shall have jurisdiction to restrain such violation and to
require compliance. Notice of the commencement of
such action shall be given immediately to the State of
Alaska.
‘‘SEC. 1410. DESIGNATION OF CRUISE VESSEL NODISCHARGE ZONES.
‘‘If the State of Alaska determines that the protection and enhancement of the quality of some or all of
the waters of the Alexander Archipelago or the navigable waters of the United States within the State of
Alaska or within the Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve require greater environmental
protection, the State of Alaska may petition the Administrator to prohibit the discharge of graywater and
sewage from cruise vessels operating in such waters.
The establishment of such a prohibition shall be
achieved in the same manner as the petitioning process
and prohibition of the discharge of sewage pursuant to

Page 556

section 312(f) of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act [33 U.S.C. 1322(f)], as amended, and the regulations
promulgated thereunder.
‘‘SEC. 1411. SAVINGS CLAUSE.
‘‘(a) Nothing in this title shall be construed as restricting, affecting, or amending any other law or the
authority of any department, instrumentality, or agency of the United States.
‘‘(b) Nothing in this title shall in any way affect or
restrict, or be construed to affect or restrict, the authority of the State of Alaska or any political subdivision thereof—
‘‘(1) to impose additional liability or additional requirements; or
‘‘(2) to impose, or determine the amount of a fine or
penalty (whether criminal or civil in nature) for any
violation of law; relating to the discharge of sewage
(whether treated or untreated) or graywater in the
waters of the Alexander Archipelago and the navigable waters of the United States within the State of
Alaska or within the Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.
‘‘SEC. 1412. REGULATIONS.
‘‘The Secretary and the Administrator each may prescribe any regulations necessary to carry out the provisions of this title.
‘‘SEC. 1413. INFORMATION GATHERING AUTHORITY.
‘‘The authority of sections 308(a) and (b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1318(a), (b)],
as amended, shall be available to the Administrator to
carry out the provisions of this title. The Administrator and the Secretary shall minimize, to the extent
practicable, duplication of or inconsistency with the
inspection, sampling, testing, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements established by the Secretary
under section 1406 of this title.
‘‘SEC. 1414. DEFINITIONS.
‘‘In this title:
‘‘(1) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘Administrator’
means the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
‘‘(2) CRUISE VESSEL.—The term ‘cruise vessel’ means
a passenger vessel as defined in section 2101(22) of
title 46, United States Code. The term ‘cruise vessel’
does not include a vessel of the United States operated by the Federal Government or a vessel owned
and operated by the government of a State.
‘‘(3) DISCHARGE.—The term ‘discharge’ means any
release however caused from a cruise vessel, and includes any escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting, or emptying.
‘‘(4) GRAYWATER.—The term ‘graywater’ means only
galley, dishwasher, bath, and laundry waste water.
The term does not include other wastes or waste
streams.
‘‘(5) NAVIGABLE WATERS.—The term ‘navigable waters’ has the same meaning as in section 502 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1362],
as amended.
‘‘(6) PERSON.—The term ‘person’ means an individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, association, State, municipality, commission,
or political subdivision of a State, or any federally
recognized tribe.
‘‘(7) SECRETARY.—The term ‘Secretary’ means the
Secretary of the department in which the United
States Coast Guard is operating.
‘‘(8) SEWAGE.—The term ‘sewage’ means human
body wastes and the wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body waste.
‘‘(9) TREATED SEWAGE.—The term ‘treated sewage’
means sewage meeting all applicable effluent limitation standards and processing requirements of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1251 et
seq.], as amended[,] and of this title, and regulations
promulgated under either.
‘‘(10) UNTREATED SEWAGE.—The term ‘untreated
sewage’ means sewage that is not treated sewage.

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TITLE 33—NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS

‘‘(11) WATERS OF THE ALEXANDER ARCHIPELAGO.—
The term ‘waters of the Alexander Archipelago’
means all waters under the sovereignty of the United
States within or near Southeast Alaska, beginning at
a point 58≥11′41′′N, 136≥39′25′′W [near Cape Spencer
Light], thence southeasterly along a line three nautical miles seaward of the baseline from which the
breadth of the territorial sea is measured in the Pacific Ocean and the Dixon Entrance, except where
this line intersects geodesics connecting the following five pairs of points:
‘‘(1)
58≥05′17′′N,
136≥33′49′′W
and
58≥11′41′′N,
136≥39′25′′W [Cross Sound].
‘‘(2)
56≥09′40′′N,
134≥40′00′′W
and
55≥49′15′′N,
134≥17′40′′W [Chatham Strait].
‘‘(3)
55≥49′15′′N,
134≥17′40′′W
and
55≥50′30′′N,
133≥54′15′′W [Sumner Strait].
‘‘(4)
54≥41′30′′N,
132≥01′00′′W
and
54≥51′30′′N,
131≥20′45′′W [Clarence Strait].
‘‘(5)
54≥51′30′′N,
131≥20′45′′W
and
54≥46′15′′N,
130≥52′00′′W [Revillagigedo Channel].
‘‘The portion of each such geodesic situated beyond
three nautical miles from the baseline from which the
breadth of the territorial sea is measured forms the
outer limit of the waters of the Alexander Archipelago
in those five locations.’’
PREEMPTION; ADDITIONAL STATE REQUIREMENTS
Section 2003 of title II of Pub. L. 100–220 provided
that:
‘‘(a) PREEMPTION.—Except as specifically provided in
this title [see Effective Date of 1987 Amendment note
above], nothing in this title shall be interpreted or construed to supersede or preempt any other provision of
Federal or State law, either statutory or common.
‘‘(b) ADDITIONAL STATE REQUIREMENTS.—Nothing in
this title shall be construed or interpreted as preempting any State from imposing any additional requirements.’’

§ 1902. Ships subject to preventive measures
(a) Included vessels
This chapter shall apply—
(1) to a ship of United States registry or nationality, or one operated under the authority
of the United States, wherever located;
(2) with respect to Annexes I and II to the
Convention, to a ship, other than a ship referred to in paragraph (1), while in the navigable waters of the United States;
(3) with respect to the requirements of
Annex V to the Convention, to a ship, other
than a ship referred to in paragraph (1), while
in the navigable waters or the exclusive economic zone of the United States;
(4) with respect to regulations prescribed
under section 1905 of this title, any port or terminal in the United States; and
(5) with respect to Annex VI to the Convention, and other than with respect to a ship referred to in paragraph (1)—
(A) to a ship that is in a port, shipyard,
offshore terminal, or the internal waters of
the United States;
(B) to a ship that is bound for, or departing
from, a port, shipyard, offshore terminal, or
the internal waters of the United States, and
is in—
(i) the navigable waters or the exclusive
economic zone of the United States;
(ii) an emission control area designated
pursuant to section 1903 of this title; or
(iii) any other area that the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary

§ 1902

and each State in which any part of the
area is located, has designated by order as
being an area from which emissions from
ships are of concern with respect to protection of public health, welfare, or the environment;
(C) to a ship that is entitled to fly the flag
of, or operating under the authority of, a
party to Annex VI, and is in—
(i) the navigable waters or the exclusive
economic zone of the United States;
(ii) an emission control area designated
under section 1903 of this title; or
(iii) any other area that the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary
and each State in which any part of the
area is located, has designated by order as
being an area from which emissions from
ships are of concern with respect to protection of public health, welfare, or the environment; and
(D) to any other ship, to the extent that,
and in the same manner as, such ship may be
boarded by the Secretary to implement or
enforce any other law of the United States
or Annex I, II, or V of the Convention, and is
in—
(i) the exclusive economic zone of the
United States;
(ii) the navigable waters of the United
States;
(iii) an emission control area designated
under section 1903 of this title; or
(iv) any other area that the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary
and each State in which any part of the
area is located, has designated by order as
being an area from which emissions from
ships are of concern with respect to protection of public health, welfare, or the environment.
(b) Excluded vessels
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and
(3), this chapter shall not apply to—
(A) a warship, naval auxiliary, or other ship
owned or operated by the United States when
engaged in noncommercial service; or
(B) any other ship specifically excluded by
the MARPOL Protocol or the Antarctic Protocol.
(2)(A) Notwithstanding any provision of the
MARPOL Protocol, and subject to subparagraph
(B) of this paragraph, the requirements of Annex
V to the Convention shall apply as follows:
(i) After December 31, 1993, to all ships referred to in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection
other than those owned or operated by the Department of the Navy.
(ii) Except as provided in subsection (c) 1 of
this section, after December 31, 1998, to all
ships referred to in paragraph (1)(A) of this
subsection other than submersibles owned or
operated by the Department of the Navy.
(iii) Except as provided in subsection (c) 1 of
this section, after December 31, 2008, to all
ships referred to in paragraph (1)(A) of this
subsection.
1 See

References in Text note below.