The Employment Situation

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 7, 2021

USDL-21-0816

Technical information:
Household data:
[email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2021
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 266,000 in April, and the unemployment rate was little
changed at 6.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains in leisure
and hospitality, other services, and local government education were partially offset by employment
declines in temporary help services and in couriers and messengers.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,
April 2019 – April 2021

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted,
April 2019 – April 2021

Percent

Thousands

16.0

160,000

14.0

155,000

12.0

150,000

10.0

145,000

8.0

140,000

6.0

135,000

4.0

130,000

2.0

Apr-19

Jul-19

Oct-19

Jan-20 Apr-20

Jul-20

Oct-20

Jan-21 Apr-21

125,000

Apr-19

Jul-19

Oct-19

Jan-20

Apr-20

Jul-20

Oct-20

Jan-21

Apr-21

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
Both the unemployment rate, at 6.1 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 9.8 million,
were little changed in April. These measures are down considerably from their recent highs in April
2020 but remain well above their levels prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and
5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020). (See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more

information about how the household survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus
pandemic.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (6.1 percent), adult women
(5.6 percent), teenagers (12.3 percent), Whites (5.3 percent), Blacks (9.7 percent), Asians (5.7 percent),
and Hispanics (7.9 percent) showed little or no change in April. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff, at 2.1 million, changed little in
April. This measure is down considerably from the recent high of 18.0 million in April 2020 but is 1.4
million higher than in February 2020. The number of permanent job losers, at 3.5 million, was also
little changed over the month but is 2.2 million higher than in February 2020. (See table A-11.)
In April, the number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 237,000 to 2.4 million, while the
number of persons jobless 15 to 26 weeks declined by 188,000 to 1.2 million. The number of long-term
unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 4.2 million, was essentially unchanged in April but
is 3.1 million higher than in February 2020. These long-term unemployed accounted for 43.0 percent of
the total unemployed in April. (See table A-12.)
The labor force participation rate was little changed at 61.7 percent in April and is 1.6 percentage
points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio was also little changed in April
at 57.9 percent but is up by 0.5 percentage point since December 2020. However, this measure is 3.2
percentage points below its February 2020 level. (See table A-1.)
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons decreased by 583,000 to 5.2 million
in April. This decline reflected a drop in the number of people whose hours were cut due to slack work
or business conditions. The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons is 845,000
higher than in February 2020. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were
working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See
table A-8.)
In April, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.6 million, little
changed over the month but up by 1.6 million since February 2020. These individuals were not counted
as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)
Among those not in the labor force who currently want a job, the number of persons marginally
attached to the labor force, at 1.9 million, was essentially unchanged in April but is up by 419,000
since February 2020. These individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job
sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The
number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were
available for them, was little changed at 565,000 in April but is 164,000 higher than in February 2020.
(See Summary table A.)
Household Survey Supplemental Data
In April, 18.3 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down
from 21.0 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked
at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic.
-2-

In April, 9.4 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer
closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at
some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 11.4 million in the
previous month. Among those who reported in April that they were unable to work because of
pandemic-related closures or lost business, 9.3 percent received at least some pay from their
employer for the hours not worked, little changed from the previous month.
Among those not in the labor force in April, 2.8 million persons were prevented from looking for
work due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 3.7 million the month before. (To be counted as
unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to
help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables
with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 266,000 in April, following increases of 770,000 in
March and 536,000 in February. In April, nonfarm employment is down by 8.2 million, or 5.4 percent,
from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. In April, notable job gains in leisure and hospitality, other
services, and local government education were partially offset by losses in temporary help services and
in couriers and messengers. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how
the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)
In April, employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 331,000, as pandemic-related restrictions
continued to ease in many parts of the country. More than half of the increase was in food services and
drinking places (+187,000). Job gains also occurred in amusements, gambling, and recreation (+73,000)
and in accommodation (+54,000). Although leisure and hospitality has added 5.4 million jobs over the
year, employment in the industry is down by 2.8 million, or 16.8 percent, since February 2020.
In April, employment increased by 44,000 in the other services industry, with gains in repair and
maintenance (+14,000) and personal and laundry services (+14,000). Employment in other services is
352,000 below its February 2020 level.
Employment in local government education increased by 31,000 in April but is 611,000 lower than in
February 2020. Federal government employment increased by 9,000 over the month.
In April, employment in social assistance rose by 23,000, with about half of the increase in child day
care services (+12,000). Employment in social assistance is 286,000 lower than in February 2020.
Employment in financial activities rose by 19,000 over the month, with most of the gain occurring in
real estate and rental and leasing (+17,000). Employment in financial activities is down by 63,000 since
February 2020.
Within professional and business services, employment in temporary help services declined by
111,000 in April and is 296,000 lower than in February 2020. Business support services lost jobs in
April (-15,000), while architectural and engineering services and scientific research and development
services added jobs (+12,000 and +7,000, respectively).
-3-

Within transportation and warehousing, employment in couriers and messengers fell by 77,000 in
April but is up by 126,000 since February 2020. Air transportation added 7,000 jobs over the month.
Manufacturing employment edged down in April (-18,000), following gains in the previous 2 months
(+54,000 in March and +35,000 in February). In April, job losses in motor vehicles and parts (-27,000)
and in wood products (-7,000) more than offset job gains in miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing
(+13,000) and chemicals (+4,000). Employment in manufacturing is 515,000 lower than in February
2020.
Retail trade employment changed little in April (-15,000), following a gain in the prior month
(+33,000). In April, employment declined in food and beverage stores (-49,000), general merchandise
stores (-10,000), and gasoline stations (-9,000). These losses were partially offset by employment
increases in sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores (+20,000); clothing and clothing accessories
stores (+10,000); and health and personal care stores (+9,000). Employment in retail trade overall is
400,000 lower than in February 2020.
Employment in health care changed little in April (-4,000), as a job gain in ambulatory health care
services (+21,000) was largely offset by a job loss in nursing care facilities (-19,000). Health care
employment is down by 542,000 since February 2020.
Employment in construction was unchanged over the month. Employment in the industry is up by
917,000 over the year but is 196,000 below its February 2020 level.
In April, employment changed little in other major industries, including mining, wholesale trade, and
information.
In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 21 cents
to $30.17, following a decline of 4 cents in the prior month. In April, average hourly earnings for
private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 20 cents to $25.45. The data for
April suggest that the rising demand for labor associated with the recovery from the pandemic may have
put upward pressure on wages. Since average hourly earnings vary widely across industries, the large
employment fluctuations since February 2020 complicate the analysis of recent trends in average hourly
earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 35.0
hours in April. In manufacturing, the workweek and overtime were both unchanged over the month, at
40.5 hours and 3.2 hours, respectively. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory
employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.4 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised up by 68,000, from +468,000
to +536,000, and the change for March was revised down by 146,000, from +916,000 to +770,000. With
these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 78,000 lower than previously reported.
(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies
since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 4, 2021, at 8:30
a.m. (ET).
-4-

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on April 2021 Household and
Establishment Survey Data
Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data
continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the
safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone
interviews could not be done.
As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as
unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the
share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic
and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of
what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the
unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2021
would have been 0.3 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of
our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error.
More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at
www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-april-2021.htm.

-5-

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Category

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Change from:
Mar. 2021Apr. 2021

Apr.
2021

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force.......................................................... .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed.................................................................. .
Employment-population ratio......................................... .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

259,896
156,478
60.2
133,370
51.3
23,109
14.8
103,418

260,918
160,211
61.4
150,239
57.6
9,972
6.2
100,708

261,003
160,558
61.5
150,848
57.8
9,710
6.0
100,445

261,103
160,988
61.7
151,176
57.9
9,812
6.1
100,115

100
430
0.2
328
0.1
102
0.1
-330

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ .

14.8
13.1
15.5
32.1
14.1
16.7
14.5
18.9

6.2
6.0
5.9
13.9
5.6
9.9
5.1
8.5

6.0
5.8
5.7
13.0
5.4
9.6
6.0
7.9

6.1
6.1
5.6
12.3
5.3
9.7
5.7
7.9

0.1
0.3
-0.1
-0.7
-0.1
0.1
-0.3
0.0

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. .

13.1
21.0
17.3
15.0
8.4

5.6
10.1
7.2
5.9
3.8

5.3
8.2
6.7
5.9
3.7

5.3
9.3
6.9
5.8
3.5

0.0
1.1
0.2
-0.1
-0.2

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers..................................................................... .
Reentrants...................................................................... .
New entrants................................................................... .

20,662
569
1,506
423

6,586
701
2,124
582

6,226
777
2,253
497

6,387
824
2,072
625

161
47
-181
128

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. .
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 weeks and over............................................................ .

14,282
6,992
763
1,004

2,185
2,254
1,407
4,148

2,177
1,941
1,391
4,218

2,414
1,939
1,203
4,183

237
-2
-188
-35

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... .

10,899
9,980
708
12,365

6,088
4,723
1,166
18,369

5,826
4,629
984
19,102

5,243
3,997
974
19,057

-583
-632
-10
-45

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers....................................................... .

2,300
576

1,890
522

1,853
523

1,856
565

3
42

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY
(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-20,679
-19,731
-2,378
-52
-1,022
-1,304
-899
-352.6
-405
-17,353
-390.6
-2,248.3
-573.6
-3.5
-265
-254
-2,236
-947.7
-2,625
-2,181.9
-7,442
-1,315
-948

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-7,358
-7,037

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Apr.
2020

49.2
47.6
80.3

34.2
$30.07
$1,028.39
93.0
-15.1
133.7
-11.2

4.5
3.3

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

536
622
-20
2
-57
35
27
-0.1
8
642
7.7
14.4
36.4
-0.2
6
-7
93
47.6
57
52.6
413
22
-86

770
708
166
15
97
54
31
1.2
23
542
20.6
32.8
44.8
0.8
8
19
67
-7.9
104
50.7
206
39
62

154
157

513
484

49.8
48.4
81.5

34.6
$30.00
$1,038.00
105.8
-0.7
151.7
-0.4

61.7
60.0

49.7
48.4
81.4

34.9
$29.96
$1,045.60
107.3
1.4
153.7
1.3

74.7
77.3

Apr.
2021p

266
218
-16
2
0
-18
-20
-27.0
2
234
7.8
-15.3
-74.1
0.4
1
19
-79
-111.4
-1
18.5
331
44
48
524
516

49.7
48.4
81.2

35.0
$30.17
$1,055.95
107.8
0.5
155.5
1.2

60.1
55.3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES;
establishment survey). The household survey provides
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each
month from the payroll records of a sample of
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the
CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and
government agencies, representing approximately 697,000
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs.
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
labor force as a percent of the population, and
the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
percent of the population. Additional information
about the household survey can be found at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
surveys. Among these are:

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on
responses to a series of questions on work and job search
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
the labor force.
People are classified as employed if they did any work
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the
reference week; they were available for work at that time;
and they made specific active efforts to find employment
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
those who worked or received pay for any part of the
reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
employees and for production and nonsupervisory
employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
defined as production and related employees in
manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
private service-providing industries.
Industries are classified on the basis of an
establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the
2017 version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

•

The household survey includes agricultural
workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
private household workers among the employed.
These groups are excluded from the establishment
survey.

•

The household survey includes people on unpaid
leave among the employed. The establishment
survey does not.

•

The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
of age and older. The establishment survey is not
limited by age.

•

The household survey has no duplication of
individuals, because individuals are counted only
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
establishment survey, employees working at more
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

Reliability of the estimates

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor
force and the levels of employment and unemployment
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such
seasonal variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal
variation.
These
adjustments
make
nonseasonal
developments, such as declines in employment or increases
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic
activity.
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such
as total payroll employment, employment in most major
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed
by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently
seasonally adjusted component series, and will not
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.
For both the household and establishment surveys, a
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year
revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Statistics based on the household and establishment
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples
differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the
estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000
(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the
sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range
includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
In general, estimates involving many individuals or
establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
small number of observations. The precision of estimates
also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
as for quarterly and annual averages.
The household and establishment surveys are also
affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the
establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains
from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death
employment.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and
deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance
program. The difference between the March sample-based
employment estimates and the March universe counts is
known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from
-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

259,896
155,830
60.0
133,326
51.3
22,504
14.4
104,066
9,761

261,003
160,397
61.5
150,493
57.7
9,905
6.2
100,606
6,576

261,103
160,379
61.4
151,160
57.9
9,220
5.7
100,723
6,466

259,896
156,478
60.2
133,370
51.3
23,109
14.8
103,418
9,917

261,230
160,567
61.5
149,830
57.4
10,736
6.7
100,663
7,331

260,851
160,161
61.4
150,031
57.5
10,130
6.3
100,690
6,957

260,918
160,211
61.4
150,239
57.6
9,972
6.2
100,708
6,933

261,003
160,558
61.5
150,848
57.8
9,710
6.0
100,445
6,850

261,103
160,988
61.7
151,176
57.9
9,812
6.1
100,115
6,647

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125,707
82,820
65.9
71,810
57.1
11,010
13.3
42,887

126,266
84,728
67.1
79,188
62.7
5,540
6.5
41,538

126,316
85,112
67.4
79,965
63.3
5,146
6.0
41,204

125,707
83,166
66.2
71,892
57.2
11,274
13.6
42,541

126,367
85,175
67.4
79,481
62.9
5,694
6.7
41,192

126,192
85,149
67.5
79,714
63.2
5,434
6.4
41,043

126,224
85,061
67.4
79,666
63.1
5,395
6.3
41,163

126,266
84,917
67.3
79,681
63.1
5,236
6.2
41,349

126,316
85,410
67.6
80,017
63.3
5,394
6.3
40,905

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117,330
80,379
68.5
70,041
59.7
10,338
12.9
36,951

117,949
81,992
69.5
76,872
65.2
5,120
6.2
35,957

118,003
82,275
69.7
77,447
65.6
4,828
5.9
35,728

117,330
80,490
68.6
69,975
59.6
10,515
13.1
36,841

118,010
82,244
69.7
77,004
65.3
5,240
6.4
35,767

117,864
82,173
69.7
77,204
65.5
4,969
6.0
35,691

117,902
82,095
69.6
77,193
65.5
4,902
6.0
35,807

117,949
81,978
69.5
77,194
65.4
4,784
5.8
35,972

118,003
82,333
69.8
77,348
65.5
4,985
6.1
35,670

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134,189
73,010
54.4
61,516
45.8
11,494
15.7
61,179

134,737
75,670
56.2
71,305
52.9
4,365
5.8
59,067

134,787
75,268
55.8
71,195
52.8
4,073
5.4
59,519

134,189
73,312
54.6
61,478
45.8
11,834
16.1
60,877

134,862
75,392
55.9
70,350
52.2
5,042
6.7
59,471

134,660
75,012
55.7
70,316
52.2
4,696
6.3
59,648

134,694
75,149
55.8
70,572
52.4
4,577
6.1
59,545

134,737
75,641
56.1
71,167
52.8
4,474
5.9
59,096

134,787
75,577
56.1
71,159
52.8
4,418
5.8
59,210

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125,991
70,790
56.2
60,124
47.7
10,666
15.1
55,202

126,594
72,818
57.5
68,730
54.3
4,088
5.6
53,775

126,648
72,378
57.1
68,605
54.2
3,773
5.2
54,271

125,991
70,896
56.3
59,938
47.6
10,958
15.5
55,096

126,681
72,422
57.2
67,872
53.6
4,551
6.3
54,259

126,507
72,147
57.0
67,851
53.6
4,296
6.0
54,360

126,546
72,173
57.0
67,928
53.7
4,245
5.9
54,373

126,594
72,668
57.4
68,513
54.1
4,155
5.7
53,926

126,648
72,503
57.2
68,430
54.0
4,073
5.6
54,145

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,574
4,661
28.1
3,161
19.1
1,500
32.2
11,913

16,460
5,587
33.9
4,890
29.7
697
12.5
10,873

16,451
5,727
34.8
5,108
31.1
618
10.8
10,725

16,574
5,093
30.7
3,457
20.9
1,636
32.1
11,481

16,538
5,900
35.7
4,955
30.0
946
16.0
10,638

16,481
5,841
35.4
4,975
30.2
865
14.8
10,640

16,470
5,942
36.1
5,118
31.1
825
13.9
10,528

16,460
5,913
35.9
5,142
31.2
771
13.0
10,547

16,451
6,152
37.4
5,398
32.8
754
12.3
10,300

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

201,082
120,795
60.1
104,083
51.8
16,713
13.8
80,287

201,642
123,768
61.4
116,981
58.0
6,787
5.5
77,874

201,687
123,638
61.3
117,458
58.2
6,180
5.0
78,049

201,082
121,158
60.3
104,028
51.7
17,129
14.1
79,924

201,749
124,208
61.6
116,703
57.8
7,505
6.0
77,541

201,588
123,727
61.4
116,699
57.9
7,027
5.7
77,862

201,606
123,737
61.4
116,859
58.0
6,878
5.6
77,869

201,642
123,819
61.4
117,166
58.1
6,653
5.4
77,823

201,687
123,964
61.5
117,358
58.2
6,606
5.3
77,723

63,595
69.0
55,863
60.6
7,732
12.2

64,348
69.6
60,753
65.7
3,596
5.6

64,600
69.8
61,269
66.2
3,331
5.2

63,608
69.0
55,757
60.5
7,850
12.3

64,593
69.8
60,872
65.8
3,721
5.8

64,550
69.8
60,988
66.0
3,561
5.5

64,434
69.7
60,989
66.0
3,446
5.3

64,289
69.5
60,935
65.9
3,353
5.2

64,593
69.8
61,155
66.1
3,439
5.3

53,581
55.4
45,735
47.3
7,846
14.6

55,040
56.7
52,340
53.9
2,699
4.9

54,576
56.2
52,147
53.7
2,429
4.5

53,594
55.4
45,555
47.1
8,039
15.0

54,980
56.6
51,871
53.4
3,109
5.7

54,529
56.2
51,739
53.3
2,790
5.1

54,599
56.3
51,782
53.4
2,817
5.2

54,911
56.6
52,155
53.7
2,756
5.0

54,603
56.2
51,965
53.5
2,638
4.8

3,620
29.8
2,485
20.4
1,135
31.3

4,380
36.3
3,888
32.2
492
11.2

4,462
37.0
4,043
33.5
420
9.4

3,956
32.5
2,716
22.3
1,240
31.3

4,635
38.2
3,960
32.7
675
14.6

4,648
38.4
3,972
32.8
676
14.5

4,704
38.9
4,088
33.8
616
13.1

4,619
38.2
4,076
33.7
543
11.8

4,768
39.5
4,238
35.1
530
11.1

33,267
19,425
58.4
16,248
48.8
3,177
16.4
13,841

33,530
20,283
60.5
18,281
54.5
2,002
9.9
13,247

33,551
20,488
61.1
18,555
55.3
1,932
9.4
13,064

33,267
19,507
58.6
16,247
48.8
3,260
16.7
13,760

33,516
20,055
59.8
18,061
53.9
1,994
9.9
13,461

33,493
20,189
60.3
18,323
54.7
1,866
9.2
13,305

33,511
20,154
60.1
18,159
54.2
1,995
9.9
13,357

33,530
20,362
60.7
18,412
54.9
1,951
9.6
13,168

33,551
20,544
61.2
18,546
55.3
1,998
9.7
13,007

8,856
63.2
7,431
53.0
1,425
16.1

9,394
66.3
8,406
59.4
988
10.5

9,450
66.7
8,478
59.8
973
10.3

8,882
63.4
7,457
53.2
1,425
16.0

9,222
65.2
8,265
58.4
956
10.4

9,348
66.1
8,468
59.9
880
9.4

9,340
66.0
8,383
59.2
957
10.2

9,430
66.6
8,501
60.0
928
9.8

9,465
66.8
8,498
59.9
967
10.2

9,997
59.4
8,413
50.0
1,584
15.8

10,197
60.1
9,296
54.8
902
8.8

10,315
60.7
9,487
55.9
828
8.0

10,014
59.5
8,361
49.7
1,653
16.5

10,088
59.5
9,238
54.5
849
8.4

10,138
59.8
9,274
54.7
864
8.5

10,127
59.7
9,225
54.4
902
8.9

10,181
60.0
9,294
54.8
887
8.7

10,315
60.7
9,429
55.5
887
8.6

573
23.6
405
16.7
168
29.4

691
28.9
579
24.2
112
16.2

723
30.2
591
24.7
132
18.2

610
25.2
428
17.7
182
29.9

746
31.0
558
23.2
188
25.2

703
29.3
581
24.2
122
17.3

687
28.7
551
23.0
136
19.8

752
31.4
616
25.7
136
18.1

764
32.0
620
25.9
144
18.9

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, race, sex, and age
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Apr.
2020
16,363
9,893
60.5
8,476
51.8
1,418
14.3
6,470

Mar.
2021
16,532
10,433
63.1
9,817
59.4
616
5.9
6,099

Apr.
2021
16,532
10,294
62.3
9,722
58.8
571
5.6
6,238

Apr.
2020
16,363
9,967
60.9
8,526
52.1
1,441
14.5
6,396

Dec.
2020
16,583
10,253
61.8
9,645
58.2
608
5.9
6,329

Jan.
2021
16,423
10,317
62.8
9,631
58.6
686
6.6
6,106

Feb.
2021
16,588
10,315
62.2
9,792
59.0
523
5.1
6,273

Mar.
2021
16,532
10,422
63.0
9,799
59.3
623
6.0
6,110

1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.

Apr.
2021
16,532
10,375
62.8
9,786
59.2
589
5.7
6,157

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Seasonally adjusted1

Not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, sex, and age

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio.............. .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

43,975
27,752
63.1
22,625
51.5
5,126
18.5
16,223

44,651
29,232
65.5
26,848
60.1
2,384
8.2
15,418

44,719
29,110
65.1
26,922
60.2
2,189
7.5
15,609

43,975
27,842
63.3
22,583
51.4
5,259
18.9
16,133

44,639
29,150
65.3
26,436
59.2
2,714
9.3
15,489

44,521
28,920
65.0
26,437
59.4
2,482
8.6
15,601

44,587
29,174
65.4
26,701
59.9
2,473
8.5
15,413

44,651
29,273
65.6
26,975
60.4
2,298
7.9
15,378

44,719
29,199
65.3
26,889
60.1
2,310
7.9
15,520

15,319
77.2
12,817
64.6
2,502
16.3

16,033
79.5
14,733
73.0
1,300
8.1

16,094
79.6
14,928
73.9
1,166
7.2

15,322
77.2
12,769
64.3
2,553
16.7

15,856
78.6
14,462
71.7
1,395
8.8

15,789
78.5
14,578
72.5
1,211
7.7

15,952
79.2
14,727
73.1
1,224
7.7

16,007
79.3
14,804
73.4
1,203
7.5

16,086
79.6
14,882
73.6
1,204
7.5

11,341
56.4
9,090
45.2
2,251
19.8

11,869
58.1
10,983
53.7
886
7.5

11,768
57.5
10,923
53.3
845
7.2

11,363
56.5
9,077
45.1
2,286
20.1

11,906
58.3
10,820
52.9
1,086
9.1

11,779
57.8
10,743
52.7
1,036
8.8

11,794
57.8
10,792
52.9
1,002
8.5

11,909
58.3
11,035
54.0
874
7.3

11,790
57.6
10,909
53.3
881
7.5

1,092
27.3
719
18.0
373
34.2

1,331
33.0
1,133
28.1
198
14.9

1,249
31.0
1,071
26.5
178
14.3

1,157
28.9
737
18.4
419
36.3

1,388
34.3
1,155
28.6
234
16.8

1,352
33.6
1,116
27.7
236
17.4

1,428
35.4
1,182
29.3
247
17.3

1,356
33.6
1,135
28.2
221
16.3

1,323
32.8
1,098
27.2
225
17.0

The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,688
43.3
6,872
34.2
1,816
20.9

8,835
43.9
7,997
39.8
838
9.5

9,039
44.3
8,205
40.2
835
9.2

8,675
43.2
6,855
34.1
1,820
21.0

9,147
45.0
8,254
40.7
893
9.8

9,169
44.9
8,337
40.8
832
9.1

8,942
45.9
8,035
41.2
907
10.1

8,936
44.4
8,204
40.8
731
8.2

9,020
44.2
8,185
40.1
835
9.3

High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33,203
54.5
27,557
45.2
5,646
17.0

34,351
54.9
31,902
51.0
2,449
7.1

34,768
55.4
32,451
51.7
2,317
6.7

33,097
54.3
27,371
44.9
5,726
17.3

34,925
55.5
32,198
51.1
2,726
7.8

34,506
55.2
32,051
51.3
2,455
7.1

34,462
54.7
31,977
50.8
2,485
7.2

34,278
54.8
31,984
51.1
2,295
6.7

34,704
55.3
32,307
51.5
2,397
6.9

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35,935
62.6
30,634
53.4
5,301
14.8

35,782
63.3
33,608
59.5
2,174
6.1

35,627
63.2
33,622
59.7
2,005
5.6

35,782
62.3
30,421
53.0
5,361
15.0

35,676
62.5
33,430
58.6
2,246
6.3

35,440
62.3
33,257
58.4
2,183
6.2

35,450
62.7
33,360
59.0
2,089
5.9

35,771
63.3
33,677
59.6
2,094
5.9

35,485
63.0
33,422
59.3
2,063
5.8

Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60,075
71.5
55,151
65.7
4,924
8.2

61,316
72.6
59,086
69.9
2,230
3.6

60,786
72.1
58,757
69.7
2,030
3.3

60,126
71.6
55,087
65.6
5,040
8.4

59,940
71.9
57,665
69.1
2,274
3.8

60,391
72.2
57,969
69.3
2,422
4.0

60,744
71.8
58,417
69.1
2,327
3.8

60,835
72.0
58,612
69.4
2,224
3.7

60,804
72.2
58,662
69.6
2,142
3.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Apr.
2020

Men
Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Women
Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18,544
8,944
48.2
7,894
42.6
1,050
11.7
9,600

18,879
9,186
48.7
8,706
46.1
480
5.2
9,693

16,644
7,854
47.2
6,956
41.8
898
11.4
8,790

16,870
8,024
47.6
7,594
45.0
430
5.4
8,846

1,900
1,090
57.4
938
49.4
152
14.0
810

2,009
1,162
57.8
1,111
55.3
51
4.4
847

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,453
3,478
78.1
3,025
67.9
453
13.0
975

4,634
3,733
80.5
3,544
76.5
189
5.1
902

3,710
2,949
79.5
2,601
70.1
347
11.8
761

3,824
3,194
83.5
3,036
79.4
158
5.0
630

743
530
71.3
424
57.0
106
20.0
213

810
538
66.4
508
62.7
31
5.7
272

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,076
2,260
73.5
2,100
68.3
160
7.1
816

3,313
2,450
74.0
2,323
70.1
127
5.2
863

2,563
1,946
75.9
1,817
70.9
129
6.6
617

2,793
2,087
74.7
1,970
70.5
117
5.6
706

513
315
61.3
283
55.1
32
10.1
198

520
363
69.9
353
68.0
10
2.6
157

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,907
1,294
18.7
1,073
15.5
221
17.0
5,613

6,771
1,148
17.0
1,102
16.3
47
4.1
5,623

6,666
1,262
18.9
1,043
15.6
220
17.4
5,404

6,509
1,118
17.2
1,071
16.5
47
4.2
5,391

241
31
13.0
31
12.7
1
–
210

262
31
11.7
31
11.7
0
–
231

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,108
1,912
46.5
1,696
41.3
216
11.3
2,196

4,161
1,855
44.6
1,736
41.7
118
6.4
2,306

3,705
1,698
45.8
1,495
40.4
203
11.9
2,007

3,744
1,625
43.4
1,517
40.5
108
6.6
2,119

403
214
53.1
201
49.9
13
6.2
189

417
230
55.1
219
52.6
11
4.6
187

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

232,724
145,311
62.4
124,330
53.4
20,980
14.4
87,414

233,521
149,093
63.8
140,575
60.2
8,518
5.7
84,428

104,740
74,246
70.9
64,288
61.4
9,958
13.4
30,494

105,022
76,069
72.4
71,452
68.0
4,617
6.1
28,953

127,985
71,065
55.5
60,042
46.9
11,023
15.5
56,920

128,499
73,024
56.8
69,124
53.8
3,901
5.3
55,475

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability
Employment status, sex, and age

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

Persons with no disability
Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

29,846
5,923
19.8
4,805
16.1
1,117
18.9
23,923

30,360
6,176
20.3
5,585
18.4
592
9.6
24,183

230,051
149,907
65.2
128,520
55.9
21,387
14.3
80,143

230,743
154,203
66.8
145,575
63.1
8,628
5.6
76,540

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

2,611
35.4
2,096
28.4
515
19.7
4,764

2,609
34.7
2,302
30.7
306
11.7
4,901

74,556
79.3
64,877
69.0
9,680
13.0
19,431

76,676
81.8
72,099
77.0
4,578
6.0
17,010

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

2,157
30.0
1,731
24.1
426
19.7
5,035

2,543
32.6
2,314
29.7
229
9.0
5,251

66,201
68.2
55,927
57.6
10,275
15.5
30,938

68,049
70.7
64,436
66.9
3,612
5.3
28,268

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate.................................................................... .
Employed............................................................................ .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed......................................................................... .
Unemployment rate.............................................................. .
Not in labor force...................................................................... .

1,154
7.6
978
6.4
177
15.3
14,124

1,025
6.8
968
6.4
56
5.5
14,031

9,150
23.5
7,717
19.8
1,432
15.7
29,774

9,478
23.3
9,040
22.2
438
4.6
31,262

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Employment status and nativity

Apr.
2020

Men
Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Women
Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

42,504
26,285
61.8
21,961
51.7
4,324
16.5
16,219

43,046
27,644
64.2
25,886
60.1
1,758
6.4
15,402

20,489
15,238
74.4
12,908
63.0
2,330
15.3
5,251

20,660
15,693
76.0
14,751
71.4
942
6.0
4,966

22,015
11,047
50.2
9,053
41.1
1,994
18.1
10,968

22,386
11,951
53.4
11,135
49.7
816
6.8
10,436

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. .
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Participation rate................................................. .
Employed......................................................... .
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unemployed...................................................... .
Unemployment rate........................................... .
Not in labor force................................................... .

217,392
129,545
59.6
111,365
51.2
18,180
14.0
87,847

218,057
132,735
60.9
125,274
57.5
7,462
5.6
85,321

105,218
67,582
64.2
58,902
56.0
8,680
12.8
37,636

105,656
69,418
65.7
65,214
61.7
4,204
6.1
36,238

112,174
61,963
55.2
52,463
46.8
9,500
15.3
50,211

112,401
63,317
56.3
60,059
53.4
3,258
5.1
49,084

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Category

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government.................................... .
Private industries.............................. .
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other industries............................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . .
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

2,303
1,585
693
25
131,023
123,485
19,543
103,942
492
103,450
7,514
23

2,109
1,429
623
57
148,384
139,161
20,958
118,203
650
117,553
9,143
80

2,196
1,466
674
56
148,964
139,929
20,640
119,289
602
118,686
8,960
75

2,379
1,644
698
–
130,982
123,374
19,268
104,081
–
103,600
7,523
–

2,461
1,569
823
–
147,351
138,971
20,709
118,123
–
117,472
8,638
–

2,466
1,552
827
–
147,535
138,941
20,689
118,102
–
117,532
8,721
–

2,308
1,519
712
–
147,895
139,243
20,829
118,151
–
117,451
8,787
–

2,228
1,518
635
–
148,598
139,382
20,644
118,616
–
117,896
9,241
–

2,292
1,527
688
–
148,942
139,825
20,410
119,548
–
118,995
8,962
–

10,684
9,843
728
13,149

5,913
4,660
1,061
19,523

5,031
3,866
984
19,836

10,899
9,980
708
12,365

6,170
4,891
1,045
18,237

5,954
4,756
986
18,519

6,088
4,723
1,166
18,369

5,826
4,629
984
19,102

5,243
3,997
974
19,057

10,524
9,694
723
12,779

5,859
4,622
1,060
19,151

4,968
3,812
979
19,501

10,739
9,836
705
11,986

6,082
4,819
1,037
17,846

5,824
4,691
986
18,112

5,986
4,661
1,154
17,998

5,804
4,592
982
18,726

5,178
3,949
970
18,713

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

133,326
3,161
1,101
2,060
130,165
9,951
120,214
87,910
30,456
29,658
27,796
32,304

150,493
4,890
1,742
3,149
145,603
13,009
132,593
96,911
34,125
32,356
30,431
35,682

151,160
5,108
1,879
3,229
146,051
13,018
133,034
97,234
34,377
32,491
30,366
35,800

133,370
3,457
1,297
2,171
129,913
10,045
119,745
87,662
30,421
29,595
27,646
32,083

149,830
4,955
1,785
3,192
144,876
13,167
131,637
96,225
33,913
32,011
30,300
35,412

150,031
4,975
1,784
3,222
145,055
13,216
131,689
96,307
33,884
32,162
30,261
35,382

150,239
5,118
1,868
3,245
145,121
13,216
131,789
96,461
33,988
32,146
30,327
35,328

150,848
5,142
1,923
3,256
145,706
13,150
132,492
96,856
34,099
32,406
30,351
35,636

151,176
5,398
2,057
3,337
145,778
13,118
132,540
96,952
34,319
32,407
30,226
35,588

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71,810
1,769
566
1,203
70,041
5,183
64,858
47,282
16,390
16,090
14,803
17,575

79,188
2,316
774
1,542
76,872
6,594
70,278
51,374
18,188
17,393
15,793
18,904

79,965
2,518
919
1,599
77,447
6,712
70,735
51,680
18,328
17,532
15,820
19,055

71,892
1,917
633
1,290
69,975
5,246
64,695
47,234
16,411
16,049
14,774
17,462

79,481
2,477
881
1,603
77,004
6,672
70,220
51,246
18,172
17,201
15,873
18,974

79,714
2,510
892
1,634
77,204
6,810
70,317
51,368
18,133
17,358
15,876
18,950

79,666
2,474
938
1,550
77,193
6,763
70,329
51,436
18,145
17,390
15,901
18,892

79,681
2,488
879
1,632
77,194
6,711
70,499
51,542
18,229
17,468
15,845
18,957

80,017
2,669
970
1,680
77,348
6,770
70,562
51,616
18,339
17,477
15,801
18,946

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61,516
1,392
536
856
60,124
4,768
55,356
40,627
14,066
13,568
12,993
14,729

71,305
2,574
968
1,607
68,730
6,415
62,315
45,537
15,936
14,963
14,638
16,778

71,195
2,590
960
1,630
68,605
6,305
62,299
45,554
16,049
14,959
14,546
16,745

61,478
1,540
663
881
59,938
4,799
55,050
40,428
14,010
13,547
12,872
14,622

70,350
2,478
904
1,589
67,872
6,495
61,417
44,979
15,741
14,810
14,428
16,438

70,316
2,465
892
1,588
67,851
6,406
61,371
44,939
15,751
14,804
14,384
16,432

70,572
2,644
930
1,695
67,928
6,453
61,460
45,024
15,843
14,756
14,426
16,436

71,167
2,654
1,044
1,624
68,513
6,440
61,993
45,314
15,870
14,938
14,506
16,679

71,159
2,729
1,087
1,656
68,430
6,348
61,978
45,336
15,980
14,930
14,425
16,642

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41,843
32,034
7,908

43,681
35,255
9,402

43,977
35,192
9,420

41,677
31,859
–

43,720
34,817
–

43,819
34,668
–

44,033
34,803
–

43,695
34,910
–

43,805
35,013
–

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113,656
19,670

124,840
25,653

125,635
25,524

114,325
19,117

124,689
24,917

124,990
24,627

124,868
25,109

125,803
25,078

126,161
25,024

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,360
4.0

7,004
4.7

6,883
4.6

5,411
4.1

6,460
4.3

6,623
4.4

6,678
4.4

6,817
4.5

6,916
4.6

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6,410
8,207

6,024
9,766

6,196
9,634

–
8,221

–
9,461

–
9,548

–
9,498

–
9,876

–
9,651

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic

Number of
unemployed persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23,109
1,636
504
1,127
21,473
3,452
17,979
12,921
5,186
3,845
3,890
5,056

9,710
771
278
500
8,939
1,502
7,349
5,639
2,454
1,752
1,433
1,692

9,812
754
261
497
9,058
1,535
7,477
5,600
2,365
1,673
1,561
1,878

14.8
32.1
28.0
34.2
14.2
25.6
13.1
12.8
14.6
11.5
12.3
13.6

6.7
16.0
14.5
17.0
6.3
11.2
5.8
5.8
6.6
5.5
5.3
6.0

6.3
14.8
15.9
14.2
6.0
9.7
5.7
5.8
6.8
5.7
4.9
5.3

6.2
13.9
14.8
13.7
5.9
9.6
5.6
5.7
6.4
5.7
4.9
5.3

6.0
13.0
12.6
13.3
5.8
10.3
5.3
5.5
6.7
5.1
4.5
4.5

6.1
12.3
11.3
13.0
5.8
10.5
5.3
5.5
6.4
4.9
4.9
5.0

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,274
759
173
572
10,515
1,592
8,882
6,471
2,709
1,868
1,894
2,411

5,236
452
143
314
4,784
823
3,889
2,986
1,299
939
749
903

5,394
409
126
275
4,985
883
4,073
3,031
1,313
843
875
1,043

13.6
28.4
21.4
30.7
13.1
23.3
12.1
12.0
14.2
10.4
11.4
12.1

6.7
15.5
15.3
15.8
6.4
12.1
5.8
5.8
6.6
5.7
5.0
5.9

6.4
15.7
15.0
16.0
6.0
10.0
5.8
5.9
7.0
5.8
4.7
5.4

6.3
16.6
15.7
17.6
6.0
10.1
5.6
5.6
6.6
5.6
4.6
5.6

6.2
15.4
14.0
16.1
5.8
10.9
5.2
5.5
6.7
5.1
4.5
4.5

6.3
13.3
11.5
14.1
6.1
11.5
5.5
5.5
6.7
4.6
5.2
5.2

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 19 years.................................... .
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over............................. .
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years............................ .
35 to 44 years............................ .
45 to 54 years............................ .
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,834
877
331
555
10,958
1,860
9,098
6,450
2,477
1,978
1,996
2,660

4,474
319
135
185
4,155
680
3,460
2,653
1,155
813
685
811

4,418
345
136
221
4,073
652
3,404
2,569
1,052
830
687
848

16.1
36.3
33.3
38.7
15.5
27.9
14.2
13.8
15.0
12.7
13.4
15.4

6.7
16.5
13.7
18.2
6.3
10.1
5.9
5.8
6.6
5.2
5.7
6.1

6.3
14.0
16.8
12.3
6.0
9.5
5.6
5.8
6.6
5.6
5.1
5.1

6.1
11.2
13.9
9.7
5.9
9.1
5.5
5.7
6.2
5.7
5.3
5.1

5.9
10.7
11.5
10.3
5.7
9.5
5.3
5.5
6.8
5.2
4.5
4.6

5.8
11.2
11.1
11.8
5.6
9.3
5.2
5.4
6.2
5.3
4.5
4.9

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,430
4,795
1,495

1,464
1,383
822

1,738
1,392
746

9.6
13.1
15.9

4.0
4.7
7.2

3.9
4.4
8.3

3.8
4.3
7.7

3.2
3.8
8.0

3.8
3.8
7.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16,813
6,191

8,156
1,544

8,221
1,515

12.8
24.5

6.7
7.0

6.4
6.4

6.3
6.0

6.1
5.8

6.1
5.7

1

Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Reason

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

20,384
17,878
2,506
1,951
555
520
1,329
271

6,448
2,202
4,246
3,462
784
754
2,295
407

6,092
1,944
4,148
3,438
710
775
1,896
457

20,662
18,047
2,615
2,029
586
569
1,506
423

7,210
3,039
4,171
3,370
802
743
2,250
509

6,997
2,746
4,251
3,503
749
653
1,963
542

6,586
2,229
4,357
3,497
860
701
2,124
582

6,226
2,026
4,200
3,432
768
777
2,253
497

6,387
2,114
4,273
3,529
744
824
2,072
625

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

90.6
79.4
11.1
2.3
5.9
1.2

65.1
22.2
42.9
7.6
23.2
4.1

66.1
21.1
45.0
8.4
20.6
5.0

89.2
77.9
11.3
2.5
6.5
1.8

67.3
28.4
38.9
6.9
21.0
4.7

68.9
27.0
41.9
6.4
19.3
5.3

65.9
22.3
43.6
7.0
21.3
5.8

63.8
20.8
43.1
8.0
23.1
5.1

64.5
21.3
43.1
8.3
20.9
6.3

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reentrants........................................... .
New entrants........................................ .

13.1
0.3
0.9
0.2

4.0
0.5
1.4
0.3

3.8
0.5
1.2
0.3

13.2
0.4
1.0
0.3

4.5
0.5
1.4
0.3

4.4
0.4
1.2
0.3

4.1
0.4
1.3
0.4

3.9
0.5
1.4
0.3

4.0
0.5
1.3
0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Duration

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13,880
6,728
1,897
968
929

1,876
2,142
5,886
1,610
4,276

2,028
1,665
5,527
1,426
4,101

14,282
6,992
1,767
763
1,004

2,904
2,222
5,529
1,572
3,956

2,278
2,528
5,369
1,346
4,023

2,185
2,254
5,555
1,407
4,148

2,177
1,941
5,609
1,391
4,218

2,414
1,939
5,386
1,203
4,183

Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.7
4.0

30.6
21.6

30.4
22.2

6.1
1.9

23.4
16.8

26.0
15.3

27.6
18.3

29.7
19.7

28.8
19.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 to 14 weeks....................................... .
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 26 weeks................................... .
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61.7
29.9
8.4
4.3
4.1

18.9
21.6
59.4
16.3
43.2

22.0
18.1
59.9
15.5
44.5

62.0
30.3
7.7
3.3
4.4

27.3
20.9
51.9
14.8
37.1

22.4
24.8
52.8
13.2
39.5

21.9
22.6
55.6
14.1
41.5

22.4
20.0
57.7
14.3
43.4

24.8
19.9
55.3
12.4
43.0

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employed
Occupation

Total, 16 years and over1............................................ .
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... .
Professional and related occupations......................... .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations................................. .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Unemployed

Unemployment
rates

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

133,326
61,221

151,160
64,264

22,504
5,079

9,220
2,014

14.4
7.7

5.7
3.0

26,455
34,766
18,034
26,511
12,223
14,288

27,626
36,638
24,203
29,993
14,056
15,936

1,742
3,337
6,723
4,599
2,519
2,080

896
1,118
2,098
1,777
943
834

6.2
8.8
27.2
14.8
17.1
12.7

3.1
3.0
8.0
5.6
6.3
5.0

11,828
1,080
6,549
4,199

13,969
1,090
7,933
4,946

2,301
153
1,529
619

1,207
128
858
222

16.3
12.4
18.9
12.8

8.0
10.5
9.8
4.3

15,732
6,358
9,375

18,731
7,691
11,040

3,502
1,457
2,045

1,646
578
1,068

18.2
18.6
17.9

8.1
7.0
8.8

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... .
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Government workers.................................................................. .
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . .
1

Number of
unemployed
persons
(in thousands)

Unemployment
rates

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

22,504
19,166
77
1,531
1,992
1,416
576
3,223
988
279
545
1,697
2,555
4,857
1,421
163
2,018
886

9,220
7,550
97
768
861
505
357
1,222
530
154
269
1,036
846
1,372
395
139
492
582

14.4
15.6
10.2
16.6
13.2
15.1
10.2
17.1
13.6
11.0
5.4
9.8
10.9
39.3
23.0
9.6
9.3
9.7

5.7
6.0
14.3
7.7
5.8
5.5
6.3
6.2
6.8
5.9
2.7
5.9
3.4
10.8
6.2
8.9
2.3
5.6

Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted
Measure

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,
as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . .
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... .

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2020

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Dec.
2020

Jan.
2021

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021

Apr.
2021

1.2

3.7

3.4

1.1

3.4

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.3

13.1

4.0

3.8

13.2

4.5

4.4

4.1

3.9

4.0

14.4

6.2

5.7

14.8

6.7

6.3

6.2

6.0

6.1

14.8

6.5

6.1

15.1

7.1

6.7

6.5

6.4

6.4

15.6

7.2

6.8

16.0

7.9

7.4

7.3

7.1

7.2

22.4

10.9

9.9

22.9

11.7

11.1

11.1

10.7

10.4

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
Category

Apr.
2020

Men
Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Women
Apr.
2021

Apr.
2020

Apr.
2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discouraged workers2........................................ .
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . .

104,066
9,761
2,211
585
1,626

100,723
6,466
1,763
573
1,190

42,887
4,792
1,170
309
860

41,204
3,149
1,006
329
677

61,179
4,969
1,041
275
766

59,519
3,317
757
244
513

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ .
Percent of total employed......................................... .
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... .
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,360
4.0
3,202
1,170
275
671

6,883
4.6
3,915
1,524
401
1,004

2,641
3.7
1,709
387
145
381

3,403
4.3
2,038
507
251
587

2,719
4.4
1,493
783
130
290

3,479
4.9
1,877
1,016
150
417

1

Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

130,251
108,032
18,436

142,133
120,369
19,803

143,309
121,415
20,084

144,398
122,407
20,232

130,161
108,335
18,571

143,272
121,791
20,201

144,042
122,499
20,367

144,308
122,717
20,351

Change
from:
Mar.2021 Apr.2021p
266
218
-16

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

615
41.8
573.1
132.5
172.7
37.6
42.0

589
46.2
542.5
130.7
174.5
43.2
41.6

609
44.3
564.8
133.6
177.8
43.4
41.7

611
41.5
569.8
134.3
180.9
42.3
41.7

622
44.7
576.8
135.3
174.5
38.0
41.9

598
46.1
551.6
133.3
178.9
42.8
41.7

613
45.1
567.8
135.7
179.7
43.3
41.6

615
44.5
570.9
137.2
182.6
42.5
41.5

2
-0.6
3.1
1.5
2.9
-0.8
-0.1

93.1
267.9

89.7
237.3

92.7
253.4

96.9
254.6

94.6
267.0

94.4
239.4

94.8
252.4

98.6
251.1

3.8
-1.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . .
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . .
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . .

6,452
1,434.3
699.0
735.3
990.2
4,027.3
1,781.8
2,245.5

7,008
1,620.9
837.9
783.0
934.5
4,452.4
2,051.5
2,400.9

7,204
1,653.7
854.9
798.8
983.9
4,566.0
2,097.4
2,468.6

7,375
1,668.6
859.5
809.1
1,053.8
4,652.2
2,141.8
2,510.4

6,535
1,456.2
709.2
747.0
1,002.5
4,076.5
1,803.1
2,273.4

7,355
1,669.8
860.6
809.2
1,036.8
4,648.1
2,135.2
2,512.9

7,452
1,685.2
870.5
814.7
1,059.8
4,706.8
2,154.0
2,552.8

7,452
1,686.5
869.2
817.3
1,066.1
4,699.4
2,158.4
2,541.0

0
1.3
-1.3
2.6
6.3
-7.4
4.4
-11.8

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . .
Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductors and electronic
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous computer and electronic
products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . .
Transportation equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous durable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous nondurable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11,369

12,206

12,271

12,246

11,414

12,248

12,302

12,284

-18

7,049
373.5
369.3
348.4
1,344.8
1,017.1
1,064.1
162.2
85.8

7,590
400.7
379.5
346.4
1,384.1
1,057.5
1,077.4
163.2
85.7

7,633
402.6
389.3
349.6
1,398.1
1,061.7
1,080.5
163.4
86.3

7,613
397.6
395.8
349.5
1,396.7
1,063.5
1,080.5
164.4
85.3

7,062
374.2
369.7
349.0
1,345.2
1,018.8
1,066.7
162.4
85.7

7,608
403.0
393.1
346.0
1,386.4
1,055.8
1,077.7
163.4
85.6

7,639
404.8
397.3
347.7
1,396.8
1,061.2
1,080.3
163.8
85.8

7,619
397.6
396.5
348.6
1,393.9
1,064.9
1,082.4
164.4
85.4

-20
-7.2
-0.8
0.9
-2.9
3.7
2.1
0.6
-0.4

368.4
416.8

369.3
425.4

370.5
426.6

368.9
428.0

370.3
416.9

369.2
425.2

370.2
426.2

370.4
427.6

0.2
1.4

30.9
376.8
1,326.4
626.5
306.8

33.8
370.7
1,611.6
909.7
353.6

33.7
372.9
1,614.4
915.9
352.0

33.9
373.8
1,579.9
882.4
350.5

31.5
378.4
1,328.4
626.3
307.5

34.3
370.6
1,610.6
904.3
354.4

34.3
373.9
1,610.0
905.5
352.5

34.6
375.1
1,582.0
878.5
351.1

0.3
1.2
-28.0
-27.0
-1.4

521.9

608.1

611.9

625.6

523.7

610.4

614.3

626.9

12.6

4,320
1,530.4
84.7
85.5
70.3
354.3
339.0
104.0
831.3
659.7

4,616
1,623.6
94.5
106.3
91.9
355.0
367.1
99.9
851.2
728.4

4,638
1,627.0
96.3
106.1
91.6
357.2
372.1
99.5
852.6
727.7

4,633
1,615.5
95.4
105.4
93.5
355.3
368.7
101.3
856.9
727.9

4,352
1,551.3
84.8
86.3
70.4
353.9
341.4
105.2
832.3
660.6

4,640
1,634.7
94.5
106.7
92.6
355.7
368.9
103.6
850.0
727.8

4,663
1,639.3
96.5
106.5
92.0
356.7
374.2
102.7
851.4
727.7

4,665
1,636.7
95.4
106.2
93.0
355.1
371.3
102.4
855.7
728.5

2
-2.6
-1.1
-0.3
1.0
-1.6
-2.9
-0.3
4.3
0.8

260.7

298.1

307.5

313.5

265.9

305.7

316.0

320.3

4.3

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89,596

100,566

101,331

102,175

89,764

101,590

102,132

102,366

234

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24,311

26,803

26,899

26,849

24,513

27,081

27,180

27,099

-81

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

5,470.0
3,002.9
1,993.6

5,611.1
3,084.5
2,050.1

5,633.4
3,094.4
2,061.4

5,651.9
3,104.2
2,071.8

5,486.0
3,010.8
1,999.6

5,639.1
3,093.9
2,066.7

5,659.7
3,104.6
2,076.8

5,667.5
3,112.3
2,078.4

7.8
7.7
1.6

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Change
from:
Mar.2021 Apr.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued
Electronic markets and agents and
brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

473.5

476.5

477.6

475.9

475.6

478.5

478.3

476.8

-1.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . .
Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . .
Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . .
Building material and garden supply
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . .
Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . .
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General merchandise stores, including
warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . .
Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13,131.5
1,660.4
1,018.3
120.7
521.4
251.0
420.2

14,995.9
1,941.6
1,239.6
148.2
553.8
435.9
416.7

15,038.6
1,960.2
1,246.1
154.7
559.4
441.7
415.5

15,060.5
1,972.2
1,246.7
164.2
561.3
441.3
416.9

13,235.3
1,662.2
1,020.3
119.3
522.6
254.1
420.7

15,192.7
1,953.2
1,238.5
156.0
558.7
437.3
417.4

15,225.5
1,969.6
1,249.8
158.5
561.3
444.0
415.1

15,210.2
1,973.2
1,248.9
162.0
562.3
447.7
414.7

-15.3
3.6
-0.9
3.5
1.0
3.7
-0.4

1,307.4
3,006.4
915.6
899.3
472.4

1,339.7
3,141.0
983.2
924.0
949.5

1,376.8
3,130.4
992.0
928.5
954.7

1,417.3
3,088.5
1,007.3
924.8
960.5

1,268.1
3,029.8
921.9
905.3
489.7

1,393.9
3,162.5
992.8
937.2
964.1

1,378.6
3,161.9
999.5
939.4
986.0

1,382.0
3,112.5
1,008.1
930.5
996.2

3.4
-49.4
8.6
-8.9
10.2

331.7
2,769.6
730.1

469.2
3,019.7
957.6

464.0
2,996.5
947.1

467.0
2,976.0
944.1

341.8
2,830.7
756.4

465.7
3,079.4
978.0

460.8
3,073.2
976.2

481.2
3,063.4
973.5

20.4
-9.8
-2.7

2,039.5
556.6
540.9

2,062.1
774.2
601.2

2,049.4
777.4
600.9

2,031.9
789.3
599.4

2,074.3
563.3
547.7

2,101.4
786.3
602.9

2,097.0
793.2
604.2

2,089.9
795.2
605.5

-7.1
2.0
1.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . .
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,168.3
438.0
154.3
61.0
1,411.7

5,659.0
404.4
142.2
57.6
1,453.5

5,687.3
411.0
143.0
58.8
1,461.0

5,598.2
418.4
143.0
59.5
1,465.1

5,248.5
438.7
153.9
62.0
1,428.4

5,710.4
407.1
142.5
59.5
1,478.4

5,755.2
412.5
142.4
60.5
1,481.8

5,681.1
419.0
142.3
60.1
1,480.3

-74.1
6.5
-0.1
-0.4
-1.5

321.1
51.4
11.2
667.6
821.5
1,230.5

382.3
48.1
19.2
694.0
1,041.4
1,416.3

395.8
49.0
22.4
698.9
1,036.4
1,411.0

399.2
49.0
26.9
700.3
939.7
1,397.1

306.3
51.4
12.8
668.1
889.2
1,237.7

368.8
48.5
25.2
695.3
1,072.5
1,412.6

382.3
49.0
28.4
702.0
1,086.4
1,409.9

384.4
49.0
30.7
700.7
1,009.0
1,405.6

2.1
0.0
2.3
-1.3
-77.4
-4.3

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

541.0

537.3

539.7

538.4

543.5

539.2

540.0

540.4

0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data processing, hosting and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,630
757.6

2,672
761.6

2,681
766.9

2,689
762.2

2,633
762.6

2,678
764.1

2,686
770.9

2,687
767.2

1
-3.7

215.6
246.8
698.0

253.3
250.3
690.2

263.0
241.0
688.2

268.8
238.9
690.7

213.2
247.1
699.0

261.3
248.6
687.8

268.7
240.0
686.3

265.6
238.7
689.6

-3.1
-1.3
3.3

359.8
352.3

356.0
361.0

357.9
363.8

360.6
367.6

357.6
353.6

354.7
361.7

355.9
364.6

357.5
368.0

1.6
3.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . .
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . .
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . .
Activities related to credit intermediation.. .
Securities, commodity contracts,
investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . .
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,555
6,452.7
20.0

8,732
6,534.7
20.2

8,751
6,541.8
20.1

8,773
6,533.0
20.2

8,596
6,473.5
20.1

8,774
6,542.5
20.3

8,793
6,548.8
20.2

8,812
6,551.9
20.3

19
3.1
0.1

2,629.0
1,767.7
1,383.7
569.3
292.0

2,671.4
1,741.7
1,356.9
610.0
319.7

2,668.0
1,739.2
1,353.7
608.2
320.6

2,667.5
1,733.8
1,348.0
611.9
321.8

2,637.8
1,771.0
1,387.8
573.8
293.0

2,672.5
1,742.2
1,356.5
611.1
319.2

2,668.9
1,739.7
1,354.2
608.5
320.7

2,673.8
1,738.1
1,353.2
613.2
322.5

4.9
-1.6
-1.0
4.7
1.8

957.2
2,846.5
2,102.7
1,625.1
455.3

974.2
2,868.9
2,197.6
1,697.6
478.1

973.8
2,879.9
2,209.0
1,704.8
482.3

978.6
2,866.7
2,239.7
1,721.9
495.9

962.7
2,852.9
2,122.0
1,636.8
462.6

977.5
2,872.2
2,231.0
1,716.0
492.7

977.9
2,881.8
2,243.7
1,727.0
494.5

983.0
2,874.8
2,260.2
1,734.4
503.6

5.1
-7.0
16.5
7.4
9.1

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Change
from:
Mar.2021 Apr.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing Continued
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . .

22.3

21.9

21.9

21.9

22.6

22.3

22.2

22.2

0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . .
Architectural and engineering services. . . . . .
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management and technical consulting
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other professional and technical services. . .
Management of companies and enterprises. . .
Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . .
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . .
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . .
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19,053
9,198.2
1,086.4
1,042.2
1,465.6
122.7

20,449
9,656.3
1,122.5
1,112.7
1,514.5
134.0

20,546
9,681.3
1,123.9
1,123.1
1,520.3
134.1

20,714
9,752.9
1,127.1
1,117.2
1,537.5
135.9

19,082
9,164.1
1,092.1
966.6
1,476.9
123.0

20,733
9,603.1
1,128.8
1,006.8
1,530.6
134.9

20,800
9,641.2
1,128.9
1,011.0
1,538.3
135.1

20,721
9,683.8
1,132.7
1,015.1
1,549.9
135.7

-79
42.6
3.8
4.1
11.6
0.6

2,164.1

2,223.0

2,211.3

2,237.4

2,171.8

2,227.1

2,233.6

2,239.8

6.2

1,467.5

1,570.2

1,572.9

1,589.4

1,476.8

1,583.1

1,591.6

1,597.8

6.2

741.2
440.4
668.1
2,315.6
7,539.6
7,107.8
504.7
150.5
2,432.0
1,893.0
772.5

790.9
437.5
751.0
2,326.4
8,465.8
8,025.6
534.2
153.2
3,252.4
2,635.1
799.7

797.6
438.7
759.4
2,332.2
8,532.1
8,088.3
539.1
153.4
3,271.9
2,651.5
795.3

803.2
440.6
764.6
2,336.7
8,624.6
8,178.7
546.2
151.6
3,221.9
2,593.6
780.6

744.5
441.8
670.6
2,329.4
7,588.2
7,153.9
505.5
150.9
2,470.7
1,946.8
777.0

794.7
438.8
758.3
2,339.5
8,790.5
8,342.4
539.2
153.2
3,387.6
2,767.9
798.8

798.3
441.1
763.3
2,341.3
8,817.9
8,367.7
542.4
152.7
3,393.4
2,760.0
800.6

805.1
442.4
765.3
2,347.0
8,690.3
8,241.2
545.8
151.8
3,278.2
2,648.6
785.2

6.8
1.3
2.0
5.7
-127.6
-126.5
3.4
-0.9
-115.2
-111.4
-15.4

170.6
869.3
1,926.5
281.7

143.9
897.7
1,954.5
290.0

147.5
904.3
1,982.1
294.7

149.2
905.0
2,125.1
299.1

170.4
874.6
1,924.3
280.4

146.7
901.5
2,123.7
291.7

148.4
911.3
2,122.6
296.3

149.0
910.6
2,122.6
298.0

0.6
-0.7
0.0
1.7

431.8

440.2

443.8

445.9

434.3

448.1

450.2

449.1

-1.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . .
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . .
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . .
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . .
Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential mental health facilities. . . . . .
Community care facilities for the
elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . .
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency and other relief services. . . . . .
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . .
Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21,880
3,415.1
18,465.3
14,847.4
6,517.0
2,418.8
435.7
757.4
916.0
261.1
1,432.9

23,388
3,539.5
19,848.7
15,882.1
7,697.7
2,663.3
987.3
950.6
993.0
292.3
1,493.9

23,520
3,599.6
19,920.3
15,925.8
7,734.8
2,671.9
995.4
957.5
1,000.5
292.7
1,500.7

23,571
3,607.6
19,963.4
15,928.6
7,766.1
2,682.0
1,001.9
970.1
1,004.5
293.8
1,499.1

21,722
3,253.5
18,468.5
14,875.5
6,524.9
2,424.0
436.3
758.5
916.0
261.7
1,433.3

23,292
3,402.5
19,889.2
15,925.6
7,721.0
2,669.0
992.8
953.6
994.7
291.5
1,501.2

23,396
3,456.4
19,939.9
15,954.4
7,750.4
2,676.7
997.2
962.1
999.4
292.6
1,506.3

23,395
3,436.8
19,958.4
15,950.3
7,771.6
2,688.0
1,000.9
971.5
1,002.8
293.7
1,499.6

-1
-19.6
18.5
-4.1
21.2
11.3
3.7
9.4
3.4
1.1
-6.7

295.1
5,101.3
3,229.1
1,527.3
611.5

317.3
5,131.5
3,052.9
1,398.5
608.1

316.1
5,146.4
3,044.6
1,393.8
607.6

314.7
5,133.7
3,028.8
1,376.3
609.4

295.1
5,108.8
3,241.8
1,534.3
613.3

318.2
5,138.4
3,066.2
1,404.2
610.3

316.1
5,143.6
3,060.4
1,401.5
609.4

315.1
5,137.8
3,040.9
1,382.7
611.3

-1.0
-5.8
-19.5
-18.8
1.9

933.8
156.5
3,617.9
2,491.2
178.8
254.9
693.0

894.8
151.5
3,966.6
2,620.7
184.0
274.4
887.5

893.0
150.2
3,994.5
2,636.9
184.9
276.6
896.1

893.5
149.6
4,034.8
2,656.5
182.9
282.1
913.3

937.4
156.8
3,593.0
2,484.7
178.9
256.1
673.2

899.2
152.5
3,963.6
2,623.4
184.0
276.4
879.8

898.3
151.2
3,985.5
2,641.1
184.2
278.0
882.2

896.9
150.0
4,008.1
2,649.3
183.7
281.4
893.7

-1.4
-1.2
22.6
8.2
-0.5
3.4
11.5

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . .
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,648
1,143.0
279.7

13,065
1,583.8
304.9

13,428
1,678.9
326.8

14,003
1,840.0
368.5

8,691
1,168.8
273.5

13,530
1,732.9
328.0

13,736
1,798.4
346.4

14,067
1,888.0
360.7

331
89.6
14.3

122.6

118.4

123.1

130.8

125.2

129.4

131.0

133.6

2.6

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted

Seasonally adjusted

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Change
from:
Mar.2021 Apr.2021p

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . .

740.7
7,505.2
1,158.0
6,347.2

1,160.5
11,480.9
1,378.7
10,102.2

1,229.0
11,748.6
1,431.0
10,317.6

1,340.7
12,162.7
1,495.4
10,667.3

770.1
7,522.6
1,189.2
6,333.4

1,275.5
11,797.0
1,441.4
10,355.6

1,321.0
11,937.1
1,481.8
10,455.3

1,393.7
12,178.5
1,536.2
10,642.3

72.7
241.4
54.4
187.0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Membership associations and organizations. . .

4,519
1,118.6
683.8
2,717.0

5,457
1,302.9
1,310.0
2,844.0

5,506
1,321.2
1,328.7
2,855.7

5,576
1,338.8
1,357.9
2,879.4

4,527
1,116.5
682.4
2,728.0

5,502
1,305.3
1,328.4
2,868.2

5,541
1,324.4
1,341.3
2,874.9

5,585
1,338.2
1,355.5
2,891.2

44
13.8
14.2
16.3

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . .

22,219
2,867
2,272.0
595.1
5,239
2,541.4
2,697.4
14,113
7,892.9
6,220.2

21,764
2,861
2,254.9
606.0
5,088
2,419.0
2,669.4
13,815
7,648.5
6,166.6

21,894
2,860
2,256.6
603.8
5,132
2,460.4
2,671.3
13,902
7,705.4
6,196.1

21,991
2,886
2,272.9
613.2
5,142
2,466.6
2,675.5
13,963
7,741.0
6,222.0

21,826
2,883
2,280.2
602.9
5,074
2,374.2
2,700.0
13,869
7,571.9
6,296.7

21,481
2,882
2,270.0
611.6
4,955
2,275.4
2,679.9
13,644
7,359.7
6,284.4

21,543
2,888
2,276.3
611.4
4,970
2,292.0
2,678.0
13,685
7,387.7
6,297.2

21,591
2,897
2,282.0
614.8
4,977
2,297.9
2,679.0
13,717
7,418.8
6,297.8

48
9
5.7
3.4
7
5.9
1.0
32
31.1
0.6

Industry

Arts, entertainment, and recreation Continued

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

34.2
38.1
43.0
37.9
38.0
37.8
38.3
33.4
33.8
37.7
30.5
37.3
42.5
36.5
37.6
36.0
32.7
24.2
32.2

34.6
39.7
44.6
38.2
40.3
40.5
40.0
33.6
34.3
38.7
30.6
38.8
42.7
37.2
37.7
36.5
33.3
25.3
32.2

34.9
40.2
45.5
39.4
40.5
40.7
40.1
33.8
34.6
39.1
30.8
39.3
42.7
37.2
37.7
36.8
33.4
26.2
32.4

35.0
40.1
45.2
39.1
40.5
40.6
40.3
33.9
34.7
39.1
31.0
39.5
42.5
37.4
37.6
37.0
33.3
26.7
32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

2.1
1.7
2.7

3.2
3.1
3.3

3.2
3.1
3.4

3.2
3.1
3.4

Industry

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services.................... .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$30.07
30.24
34.74
31.38
29.31
30.88
26.78
30.03
25.62
32.45
21.10
25.65
43.11
43.66
37.37
35.83
28.41
18.00
27.79

$30.00
30.43
34.78
32.28
29.14
30.63
26.66
29.90
25.68
33.09
21.27
25.71
44.12
44.57
39.51
35.83
29.35
17.38
27.11

$29.96
30.45
34.55
32.25
29.16
30.69
26.61
29.84
25.79
33.19
21.45
25.67
44.22
43.85
39.75
35.87
29.16
17.59
26.81

$30.17
30.69
35.28
32.57
29.33
30.94
26.68
30.05
26.07
33.34
21.75
26.08
44.46
44.54
39.83
36.03
29.54
17.88
26.99

$1,028.39
1,152.14
1,493.82
1,189.30
1,113.78
1,167.26
1,025.67
1,003.00
865.96
1,223.37
643.55
956.75
1,832.18
1,593.59
1,405.11
1,289.88
929.01
435.60
894.84

$1,038.00
1,208.07
1,551.19
1,233.10
1,174.34
1,240.52
1,066.40
1,004.64
880.82
1,280.58
650.86
997.55
1,883.92
1,658.00
1,489.53
1,307.80
977.36
439.71
872.94

$1,045.60
1,224.09
1,572.03
1,270.65
1,180.98
1,249.08
1,067.06
1,008.59
892.33
1,297.73
660.66
1,008.83
1,888.19
1,631.22
1,498.58
1,320.02
973.94
460.86
868.64

$1,055.95
1,230.67
1,594.66
1,273.49
1,187.87
1,256.16
1,075.20
1,018.70
904.63
1,303.59
674.25
1,030.16
1,889.55
1,665.80
1,497.61
1,333.11
983.68
477.40
874.48

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2021 Apr.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93.0
80.6
84.0
85.4
78.0
75.2
83.2
96.5
90.4
91.2
82.0
112.5
99.9
87.8
105.9
107.7
116.0
60.0
84.0

105.8
91.4
83.8
96.9
88.8
86.8
92.6
109.9
101.4
96.3
94.4
127.3
99.6
91.0
108.4
118.7
126.6
97.7
102.1

107.3
93.3
87.6
101.2
89.6
87.5
93.3
111.1
102.6
97.6
95.2
130.0
99.8
91.3
108.6
120.0
127.6
102.7
103.5

107.8
93.0
87.3
100.4
89.5
87.1
93.8
111.7
102.6
97.7
95.7
128.9
99.4
91.8
108.6
120.2
127.2
107.2
104.3

0.5
-0.3
-0.3
-0.8
-0.1
-0.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.5
-0.8
-0.4
0.5
0.0
0.2
-0.3
4.4
0.8

1

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2021 Apr.
2021p

133.7
110.2
117.2
116.4
106.4
103.1
113.1
140.9
124.9
123.8
114.3
146.8
142.3
136.4
154.4
156.3
158.5
87.1
128.0

151.7
125.7
117.0
135.8
120.3
118.0
125.3
159.7
140.4
133.2
132.7
166.5
145.2
144.4
167.0
172.1
178.8
137.0
151.8

153.7
128.4
121.6
141.8
121.6
119.3
126.0
161.2
142.7
135.5
135.0
169.7
145.8
142.5
168.4
174.3
179.0
145.7
152.1

155.5
129.0
123.7
142.1
122.1
119.7
127.0
163.2
144.3
136.3
137.6
171.1
146.0
145.5
168.7
175.4
180.8
154.6
154.3

1.2
0.5
1.7
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.2
1.1
0.6
1.9
0.8
0.1
2.1
0.2
0.6
1.0
6.1
1.4

The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands)

Percent of all employees

Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods................................. .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................... .
Information........................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................... .
Government............................................ .

64,104
51,543
4,182
88
884
3,210
1,707
1,503
47,361
9,357
1,613.7
6,314.4
1,295.8
132.8
1,049
4,879
8,647
16,637
4,545
2,247
12,561

71,360
59,000
4,596
82
993
3,521
1,866
1,655
54,404
10,645
1,689.6
7,373.1
1,448.6
133.6
1,067
4,968
9,571
18,013
7,208
2,932
12,360

71,620
59,234
4,624
85
1,001
3,538
1,866
1,672
54,610
10,682
1,698.0
7,386.6
1,463.7
133.8
1,068
4,964
9,602
18,049
7,306
2,939
12,386

71,781
59,350
4,638
84
1,010
3,544
1,870
1,674
54,712
10,638
1,699.9
7,359.9
1,443.7
134.1
1,074
4,965
9,556
18,069
7,456
2,954
12,431

49.2
47.6
22.5
14.1
13.5
28.1
24.2
34.5
52.8
38.2
29.4
47.7
24.7
24.4
39.8
56.8
45.3
76.6
52.3
49.6
57.6

49.8
48.4
22.8
13.7
13.5
28.7
24.5
35.7
53.6
39.3
30.0
48.5
25.4
24.8
39.8
56.6
46.2
77.3
53.3
53.3
57.5

49.7
48.4
22.7
13.9
13.4
28.8
24.4
35.9
53.5
39.3
30.0
48.5
25.4
24.8
39.8
56.5
46.2
77.1
53.2
53.0
57.5

49.7
48.4
22.8
13.7
13.6
28.9
24.5
35.9
53.4
39.3
30.0
48.4
25.4
24.8
40.0
56.3
46.1
77.2
53.0
52.9
57.6

p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................................................... .
Manufacturing....................................................................... .
Durable goods.................................................................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .
Wholesale trade.................................................................. .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing............................................... .
Utilities............................................................................. .
Information........................................................................... .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services.............................................. .
Education and health services.................................................... .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services....................................................................... .

87,038
12,935
433
4,726
7,776
4,656
3,120
74,103
20,550
4,346.3
11,232.0
4,537.4
434.2
2,091
6,589
15,158
18,970
7,121
3,624

99,221
14,330
433
5,413
8,484
5,159
3,325
84,891
22,896
4,479.7
12,988.4
5,000.1
428.1
2,122
6,648
16,731
20,385
11,643
4,466

99,753
14,475
443
5,518
8,514
5,182
3,332
85,278
22,953
4,503.0
12,989.0
5,032.6
428.5
2,130
6,650
16,751
20,477
11,826
4,491

99,700
14,378
445
5,466
8,467
5,143
3,324
85,322
22,820
4,495.9
12,952.4
4,940.9
430.3
2,133
6,651
16,610
20,482
12,105
4,521

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private............................................................................ .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging............................................................... .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods............................................................. .
Private service-providing........................................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade..................................................................... .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities.......................................................................... .
Information........................................................................ .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services.................................................................... .

33.5
38.6
43.1
38.3
38.5
38.1
39.1
32.6
33.6
37.0
30.5
37.2
42.3
35.6
36.9
35.2
31.8
22.3
31.2

34.0
40.5
45.4
38.6
41.4
41.5
41.4
32.9
34.3
38.5
30.9
38.6
42.6
36.5
37.4
35.9
32.6
24.1
31.0

34.4
41.2
46.9
40.1
41.7
41.9
41.3
33.2
34.6
38.9
31.1
39.0
42.8
35.9
37.4
36.3
32.7
24.8
31.4

34.4
41.1
46.6
39.8
41.7
41.8
41.5
33.3
34.6
39.0
31.1
39.2
42.7
36.4
37.5
36.5
32.6
25.3
31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods.................................................................. .

2.8
2.5
3.2

4.2
4.2
4.1

4.2
4.2
4.1

4.2
4.2
4.2

Industry

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings

Average weekly earnings

Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing...................................... .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction......................................... .
Manufacturing....................................... .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.................................. .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services.................... .
Leisure and hospitality............................. .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$25.16
25.19
30.98
28.69
22.72
23.56
21.49
25.15
21.59
26.87
17.63
22.82
38.00
35.76
28.82
29.86
25.35
14.68
23.50

$25.21
25.83
30.66
29.65
23.29
24.30
21.72
25.08
21.72
27.30
17.91
22.96
39.63
36.87
29.86
29.88
26.20
15.05
23.00

$25.25
25.97
30.68
29.77
23.33
24.32
21.75
25.10
21.79
27.35
18.02
22.89
39.89
36.86
30.00
29.98
26.17
15.27
23.01

$25.45
26.17
31.29
30.21
23.38
24.41
21.78
25.30
22.02
27.40
18.39
23.00
39.79
36.85
30.08
30.15
26.52
15.68
23.07

$842.86
972.33
1,335.24
1,098.83
874.72
897.64
840.26
819.89
725.42
994.19
537.72
848.90
1,607.40
1,273.06
1,063.46
1,051.07
806.13
327.36
733.20

$857.14
1,046.12
1,391.96
1,144.49
964.21
1,008.45
899.21
825.13
745.00
1,051.05
553.42
886.26
1,688.24
1,345.76
1,116.76
1,072.69
854.12
362.71
713.00

$868.60
1,069.96
1,438.89
1,193.78
972.86
1,019.01
898.28
833.32
753.93
1,063.92
560.42
892.71
1,707.29
1,323.27
1,122.00
1,088.27
855.76
378.70
722.51

$875.48
1,075.59
1,458.11
1,202.36
974.95
1,020.34
903.87
842.49
761.89
1,068.60
571.93
901.60
1,699.03
1,341.34
1,128.00
1,100.48
864.55
396.70
724.40

1

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Industry

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2021 Apr.
2021p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods.......................... .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . .
Utilities................................... .
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97.2
76.3
99.2
90.6
68.7
66.6
71.9
102.9
96.6
95.4
86.7
127.7
93.9
85.0
114.4
119.3
128.6
58.2
79.3

112.4
88.7
104.5
104.6
80.6
80.4
81.1
119.0
109.8
102.4
101.6
146.1
93.3
88.4
117.0
134.3
141.7
102.8
97.1

114.3
91.1
110.4
110.8
81.5
81.6
81.1
120.6
111.1
104.0
102.2
148.5
93.8
87.3
117.1
136.0
142.8
107.4
98.9

114.3
90.3
110.2
108.9
81.1
80.8
81.3
121.1
110.4
104.1
101.9
146.6
94.0
88.6
117.4
135.6
142.4
112.2
99.6

0.0
-0.9
-0.2
-1.7
-0.5
-1.0
0.2
0.4
-0.6
0.1
-0.3
-1.3
0.2
1.5
0.3
-0.3
-0.3
4.5
0.7

1

Apr.
2020

Feb.
2021

Mar.
2021p

Apr.
2021p

Percent
change
from:
Mar.
2021 Apr.
2021p

163.4
117.7
178.7
140.4
102.1
98.0
109.1
177.6
149.0
151.4
131.0
185.5
149.0
150.4
202.9
211.8
215.2
97.0
135.8

189.4
140.3
186.3
167.5
122.8
122.0
124.5
204.7
170.5
164.9
155.9
213.5
154.3
161.4
215.0
238.6
245.0
175.7
162.7

193.0
144.9
197.0
178.1
124.3
123.8
124.6
207.7
172.9
167.8
157.9
216.4
156.2
159.3
216.0
242.4
246.6
186.3
165.8

194.4
144.7
200.5
177.7
123.9
123.1
125.1
210.1
173.8
168.3
160.6
214.6
156.1
161.7
217.2
243.0
249.2
199.8
167.4

0.7
-0.1
1.8
-0.2
-0.3
-0.6
0.4
1.2
0.5
0.3
1.7
-0.8
-0.1
1.5
0.6
0.2
1.1
7.2
1.0

Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.